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.2005 Jun 15;2(1):14.
doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-2-14.

Contribution of anaerobic energy expenditure to whole body thermogenesis

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Contribution of anaerobic energy expenditure to whole body thermogenesis

Christopher B Scott. Nutr Metab (Lond)..

Abstract

Heat production serves as the standard measurement for the determination of energy expenditure and efficiency in animals. Estimations of metabolic heat production have traditionally focused on gas exchange (oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production) although direct heat measurements may include an anaerobic component particularly when carbohydrate is oxidized. Stoichiometric interpretations of the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen uptake suggest that both anaerobic and aerobic heat production and, by inference, all energy expenditure--can be accounted for with a measurement of oxygen uptake as 21.1 kJ per liter of oxygen. This manuscript incorporates contemporary bioenergetic interpretations of anaerobic and aerobic ATP turnover to promote the independence of these disparate types of metabolic energy transfer: each has different reactants and products, uses dissimilar enzymes, involves different types of biochemical reactions, takes place in separate cellular compartments, exploits different types of gradients and ultimately each operates with distinct efficiency. The 21.1 kJ per liter of oxygen for carbohydrate oxidation includes a small anaerobic heat component as part of anaerobic energy transfer. Faster rates of ATP turnover that exceed mitochondrial respiration and that are supported by rapid glycolytic phosphorylation with lactate production result in heat production that is independent of oxygen uptake. Simultaneous direct and indirect calorimetry has revealed that this anaerobic heat does not disappear when lactate is later oxidized and so oxygen uptake does not adequately measure anaerobic efficiency or energy expenditure (as was suggested by the "oxygen debt" hypothesis). An estimate of anaerobic energy transfer supplements the measurement of oxygen uptake and may improve the interpretation of whole-body energy expenditure.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
In the top figure, oxygen deficit (pink) represents the anaerobic energy expenditure component to exercise: rapid glycolytic ATP re-synthesis and the use of stored ATP/PC. In this bout of long duration, low to moderate intensity, steady state exercise, the rapid glycolytic component does not make a significant contribution to total energy expenditure. The bottom left figure reveals oxygen uptake measurements for brief, non-steady state, heavy to severe exercise (e.g., a single weight lifting exercise or a quick sprint up a steep hill); vertical lines mark the start and finish to the exercise. The question marks indicate that it is not possible to determine the rapid glycolytic ATP re-synthesis from oxygen-only measurements. The bottom right figure includes a (theoretical) estimate of rapid glycolytic ATP re-synthesis (pink area) and reveals a large absolute and relative anaerobic energy expenditure component to total energy expenditure (restoration of ATP/PC stores are represented in the EPOC measurement).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Continuously increasing ramp exercise tests to exhaustion. Resting oxygen uptake is seen until the start of exercise (vertical line). At low to moderate work rates the oxygen uptake to Watts ratio is similar and linear for both slow (e.g., 15 Watts·min-1) and fast (e.g., 60 Watts·min-1) ramping tests. As the exercise intensity becomes "heavy to severe", the oxygen uptake to Watts ratio increases for the slow ramp test (top line). The opposite is true for the fast ramp test to exhaustion where the oxygen uptake to Watt ratio decreases (bottom line). Notice that the peak Watts are significantly different but the VO2maximum for the two tests is similar [51, 52]. Contributions of both anaerobic and aerobic energy transfer may explain these apparently disparate phenomena as described in the text.
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