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.2005;1(1):19-23.
doi: 10.7150/ijbs.1.19. Epub 2005 Jan 5.

No more than 14: the end of the amphioxus Hox cluster

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No more than 14: the end of the amphioxus Hox cluster

Carolina Minguillón et al. Int J Biol Sci.2005.

Abstract

The Hox gene cluster has been a key paradigm for a generation of developmental and evolutionary biologists. Since its discovery in the mid-1980's, the identification, genomic organization, expression, colinearity, and regulation of Hox genes have been immediate targets for study in any new model organism, and metazoan genome projects always refer to the structure of the particular Hox cluster(s). Since the early 1990's, it has been dogma that vertebrate Hox clusters are composed of thirteen paralogous groups. Nonetheless, we showed that in the otherwise prototypical cephalochordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae), the Hox cluster contains a fourteenth Hox gene, and very recently, a 14(th) Hox paralogous group has been found in the coelacanth and the horn shark, suggesting that the amphioxus cluster was anticipating the finding of Hox 14 in some vertebrate lineages. In view of the pivotal place that amphioxus occupies in vertebrate evolution, we thought it of considerable interest to establish the limits of its Hox gene cluster, namely resolution of whether more Hox genes are present in the amphioxus cluster (e.g., Hox 15). Using two strategies, here we report the completion and characterization of the Hox gene content of the single amphioxus Hox cluster, which encompasses 650 kb from Hox1 to Evx. Our data have important implications for the primordial Hox gene cluster of chordates: the prototypical nature of the single amphioxus Hox cluster makes it unlikely that additional paralogous groups will be found in any chordate lineage. We suggest that 14 is the end.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chromosomal linkage between Hox and Evx in amphioxus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization toB. floridae metaphase chromosomes(A) and interphase nuclei(B) showing co-localization of Hox (green) and Evx (red) genes. Cosmid probes containing theAmphiHox12/13 genomic region andAmphiEvxB region were used as described in .
Figure 2
Figure 2
Genome map of the posterior end of the amphioxus Hox cluster, and linkage toAmphiEvx genes. Overlapping lambda (green), PAC (yellow) and cosmid (red) clones are shown below the map. Transcriptional orientation is indicated above the genes.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Evolutionary history of Hox clusters in the vertebrate lineage. A)Structure of the amphioxus and mammalian Hox clusters, and deduced cluster structure inferred for the last common ancestor of Cephalochordates and Vertebrates. Hox paralogous group 14 genes were lost in the lineage leading to mammals, and the two amphioxus Evx genes arose from a tandem duplication event in the amphioxus lineage.B)Duplications and losses of posterior Hox and Evx genes in the vertebrate lineage. The consensus cluster is shown for selected vertebrate lineages. A single duplication event (Hox13/Hox14) needs to be assumed in the vertebrate stem lineage. Further duplications in the cephalochordate lineage and gene losses in actinopterygian fishes and mammalians results in the actual gene content of the clusters.
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