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Review
.2003;2003(4):CD004000.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004000.

Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Kawasaki disease in children

Affiliations
Review

Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Kawasaki disease in children

R M Oates-Whitehead et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2003.

Abstract

Background: Kawasaki disease is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. The coronary arteries supplying the heart can be damaged in Kawasaki disease. The principal advantage of timely diagnosis is the potential to prevent this complication with early treatment. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is widely used for this purpose.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of IVIG in treating, and preventing cardiac consequences, of Kawasaki disease in children.

Search strategy: Electronic searches of the Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Disease Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL were performed (last searched April 2003). We also searched references from relevant articles and contacted authors where necessary. In addition we contacted experts in the field for unpublished works.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of intravenous immunoglobulin to treat Kawasaki disease were eligible for inclusion.

Data collection and analysis: Fifty-nine trials were identified in the initial search. On careful inspection only sixteen of these met all the inclusion criteria. Trials were data extracted and assessed for quality by at least two reviewers. Data were combined for meta-analysis using relative risk ratios for dichotomous data or weighted mean difference for continuous data. A random effects statistical model was used.

Main results: The meta-analysis of IVIG versus placebo, including all children, showed a significant decrease in new coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) in favour of IVIG, at thirty days RR (95% CI) = 0.74 (0.61 to 0.90). No statistically significant difference was found thereafter. A subgroup analysis excluding children with CAAs at enrollment also found a significant reduction of new CAAs in children receiving IVIG RR (95%) = 0.67 (0.46 to 1.00). There was a trend towards benefit from IVIG at sixty days (p=0.06). Results of dose comparisons showed a decrease in the number of new CAAs with increased dose. The meta-analysis of 400 mg/kg/day for five days versus 2 gm/kg in a single dose showed statistically significant reduction in CAAs at thirty days RR (95%) = 4.47 (1.55 to 12.86). This comparison also showed a significant reduction in duration of fever with the higher dose. There was no statistically significant difference noted between different preparations of IVIG. There was no statistically significant difference of adverse effects in any group.

Reviewer's conclusions: Children fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease should be treated with IVIG (2 gm/kg single dose) within 10 days of onset of symptoms.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None known

Figures

1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: IVIG vs control, Outcome 1: CAAs. All total doses. All Children.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: IVIG vs control, Outcome 2: CAAs. All total doses. Excluding children with CAAs at diagnosis
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: IVIG vs control, Outcome 3: CAAs. All total doses. Only children with CAAs at diagnosis.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: IVIG vs control, Outcome 4: CAAs. All total doses. All children. Studies using recognised diagnostic criteria.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: IVIG vs control, Outcome 5: CAAs. All total doses. No CAAs at enrollment. Studies using recognised diagnostic criteria.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: IVIG vs control, Outcome 6: CAAs. 100 mg/kg total dose. All children
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: IVIG vs control, Outcome 7: CAAs. 500 mg/kg total dose. All children
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: IVIG vs control, Outcome 8: CAAs. 600 mg/kg total dose. All children
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: IVIG vs control, Outcome 9: CAAs. 1200 mg/kg total dose. All children
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: IVIG vs control, Outcome 10: Duration of fever
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Comparison of dose regimens, Outcome 1: 100 mg/kg x 5 days vs 200 mg/kg x 5 days
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Comparison of dose regimens, Outcome 2: 100 mg/kg x 5 days vs 400 mg/kg x 5 days
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Comparison of dose regimens, Outcome 3: 200 mg/kg x 5 days vs 400 mg/kg x 5 days
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Comparison of dose regimens, Outcome 4: 400 mg/kg x 5 days vs 2 gm/kg single dose
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Comparison of dose regimens, Outcome 5: Fever 200 mg/kg x 3 days vs 400 mg/kg/day x 3 days
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Type of IVGG comparisons, Outcome 1: Intact vs pepsin treated IVIG ‐ Coronary artery abnormalities 0‐30 days
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Type of IVGG comparisons, Outcome 2: Intact vs pepsin treated IVIG ‐ Coronary artery abnormalities 31‐60 days
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Type of IVGG comparisons, Outcome 3: Intact vs pepsin treated IVIG ‐ Coronary artery abnormalities ‐ 180+ days
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References

References to studies included in this review

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Onouchi 1995A(1) {published data only}
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Onouchi 1995A(2) {published data only}
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Onouchi 1995A(3) {published data only}
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Onouchi 1995B(1) {published data only}
    1. Onouchi Z, Yanagisawa M, Hirayama T, Kiyosawa N, Matsuda H, Nakashima M. Optimal dosage and differences in therapeutic efficacy of IGIV in Kawasaki disease. Acta Paediatrica Japonica 1995;37(1):40-6. - PubMed
    1. Onouchi Z, Yanagisawa M, Shiraishi H, Hirayama T, Katsube Y, Kiyosawa N, et al. Multicenter randomized controlled study of intravenous immunoglobulin G (C-425). Journal of the Japanese Pediatric Society 1992;96(12):2669-79.
Onouchi 1995B(2) {published data only}
    1. Onouchi Z, Yanagisawa M, Hirayama T, Kiyosawa N, Matsuda H, Nakashima M. Optimal dosage and differences in therapeutic efficacy of IGIV in Kawasaki disease. Acta Paediatrica Japonica 1995;37(1):40-6. - PubMed
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Onouchi 1995B(3) {published data only}
    1. Onouchi Z, Yanagisawa M, Hirayama T, Kiyosawa N, Matsuda H, Nakashima M. Optimal dosage and differences in therapeutic efficacy of IGIV in Kawasaki disease. Acta Paediatrica Japonica 1995;37(1):40-6. - PubMed
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Sato 1995 {published data only}
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Sato 1999 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

Brogan 2002 {published data only}
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Furusho 1991B(2) {published data only}
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Kondo 1983 {published data only}
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Lux 1991 {published data only}
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Mori 2000 {published data only}
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Newburger 1989 {published data only}
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Newburger 1996 {published data only}
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Nigrovic 2002 {published data only}
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Nonaka 1995 {published data only}
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Pallotto 1995 {published data only}
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Shinohara 1996 {published data only}
    1. Shinohara M, Sone K, Tabata H, Kobayashi T, Kosuda T, Kobayashi T, et al. Assessment of drug therapy with aspirin, presnisolone and gamma globulin alone and in combination in the acute stage of Kawasaki disease. Kitakanto Medical Journal 1996;46(3):249-56.
Siegel 1988 {published data only}
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Suez 1995 {published data only}
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Wu 1993 {published data only}
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Additional references

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