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.2003 May 27;100(11):6593-7.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1130343100. Epub 2003 May 12.

Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans

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Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans

David Caramelli et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A..

Abstract

During the late Pleistocene, early anatomically modern humans coexisted in Europe with the anatomically archaic Neandertals for some thousand years. Under the recent variants of the multiregional model of human evolution, modern and archaic forms were different but related populations within a single evolving species, and both have contributed to the gene pool of current humans. Conversely, the Out-of-Africa model considers the transition between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans as the result of a demographic replacement, and hence it predicts a genetic discontinuity between them. Following the most stringent current standards for validation of ancient DNA sequences, we typed the mtDNA hypervariable region I of two anatomically modern Homo sapiens sapiens individuals of the Cro-Magnon type dated at about 23 and 25 thousand years ago. Here we show that the mtDNAs of these individuals fall well within the range of variation of today's humans, but differ sharply from the available sequences of the chronologically closer Neandertals. This discontinuity is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that both Neandertals and early anatomically modern humans contributed to the current European gene pool.

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
MDS of HVRI sequences of 60 modern Europeans (filled squares), 20 modern non-Europeans (filled circles), 4 Neandertals (open diamonds), the Australian Lake Mungo 3 (open circle), and the two early a.m.h. typed in this study (open squares). European and non-European sequences in this figure were selected to represent the most divergent lineages observed in modern individuals. Note that the axes have different scales. The stress value for this analysis was 0.128.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Average genetic distance between ancient and modern samples (2,566 sequences of modern Europeans;y axis), as a function of the samples' age (x axis, in thousands of years). Vertical lines represent two standard deviations above and below the mean. Squares, a.m.h. Diamonds, Neandertals. The Paglicci samples typed in this study are indicated by open squares. The point at 0 years indicates the average pairwise difference between present-day samples.
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References

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