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.2001 Oct;127(2):566-74.

Why leaves turn red in autumn. The role of anthocyanins in senescing leaves of red-osier dogwood

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Why leaves turn red in autumn. The role of anthocyanins in senescing leaves of red-osier dogwood

T S Feild et al. Plant Physiol.2001 Oct.

Abstract

Why the leaves of many woody species accumulate anthocyanins prior to being shed has long puzzled biologists because it is unclear what effects anthocyanins may have on leaf function. Here, we provide evidence for red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) that anthocyanins form a pigment layer in the palisade mesophyll layer that decreases light capture by chloroplasts. Measurements of leaf absorbance demonstrated that red-senescing leaves absorbed more light of blue-green to orange wavelengths (495-644 nm) compared with yellow-senescing leaves. Using chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements, we observed that maximum photosystem II (PSII) photon yield of red-senescing leaves recovered from a high-light stress treatment, whereas yellow-senescing leaves failed to recover after 6 h of dark adaptation, which suggests photo-oxidative damage. Because no differences were observed in light response curves of effective PSII photon yield for red- and yellow-senescing leaves, differences between red- and yellow-senescing cannot be explained by differences in the capacities for photochemical and non-photochemical light energy dissipation. A role of anthocyanins as screening pigments was explored further by measuring the responses PSII photon yield to blue light, which is preferentially absorbed by anthocyanins, versus red light, which is poorly absorbed. We found that dark-adapted PSII photon yield of red-senescing leaves recovered rapidly following illumination with blue light. However, red light induced a similar, prolonged decrease in PSII photon yield in both red- and yellow-senescing leaves. We suggest that optical masking of chlorophyll by anthocyanins reduces risk of photo-oxidative damage to leaf cells as they senesce, which otherwise may lower the efficiency of nutrient retrieval from senescing autumn leaves.

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Figure 1
Figure 1
Leaf absorbance spectra of red- (circles) and yellow- (squares) senescing leaves of red-osier dogwood (A). Light response of effective PSII photon efficiency (ΦPSII; calculated fromΔF/Fm′) in red- (circles) and yellow- (squares) senescing leaves illuminated from the leaf undersurface (B) as compared with those illuminated on the leaf upper surface (C). Measurements were made on detached leaves in a humidified chamber at constant gas concentration (380 μL L−1 carbon dioxide, 21% [v/v] oxygen balanced with nitrogen gas) and temperature (20°C ± 2°C). Results for A through C are means for three leaves and error bars denote thesd.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Changes in effective PSII photon efficiency (ΦPSII under irradiation andFv′/Fm′ following darkening) to excess PPFD (1,500 ± 50 μmol m−2 s−1) treatments of varying wavelength distribution. A, Illuminated with white (400–800 nm) light; B, illuminated with blue (400–550 nm) light; C, illuminated with red (640–710 nm light) for red- (circles) and yellow- (squares) senescing red-osier dogwood leaves. The light was turned off after 30 min (as indicated by the shaded box) andΦPSII recovery measured as described in “Materials and Methods.” Measurements were made under the conditions described in Figure 1. Each curve for A through C is an average of five leaves per treatment and error bars denote thesd.
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References

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