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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Fotografia de Subramanyan Chandrasekhar em seus últimos anos de vida
Limite de Chandrasekhar
Nascimento	19 de outubro de1910 Lahore
Morte	21 de agosto de1995 (84 anos) Chicago
Sepultamento	Desconhecido
Nacionalidade	norte-americano
Cidadania	Estados Unidos, Índia,Índia britânica
Progenitores	CS Ayyar
Cônjuge	Lalitha Doraiswamy
Alma mater	Trinity College (Cambridge)
Ocupação	matemático,físico,astrônomo, astrofísico,professor universitário
Distinções	Lista de prémios Gibbs Lecture (1946) Prémio Adams (1948) Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1949) Medalha Bruce (1952) Medalha de Ouro da RAS (1953) Prémio Rumford (1957) Medalha Real (1962) Medalha Nacional de Ciências (1966) Padma Vibhushan (1968) Medalha Henry Draper (1971) Prêmio Dannie Heineman de Física Matemática (1974) Jansky Lectureship (1978) Prêmio Tomalla (1981) Nobel de Física (1983) Medalha Copley (1984) Medalha Karl Schwarzschild (1986) Prémio Gordon J. Laing (1989)
Empregador(a)	Universidade de Chicago,Trinity College,Observatório Yerkes
Orientador(a)(es/s)	Ralph Howard Fowler eArthur Stanley Eddington
Instituições	Universidade de Chicago,Universidade de Cambridge
Obras destacadas	Limite de Chandrasekhar, Chandrasekhar number,Limite de Schönberg–Chandrasekhar,Lei de Chandrasekhar–Wentzel, funções X e Y de Chandrasekhar, Batchelor–Chandrasekhar equation, função H de Chandrasekhar, Chandrasekhar–Fermi method, Chandrasekhar–Page equations, Chandrasekhar virial equations, Chandrasekhar polarization, Chandrasekhar-Kendall function, Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor, Emden–Chandrasekhar equation,fricção dinâmica, Chandrasekhar's white dwarf equation
Religião	ateísmo
Causa da morte	parada cardíaca
[edite no Wikidata]

Subramanyan Chandrasekhar (Lahore,19 de outubro de1910 —Chicago,21 de agosto de1995) foi umfísico indiano, naturalizado cidadão dosEstados Unidos em 1953. Recebeu oNobel de Física de 1983, por estudos teóricos de processos físicos referentes à estrutura e à evolução dasestrelas.^[1] Foi um dos inspiradores doastrônomo Carl Sagan na escola superior. Era sobrinho do também físico eNobel de Física Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.

Homenagens

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Oasteroide 1958 Chandra, olimite de Chandrasekhar e otelescópio espacial Chandra foram assim nomeados em sua homenagem.

A 19 de outubro de 2017, foi homenageado com umdoodle do Google, por ocasião do 107º aniversário do seu nascimento.^[2]

Prémios e honrarias

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1946 -Gibbs Lecture^[3]
1948 -Prémio Adams
1949 -Henry Norris Russell Lectureship
1952 -Medalha Bruce^[4]
1953 -Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society^[5]
1957 -Prémio Rumford^[6]
1962 -Medalha Real^[7]
1966 -Medalha Nacional de Ciências^[8]
1968 -Padma Vibhushan
1971 -Medalha Henry Draper^[9]
1974 -Prêmio Dannie Heineman de Física Matemática^[10]
1978 -Karl G. Jansky Lecture
1981 -Prêmio Tomalla
1983 -Nobel de Física^[11]
1984 -Medalha Copley^[12]
1986 -Medalha Karl Schwarzschild
1989 -Prêmio Gordon J. Laing

Ver também

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Limite de Chandrasekhar

Referências

↑«The 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics» (em inglês). nobelprize.org. Consultado em 6 de junho de 2018
↑«S Chandrasekhar: Why Google honours him today».aljazeera.com. Consultado em 19 de Outubro de 2017
↑«Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectures» (em inglês). American Mathematical Society. Consultado em 7 de outubro de 2016.Cópia arquivada em 3 de setembro de 2016
↑«The Bruce Medalists» (em inglês). Sonoma State University / Department of Physics and Astronomy. Consultado em 26 de dezembro de 2015.Cópia arquivada em 8 de setembro de 2015
↑«Gold Medal Winners»(pdf) (em inglês). Royal Astronomical Society. Consultado em 17 de novembro de 2017.Cópia arquivada em 15 de setembro de 2017
↑«Recipients of the Rumford Prize» (em inglês). American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Consultado em 8 de outubro de 2016.Cópia arquivada em 8 de outubro de 2016
↑«Award winners : Royal Medal» (em inglês). The Royal Society. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2017.Cópia arquivada em 27 de outubro de 2017
↑«The President's National Medal of Science: Recipients» (em inglês). National Science Foundation. Consultado em 22 de outubro de 2017.Cópia arquivada em 22 de outubro de 2017
↑«Henry Draper Medal» (em inglês). National Academy of Sciences. Consultado em 24 de novembro de 2017.Cópia arquivada em 7 de junho de 2017
↑«Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics» (em inglês). American Physical Society. Consultado em 25 de novembro de 2017.Cópia arquivada em 12 de novembro de 2017
↑«All Nobel Prizes in Physics» (em inglês). 2017. Consultado em 22 de agosto de 2017.Cópia arquivada em 22 de agosto de 2017
↑«Award winners : Copley Medal» (em inglês). The Royal Society. Consultado em 20 de novembro de 2017.Cópia arquivada em 27 de outubro de 2017

Ligações externas

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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar em Nobelprize.org
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (em inglês) noMathematics Genealogy Project
«Perfil no sítio oficial do Nobel de Física 1983» (em inglês)
Registro de membro deSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar naAcademia de Ciências da Baviera.

Precedido por John Jackson	Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society 1953	Sucedido por Walter Baade
Precedido por Wilfrid Le Gros Clark eCecil Frank Powell	Medalha Real 1962 comJohn Eccles	Sucedido por Herbert Harold Read eRobert Hill
Precedido por Kenneth Wilson	Prêmio Dannie Heineman de Física Matemática 1974	Sucedido por Ludvig Faddeev
Precedido por Kenneth Wilson	Nobel de Física 1983 comWilliam Alfred Fowler	Sucedido por Carlo Rubbia eSimon van der Meer
Precedido por Rodney Porter	Medalha Copley 1984	Sucedido por Aaron Klug

v d e Medalha Bruce
1898: Simon Newcomb 1899: Arthur Auwers 1900: David Gill 1902: Giovanni Schiaparelli 1904: William Huggins 1906: Hermann Carl Vogel 1908: Edward Charles Pickering 1909: George William Hill 1911: Henri Poincaré 1913: Jacobus Kapteyn 1914: Oskar Backlund 1915: William Wallace Campbell 1916: George Ellery Hale 1917: Edward Barnard 1920: Ernest William Brown 1921: Henri-Alexandre Deslandres 1922: Frank Dyson 1923: Benjamin Baillaud 1924: Arthur Stanley Eddington 1925: Henry Norris Russell 1926: Robert Grant Aitken 1927: Herbert Hall Turner 1928: Walter Sydney Adams 1929: Frank Schlesinger 1930: Max Wolf 1931: Willem de Sitter 1932: John Stanley Plaskett 1933: Carl Charlier 1934: Alfred Fowler 1935: Vesto Melvin Slipher 1936: Armin Otto Leuschner 1937: Ejnar Hertzsprung 1938: Edwin Powell Hubble 1939: Harlow Shapley 1940: Frederick Hanley Seares 1941: Joel Stebbins 1942: Jan Hendrik Oort 1945: Edward Arthur Milne 1946: Paul Merrill 1947: Bernard Lyot 1948: Otto Struve 1949: Harold Spencer Jones 1950: Alfred Harrison Joy 1951: Marcel Minnaert 1952: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1953: Harold Delos Babcock 1954: Bertil Lindblad 1955: Walter Baade 1956: Albrecht Unsöld 1957: Ira Sprague Bowen 1958: William Wilson Morgan 1959: Bengt Strömgren 1960: Viktor Ambartsumian 1961: Rudolf Minkowski 1962: Grote Reber 1963: Seth Barnes Nicholson 1964: Otto Heckmann 1965: Martin Schwarzschild 1966: Dirk Brouwer 1967: Ludwig Biermann 1968: Willem Jacob Luyten 1969: Horace Welcome Babcock 1970: Fred Hoyle 1971: Jesse Leonard Greenstein 1972: Iosif Shklovsky 1973: Lyman Spitzer 1974: Martin Ryle 1975: Allan Rex Sandage 1976: Ernst Öpik 1977: Bart Bok 1978: Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst 1979: William Alfred Fowler 1980: George Herbig 1981: Riccardo Giacconi 1982: Margaret Burbidge 1983: Jakov Seldovich 1984: Olin Chaddock Wilson 1985: Thomas George Cowling 1986: Fred Whipple 1987: Edwin Ernest Salpeter 1988: John Gatenby Bolton 1989: Adriaan Blaauw 1990: Charlotte Moore Sitterly 1991: Donald Edward Osterbrock 1992: Maarten Schmidt 1993: Martin Rees 1994: Wallace Sargent 1995: James Peebles 1996: Albert Whitford 1997: Eugene Parker 1998: Donald Lynden-Bell 1999: Geoffrey Burbidge 2000: Rashid Sunyaev 2001: Hans Bethe 2002: Bohdan Paczyński 2003: Vera Rubin 2004: Chushiro Hayashi 2005: Robert Kraft 2006: Frank James Low 2007: Martin Harwit 2008: Sidney van den Bergh 2009: Frank Shu 2010: Gerald Neugebauer 2011: Jeremiah Paul Ostriker 2012: Sandra Faber 2013: James Gunn 2014: Kenneth Kellermann 2015: Douglas Lin 2016: Andrew Fabian 2017: Nicholas Scoville 2018: Tim Heckman 2019: Martha Patricia Haynes

Medalha Bruce

Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society (1824 – 2024)

Século XIX

Década de 1820	1824:Charles Babbage,Johann Franz Encke 1826:John Herschel,James South,Wilhelm Struve 1827:Francis Baily 1828:Thomas Brisbane,James Dunlop,Caroline Herschel 1829:William Pearson,Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel,Heinrich Christian Schumacher
Década de 1830	1830:William Richardson,Johann Franz Encke 1831:Henry Kater,Marie-Charles Damoiseau 1833:George Biddell Airy 1835:Manuel John Johnson 1836:John Herschel 1837:Otto August Rosenberger 1839:John Wrottesley
Década de 1840	1840:Giovanni Plana 1841:Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel 1842:Peter Andreas Hansen 1843:Francis Baily 1845:William Henry Smyth 1846:George Biddell Airy 1849:William Lassell
Década de 1850	1850:Otto Wilhelm von Struve 1851:Annibale de Gasparis 1852:Christian August Friedrich Peters 1853:John Russell Hind 1854:Karl Rümker 1855:William Rutter Dawes 1856:Robert Grant 1857:Samuel Heinrich Schwabe 1858:Robert Main 1859:Richard Christopher Carrington
Década de 1860	1860:Peter Andreas Hansen 1861:Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt 1862:Warren De La Rue 1863:Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander 1865:George Phillips Bond 1866:John Couch Adams 1867:William Huggins,William Allen Miller 1868:Urbain Le Verrier 1869:Edward James Stone
Década de 1870	1870:Charles-Eugène Delaunay 1872:Giovanni Schiaparelli 1874:Simon Newcomb 1875:Heinrich Louis d'Arrest 1876:Urbain Le Verrier 1878:Ercole Dembowski 1879:Asaph Hall
Década de 1880	1881:Axel Möller 1882:David Gill 1883:Benjamin Apthorp Gould 1884:Andrew Ainslie Common 1885:William Huggins 1886:Edward Charles Pickering,Charles Pritchard 1887:George William Hill 1888:Arthur Auwers 1889:Maurice Loewy
Década de 1890	1892:George Darwin 1893:Hermann Carl Vogel 1894:Sherburne Wesley Burnham 1895:Isaac Roberts 1896:Seth Carlo Chandler 1897:Edward Barnard 1898:William Frederick Denning 1899:Frank McClean
Medalha de Prata	1824:Karl Rümker,Jean-Louis Pons 1827William Samuel Stratford,Mark Beaufoy
Medalha de Reconhecimento	1848:George Biddell Airy John Couch Adams Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander George Bishop George Everest John Herschel Peter Andreas Hansen Karl Ludwig Hencke John Russell Hind Urbain Le Verrier John William Lubbock Maximilian von Weiße

Século XX

Década de 1900	1900:Henri Poincaré 1901:Edward Charles Pickering 1902:Jacobus Kapteyn 1903:Hermann Struve 1904:George Ellery Hale 1905:Lewis Boss 1906:William Wallace Campbell 1907:Ernest William Brown 1908:David Gill 1909:Oskar Backlund
Década de 1910	1910:Karl Friedrich Küstner 1911:Philip Herbert Cowell 1912:Arthur Robert Hinks 1913:Henri-Alexandre Deslandres 1914:Max Wolf 1915:Alfred Fowler 1916:John Dreyer 1917:Walter Sydney Adams 1918:John Evershed 1919:Guillaume Bigourdan
Década de 1920	1921:Henry Norris Russell 1922:James Jeans 1923:Albert A. Michelson 1924:Arthur Eddington 1925:Frank Watson Dyson 1926:Albert Einstein 1927:Frank Schlesinger 1928:Ralph Allen Sampson 1929:Ejnar Hertzsprung
Década de 1930	1930:John Stanley Plaskett 1931:Willem de Sitter 1932:Robert Grant Aitken 1933:Vesto M. Slipher 1934:Harlow Shapley 1935:Edward Arthur Milne 1936:Hisashi Kimura 1937:Harold Jeffreys 1938:William Hammond Wright 1939:Bernard Lyot
Década de 1940	1940:Edwin Powell Hubble 1943:Harold Spencer Jones 1944:Otto Struve 1945:Bengt Edlén 1946:Jan Oort 1947:Marcel Minnaert 1948:Bertil Lindblad 1949:Sydney Chapman
Década de 1950	1950:Joel Stebbins 1951:Anton Pannekoek 1952:John Jackson 1953:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1954:Walter Baade 1955:Dirk Brouwer 1956:Thomas George Cowling 1957:Albrecht Unsöld 1958:André-Louis Danjon 1959:Raymond Lyttleton
Década de 1960	1960:Viktor Ambartsumian 1961:Herman Zanstra 1962:Bengt Strömgren 1963:Harry Hemley Plaskett 1964:Martin Ryle,William Maurice Ewing 1965:Edward Bullard,Gerald Maurice Clemence 1966:Ira Sprague Bowen,Harold Clayton Urey 1967:Hannes Alfvén,Allan Rex Sandage 1968:Fred Hoyle,Walter Munk 1969:Albert Thomas Price,Martin Schwarzschild
Década de 1970	1970:Horace Welcome Babcock 1971:Frank Press,Richard van der Riet Woolley 1972:Hal Thirlaway,Fritz Zwicky 1973:Francis Birch,Edwin E. Salpeter 1974:Ludwig Biermann,Keith Edward Bullen 1975:Jesse Leonard Greenstein,Ernst Öpik 1976:William McCrea,John Ashworth Ratcliffe 1977:David Bates,John Gatenby Bolton 1978:Lyman Spitzer,James Van Allen 1979:Leon Knopoff,Charles Gorrie Wynne
Década de 1980	1980:Chaim Leib Pekeris,Maarten Schmidt 1981:James Freeman Gilbert,Bernard Lovell 1982:Riccardo Giacconi,Harrie Massey 1983:Michael Seaton,Fred L. Whipple 1984:Keith Runcorn,Jakov Seldovich 1985:Thomas Gold,Stephen Hawking 1986:George Edward Backus,Alexander Dalgarno 1987:Takeshi Nagata,Martin Rees 1988:Don Lynn Anderson,Cornelis de Jager 1989:Raymond Hide,Ken Pounds
Década de 1990	1990:James Dungey,Bernard Pagel 1991:Vitaly Ginzburg,Gerald Joseph Wasserburg 1992:Dan Peter McKenzie,Eugene Parker 1993:Peter Goldreich,Donald Lynden-Bell 1994:James Gunn,Thomas Reeve Kaiser 1995:John Houghton,Rashid Sunyaev 1996:Kenneth Creer,Vera Rubin 1997:Donald Farley,Donald Edward Osterbrock 1998:Robert Ladislav Parker,James Peebles 1999:Kenneth Budden,Bohdan Paczyński

Século XXI

Década de 2000	2000:Leon Lucy,Robert Hutchison 2001:Hermann Bondi,Henry Rishbeth 2002:Leon Mestel,John Arthur Jacobs 2003:John Norris Bahcall,David Gubbins 2004:Jeremiah Paul Ostriker,Grenville Turner 2005:Margaret Burbidge,Geoffrey Burbidge,Carole Jordan 2006:Simon White,Stanley William Herbert Cowley 2007:Leonard Culhane,Nigel Weiss 2008:Joseph Silk,Brian Kennett 2009:David Williams,Eric Priest
Década de 2010	2010:Douglas Gough,John Woodhouse 2011:Richard Salisbury Ellis,Eberhard Grün 2012:Andrew Fabian,John Campbell Brown 2013:Roger Blandford,Chris Chapman 2014:Carlos Frenk,John Zarnecki 2015:Michel Mayor 2016:John David Barrow,Philip England 2017:Nicholas Kaiser,Michele Dougherty 2018:James Hough,Robert White 2019:Robert Kennicutt,Margaret Kivelson
Década de 2020	2020:Sandra Faber,Yvonne Elsworth 2021:Jocelyn Bell Burnell,Thorne Lay 2022:George Efstathiou,Richard B. Horne 2023:John Andrew Peacock,Tim Palmer 2024:Gilles Chabrier,John-Michael Kendall

v d e Medalha Real. Laureados (1951 — 2000)
1951:Howard Florey eIan Heilbron • 1952:Frederic Bartlett eChristopher Kelk Ingold • 1953:Paul Fildes eNevill Francis Mott • 1954:Hans Krebs eJohn Cockcroft • 1955:Vincent Wigglesworth eAlexander Todd • 1956:Owen Thomas Jones eDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin • 1957:Frederick Gugenheim Gregory eWilliam Vallance Douglas Hodge • 1958:Alan Hodgkin eHarrie Massey • 1959:Peter Brian Medawar eRudolf Peierls • 1960:Roy Cameron eBernard Lovell • 1961:Wilfrid Le Gros Clark eCecil Frank Powell • 1962:John Eccles eSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar • 1963:Herbert Harold Read eRobert Hill • 1964:Francis Brambell eMichael James Lighthill • 1965:Henry Charles Husband,John Kendrew eRaymond Lyttleton • 1966:Christopher Cockerell,Frank Yates eJohn Ashworth Ratcliffe • 1967:Joseph Hutchinson,John Zachary Young eCecil Edgar Tilley • 1968:Gilbert Roberts,Walter Thomas James Morgan eMichael Atiyah • 1969:Charles William Oatley,Frederick Sanger eGeorge Deacon • 1970:John Fleetwood Baker,William Albert Hugh Rushton eKingsley Charles Dunham • 1971:Percy Edward Kent,Max Perutz eGerhard Herzberg • 1972:Wilfrid Bennett Lewis,Francis Crick eDerek Barton • 1973:Edward Abraham,Rodney Porter eMartin Ryle • 1974:Sydney Brenner,George Edwards eFred Hoyle • 1975:Barnes Wallis,David Chilton Phillips eEdward Bullard • 1976:Alan Walsh,James Learmonth Gowans eJohn Cornforth • 1977:John Adams,Hugh Huxley ePeter Hirsch • 1978:Tom Kilburn,Roderic Alfred Gregory eAbdus Salam • 1979:Vernon Ellis Cosslett,Hans Walter Kosterlitz eFrederick Charles Frank • 1980:John Paul Wild,Henry Harris eDenys Wilkinson • 1981:Ralph Riley,Marthe Louise Vogt eGeoffrey Wilkinson • 1982:César Milstein,William Hawthorne eRichard Dalitz • 1983:Daniel Joseph Bradley,Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg eJohn Kingman • 1984:Alexander Lamb Cullen,Mary Frances Lyon eAlan Battersby • 1985:John Argyris,John Gurdon eRoger Penrose • 1986:Eric Ash,Richard Doll eRex Richards • 1987:Gustav Victor Rudolf Born,Eric James Denton eFrancis Graham-Smith • 1988:Harold Barlow,Winifred Watkins eGeorge Batchelor • 1989:John Vane,David Weatherall eJohn Charles Polanyi • 1990:Olgierd Zienkiewicz,Anne McLaren eMichael Berry • 1991:Basil John Mason,Michael Berridge eDan Peter McKenzie • 1992:David Tabor,Michael Anthony Epstein eSimon Donaldson • 1993:Rodney Hill,Horace Barlow eVolker Heine • 1994:Salvador Moncada,Eric Mansfield eSivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar • 1995:Donald Metcalf,Paul Nurse eRobert Williams • 1996:Robert Hinde,Jack Heslop-Harrison eAndrew Wiles • 1997:Geoffrey Eglinton,John Maynard Smith eDonald Hill Perkins • 1998:Edwin Southern,Ricardo Miledi eDonald Charlton Bradley • 1999:John Frank Davidson,Patrick David Wall eArchibald Howie • 2000:Tim Berners-Lee,Geoffrey Burnstock eKeith Usherwood Ingold

Medalha Real. Laureados (1951 — 2000)

1951:Howard Florey eIan Heilbron • 1952:Frederic Bartlett eChristopher Kelk Ingold • 1953:Paul Fildes eNevill Francis Mott • 1954:Hans Krebs eJohn Cockcroft • 1955:Vincent Wigglesworth eAlexander Todd • 1956:Owen Thomas Jones eDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin • 1957:Frederick Gugenheim Gregory eWilliam Vallance Douglas Hodge • 1958:Alan Hodgkin eHarrie Massey • 1959:Peter Brian Medawar eRudolf Peierls • 1960:Roy Cameron eBernard Lovell • 1961:Wilfrid Le Gros Clark eCecil Frank Powell • 1962:John Eccles eSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar • 1963:Herbert Harold Read eRobert Hill • 1964:Francis Brambell eMichael James Lighthill • 1965:Henry Charles Husband,John Kendrew eRaymond Lyttleton • 1966:Christopher Cockerell,Frank Yates eJohn Ashworth Ratcliffe • 1967:Joseph Hutchinson,John Zachary Young eCecil Edgar Tilley • 1968:Gilbert Roberts,Walter Thomas James Morgan eMichael Atiyah • 1969:Charles William Oatley,Frederick Sanger eGeorge Deacon • 1970:John Fleetwood Baker,William Albert Hugh Rushton eKingsley Charles Dunham • 1971:Percy Edward Kent,Max Perutz eGerhard Herzberg • 1972:Wilfrid Bennett Lewis,Francis Crick eDerek Barton • 1973:Edward Abraham,Rodney Porter eMartin Ryle • 1974:Sydney Brenner,George Edwards eFred Hoyle • 1975:Barnes Wallis,David Chilton Phillips eEdward Bullard • 1976:Alan Walsh,James Learmonth Gowans eJohn Cornforth • 1977:John Adams,Hugh Huxley ePeter Hirsch • 1978:Tom Kilburn,Roderic Alfred Gregory eAbdus Salam • 1979:Vernon Ellis Cosslett,Hans Walter Kosterlitz eFrederick Charles Frank • 1980:John Paul Wild,Henry Harris eDenys Wilkinson • 1981:Ralph Riley,Marthe Louise Vogt eGeoffrey Wilkinson • 1982:César Milstein,William Hawthorne eRichard Dalitz • 1983:Daniel Joseph Bradley,Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg eJohn Kingman • 1984:Alexander Lamb Cullen,Mary Frances Lyon eAlan Battersby • 1985:John Argyris,John Gurdon eRoger Penrose • 1986:Eric Ash,Richard Doll eRex Richards • 1987:Gustav Victor Rudolf Born,Eric James Denton eFrancis Graham-Smith • 1988:Harold Barlow,Winifred Watkins eGeorge Batchelor • 1989:John Vane,David Weatherall eJohn Charles Polanyi • 1990:Olgierd Zienkiewicz,Anne McLaren eMichael Berry • 1991:Basil John Mason,Michael Berridge eDan Peter McKenzie • 1992:David Tabor,Michael Anthony Epstein eSimon Donaldson • 1993:Rodney Hill,Horace Barlow eVolker Heine • 1994:Salvador Moncada,Eric Mansfield eSivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar • 1995:Donald Metcalf,Paul Nurse eRobert Williams • 1996:Robert Hinde,Jack Heslop-Harrison eAndrew Wiles • 1997:Geoffrey Eglinton,John Maynard Smith eDonald Hill Perkins • 1998:Edwin Southern,Ricardo Miledi eDonald Charlton Bradley • 1999:John Frank Davidson,Patrick David Wall eArchibald Howie • 2000:Tim Berners-Lee,Geoffrey Burnstock eKeith Usherwood Ingold

Medalha Nacional de Ciências

Ciência do Comportamento e Social

Década de 1960	1964:Neal Elgar Miller
Década de 1980	1986:Herbert Simon ·1987:Anne Anastasi eGeorge Joseph Stigler ·1988:Milton Friedman
Década de 1990	1990:Leonid Hurwicz ePatrick Suppes ·1991:George A. Miller ·1992:Eleanor J. Gibson ·1994:Robert Merton ·1995:Roger Shepard ·1996:Paul Samuelson ·1997:William Estes ·1998:William Julius Wilson ·1999:Robert Solow
Década de 2000	2000:Gary Becker ·2003:R. Duncan Luce ·2004:Kenneth Arrow ·2005:Gordon Bower ·2008:Michael Posner ·2009:Mortimer Mishkin
Década de 2010	2011:Anne Treisman ·2012:Robert Axelrod ·2014:Albert Bandura

Ciências Biológicas

Década de 1960	1963:Cornelis Bernardus van Niel ·1964:Theodosius Dobzhansky eMarshall Nirenberg ·1965:Francis Rous,George Gaylord Simpson eDonald Van Slyke ·1966:Edward Fred Knipling,Fritz Albert Lipmann,William Cumming Rose eSewall Wright ·1967:Kenneth Cole,Harry Harlow,Michael Heidelberger eAlfred Sturtevant ·1968:Horace Barker,Bernard Brodie,Detlev Bronk,Jay Laurence Lush eB. F. Skinner ·1969:Robert Hübner,Ernst Mayr
Década de 1970	1970:Barbara McClintock eAlbert Sabin ·1973:Daniel Arnon eEarl Sutherland ·1974:Britton Chance,Erwin Chargaff,James Neel eJames Hannon ·1975:Hallowell Davis,Paul Gyorgy,Sterling Hendricks eOrville Vogel ·1976:Roger Guillemin,Keith Roberts Porter,Efraim Racker eEdward Osborne Wilson ·1979:Robert H. Burris,Elizabeth C. Crosby,Arthur Kornberg,Severo Ochoa,Earl Stadtman,George Ledyard Stebbins ePaul Weiss
Década de 1980	1981:Philip Handler ·1982:Seymour Benzer,Glenn Burton eMildred Cohn ·1983:Howard Bachrach,Paul Berg,Wendell Lee Roelofs eBerta Scharrer ·1986:Stanley Cohen,Donald Henderson,Vernon Mountcastle,George Palade eJoan A. Steitz ·1987:Michael DeBakey,Theodor Otto Diener,Harry Eagle,Har Khorana eRita Levi-Montalcini ·1988:Michael Stuart Brown,Stanley Norman Cohen,Joseph Goldstein,Maurice Hilleman,Eric Kandel eRosalyn Yalow ·1989:Katherine Esau,Viktor Hamburger,Philip Leder,Joshua Lederberg,Roger Sperry eHarland Goff Wood
Década de 1990	1990:Baruj Benacerraf,Herbert Boyer,Daniel Koshland,Edward Lewis,David Nathan eEdward Donnall Thomas ·1991:Mary Ellen Avery,George Evelyn Hutchinson,Elvin Kabat,Robert Kates,Salvador Luria,Paul Marks,Folke Skoog ePaul Zamecnik ·1992:Maxine Singer eHoward Martin Temin ·1993:Daniel Nathans eSalome G. Waelsch ·1994:Thomas Eisner eElizabeth Neufeld ·1995:Alexander Rich ·1996:Ruth Patrick ·1997:James Watson eRobert Allan Weinberg ·1998:Bruce Ames eJanet Rowley ·1999:David Baltimore,Jared Diamond eLynn Margulis
Década de 2000	2000:Nancy Coover Andreasen,Peter H. Raven eCarl Woese ·2001:Francisco José Ayala,George Bass,Mario Capecchi,Ann Graybiel,Gene Likens,Victor A. McKusick eHarold Varmus ·2002:James E. Darnell eEvelyn M. Witkin ·2003:John Michael Bishop,Solomon Halbert Snyder eCharles Yanofsky ·2004:Norman Borlaug,Phillip Allen Sharp eThomas Starzl ·2005:Anthony Fauci eTorsten Wiesel ·2006:Rita Colwell,Nina Fedoroff eLubert Stryer ·2007:Robert Lefkowitz eBert William O’Malley ·2008:Francis Collins,Elaine Fuchs,Craig Venter ·2009:Susan Lindquist,Stanley Prusiner
Década de 2010	2010:Ralph Lawrence Brinster,Rudolf Jaenisch ·2011:Lucy Shapiro,Leroy Hood,Sallie Chisholm ·2012:May Berenbaum,Bruce Alberts ·2013:Rakesh Jain ·2014:Stanley Falkow,Mary-Claire King,Simon Levin

Química

Década de 1960	1964:Roger Adams
Década de 1980	1982:Frank Albert Cotton eGilbert Stork ·1983:Roald Hoffmann,George Claude Pimentel eRichard Zare ·1986:Harry Barkus Gray,Yuan Lee,Carl Shipp Marvel eFrank Westheimer ·1987:William Summer Johnson,Walter Hugo Stockmayer eMax Tishler ·1988:William Oliver Baker,Konrad Bloch eElias James Corey ·1989:Richard Barry Bernstein,Melvin Calvin,Rudolph Arthur Marcus eHarden McConnell
Década de 1990	1990:Elkan Blout,Karl August Folkers eJohn Dombrowski Roberts ·1991:Ronald Breslow,Gertrude Elion,Dudley Robert Herschbach eGlenn Theodore Seaborg ·1992:Howard Ensign Simmons ·1993:Donald James Cram eNorman Hackerman ·1994:George Simms Hammond ·1995:Thomas Cech eIsabella Karle ·1996:Norman Davidson ·1997:Darleane Hoffman eHarold S. Johnston ·1998:John Werner Cahn eGeorge Whitesides ·1999:Stuart Alan Rice,John Ross eSusan Solomon
Década de 2000	2000:John Baldeschwieler eRalph Hirschmann ·2001:Ernest Roy Davidson eGábor Somorjai ·2002:John Brauman ·2004:Stephen Lippard ·2006:Marvin Harry Caruthers ePeter Dervan ·2007:Mostafa El-Sayed ·2008:Joanna Fowler eJoAnne Stubbe ·2009:Stephen James Benkovic eMarye Anne Fox
Década de 2010	2010:Jacqueline Barton ePeter John Stang ·2011:Allen Joseph Bard eFrederick Hawthorne ·2012:Judith Klinman,Jerrold Meinwald ·2013:Geraldine Richmond ·2014:Paul Alivisatos

Ciências da Engenharia

Década de 1960	1962:Theodore von Kármán ·1963:Vannevar Bush eJohn Robinson Pierce ·1964:Charles Stark Draper ·1965:Hugh Latimer Dryden,Clarence Johnson eWarren Lewis ·1966:Claude Shannon ·1967:Edwin Land eIgor Sikorsky ·1968:John Presper Eckert eNathan M. Newmark ·1969:Jack Kilby
Década de 1970	1970:George Mueller ·1973:Harold Eugene Edgerton eRichard Whitcomb ·1974:Rudolf Kompfner,Ralph Brazelton Peck eAbel Wolman ·1975:Manson Benedict,William Hayward Pickering,Frederick Terman eWernher von Braun ·1976:Morris Cohen,Peter Carl Goldmark eErwin Wilhelm Müller ·1979:Emmett Leith,Raymond Mindlin,Robert Noyce,Earl Randall Parker eSimon Ramo
Década de 1980	1982:Edward Heinemann eDonald Katz ·1983:Bill Hewlett,George Low eJohn George Trump ·1986:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann,Tung-Yen Lin eBernard Oliver ·1987:Robert Byron Bird,Harry Bolton Seed eErnst Weber ·1988:Daniel Drucker,Willis Hawkins eGeorge W. Housner ·1989:Harry George Drickamer eHerbert Earl Grier
Década de 1990	1990:Mildred Dresselhaus eNick Holonyak ·1991:George Heilmeier,Luna Leopold eGuyford Stever ·1992:Calvin Quate eJohn Roy Whinnery ·1993:Alfred Yi Cho ·1994:Ray Clough ·1995:Hermann Anton Haus ·1996:James Flanagan eChandra Kumar Patel ·1998:Eli Ruckenstein ·1999:Kenneth N. Stevens
Década de 2000	2000:Yuan-Cheng Fung ·2001:Andreas Acrivos ·2002:Leo Beranek ·2003:John Prausnitz ·2004:Edwin Lightfoot ·2005:Jan Achenbach eTobin Marks ·2006:Robert Langer ·2007:David Wineland ·2008:Rudolf Kalman ·2009:Amnon Yariv
Década de 2010	2010:Shu Chien ·2011:John Bannister Goodenough ·2014:Thomas Kailath

Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais

Década de 1960	1963:Norbert Wiener ·1964:Solomon Lefschetz eMarston Morse ·1965:Oscar Zariski ·1966:John Milnor ·1967:Paul Cohen ·1968:Jerzy Neyman ·1969:William Feller
Década de 1970	1970:Richard Brauer ·1973:John Tukey ·1974:Kurt Gödel ·1975:John Backus,Shiing-Shen Chern eGeorge Dantzig ·1976:Kurt Otto Friedrichs eHassler Whitney ·1979:Joseph Leo Doob eDonald Knuth
Década de 1980	1982:Marshall Harvey Stone ·1983:Herman Goldstine eIsadore Singer ·1986:Peter Lax eAntoni Zygmund ·1987:Raoul Bott eMichael Freedman ·1988:Ralph Gomory eJoseph Keller ·1989:Samuel Karlin,Saunders Mac Lane eDonald Spencer
Década de 1990	1990:George Carrier,Stephen Kleene eJohn McCarthy ·1991:Alberto Calderón ·1992:Allen Newell ·1993:Martin Kruskal ·1994:John Cocke ·1995:Louis Nirenberg ·1996:Richard Karp eStephen Smale ·1997:Shing-Tung Yau ·1998:Cathleen Synge Morawetz ·1999:Felix Browder eRonald Coifman
Década de 2000	2000:John Griggs Thompson eKaren Uhlenbeck ·2001:Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao eElias Stein ·2002:James Glimm ·2003:Carl de Boor ·2004:Dennis Sullivan ·2005:Bradley Efron ·2006:Hyman Bass ·2007:Leonard Kleinrock eAndrew Viterbi ·2009:David Mumford
Década de 2010	2010:Richard Alfred Tapia eS. R. Srinivasa Varadhan ·2011:Solomon Wolf Golomb eBarry Mazur ·2014:Alexandre Chorin,David Blackwell (póstuma) ·2015:Michael Artin

Ciências Físicas

Década de 1960	1963:Luis Walter Alvarez ·1964:Julian Schwinger,Harold Clayton Urey eRobert Burns Woodward ·1965:John Bardeen,Peter Debye,Leon Max Lederman eWilliam Walden Rubey ·1966:Jacob Bjerknes,Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar,Henry Eyring,John Hasbrouck Van Vleck eVladimir Zworykin ·1967:Jesse Beams,Francis Birch,Gregory Breit ·Louis Plack Hammett eGeorge Kistiakowsky ·1968:Paul Doughty Bartlett,Herbert Friedman,Lars Onsager eEugene Paul Wigner ·1969:Herbert Charles Brown eWolfgang Panofsky
Década de 1970	1970:Robert Henry Dicke,Allan Rex Sandage,John Clarke Slater,John Archibald Wheeler eSaul Winstein ·1973:Carl Djerassi,William Maurice Ewing,Arie Jan Haagen-Smit,Vladimir Haensel,Frederick Seitz eRobert Rathbun Wilson ·1974:Nicolaas Bloembergen,Paul John Flory,William Alfred Fowler,Linus Pauling eKenneth Sanborn Pitzer ·1975:Hans Bethe,Joseph Hirschfelder,Lewis Hastings Sarett,Edgar Bright Wilson eChien-Shiung Wu ·1976:Samuel Abraham Goudsmit,Herbert S. Gutowsky,Frederick Rossini,Verner Suomi,Henry Taube eGeorge Eugene Uhlenbeck ·1979:Richard Feynman,Hermann Mark,Edward Mills Purcell,John Sinfelt,Lyman Spitzer eVictor Weisskopf
Década de 1980	1982:Philip Warren Anderson,Yoichiro Nambu,Edward Teller eCharles Hard Townes ·1983:Margaret Burbidge,Maurice Goldhaber,Helmut Landsberg,Walter Munk,Frederick Reines,Bruno Rossi eJohn Robert Schrieffer ·1986:Solomon Buchsbaum,Horace Crane,Herman Feshbach,Robert Hofstadter eChen Ning Yang ·1987:Philip Abelson,Walter Elsasser,Paul Christian Lauterbur,George Pake eJames Van Allen ·1988:David Allan Bromley,Chu Ching-wu,Walter Kohn,Norman Foster Ramsey,Jack Steinberger ·1989:Arnold Orville Beckman,Eugene Parker,Robert Sharp eHenry Stommel
Década de 1990	1990:Allan Cormack,Edwin Mattison McMillan,Robert Pound eRoger Revelle ·1991:Arthur Schawlow,Ed Stone eSteven Weinberg ·1992:Eugene Shoemaker ·1993:Val Logsdon Fitch eVera Rubin ·1994:Albert Overhauser eFrank Press ·1995:Hans Georg Dehmelt ePeter Goldreich ·1996:Wallace Smith Broecker ·1997:Marshall Rosenbluth,Martin Schwarzschild eGeorge Wetherill ·1998:Don Lorraine Anderson eJohn Norris Bahcall ·1999:James Watson Cronin eLeo Kadanoff
Década de 2000	2000:Willis Eugene Lamb,Jeremiah Paul Ostriker eGilbert Fowler White ·2001:Marvin Cohen,Raymond Davis Jr. eCharles Keeling ·2002:Richard Garwin,William Jason Morgan eEdward Witten ·2003:Brent Dalrymple,Riccardo Giacconi ·2004:Robert N. Clayton ·2005:Ralph Alpher eLonnie Thompson ·2006:Daniel Kleppner ·2007:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove eCharles Pence Slichter ·2008:Berni Alder eJames Gunn ·2009:Yakir Aharonov,Esther Marley Conwell eWarren Washington
Década de 2010	2011:Sidney Drell,Sandra Faber,Sylvester James Gates ·2012:Burton Richter,Sean Solomon ·2014:Shirley Ann Jackson

v d e Prêmio Dannie Heineman de Física Matemática (1959 — 2021)
1959:Murray Gell-Mann 1960:Aage Niels Bohr 1961:Marvin Leonard Goldberger 1962:Léon Van Hove 1963:Keith Brueckner 1964:Tullio Regge 1965:Freeman Dyson 1966:Nikolai Bogoliubov 1967:Gian Carlo Wick 1968:Sergio Fubini 1969:Arthur Wightman 1970:Yoichiro Nambu 1971:Roger Penrose 1972:James Bjorken 1973:Kenneth Wilson 1974:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1975:Ludvig Faddeev 1976:Stephen Hawking 1977:Steven Weinberg 1978:Elliott Lieb 1979:Gerardus 't Hooft 1980:James Glimm eArthur Jaffe 1981:Jeffrey Goldstone 1982:John Clive Ward 1983:Martin Kruskal 1984:Robert Griffiths 1985:David Ruelle 1986:Alexander Polyakov 1987:Rodney Baxter 1988:Julius Wess eBruno Zumino 1989:John Stewart Bell 1990:Yakov Sinai 1991:Thomas Spencer eJürg Fröhlich 1992:Stanley Mandelstam 1993:Martin Gutzwiller 1994:Richard Arnowitt,Stanley Deser eCharles Misner 1995:Roman Jackiw 1996:Roy Glauber 1997:Harry Lehmann 1998:Nathan Seiberg eEdward Witten 1999:Barry McCoy,Tai Tsun Wu eAlexander Zamolodchikov 2000:Sidney Coleman 2001:Vladimir Arnold 2002:Michael Green eJohn Henry Schwarz 2003:Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat eJames York 2004:Gabriele Veneziano 2005:Giorgio Parisi 2006:Sergio Ferrara,Daniel Z. Freedman ePeter van Nieuwenhuizen 2007:Juan Maldacena eJoseph Polchinski 2008:Mitchell Feigenbaum 2009:Carlo Becchi,Alain Rouet,Raymond Stora eIgor Tyutin 2010:Michael Aizenman 2011:Herbert Spohn 2012:Giovanni Jona-Lasinio 2013:Michio Jimbo eTetsuji Miwa 2014:Gregory Winthrop Moore 2015:Pierre Ramond 2016:Andrew Strominger eCumrun Vafa 2017:Carl M. Bender 2018:Barry Simon 2019:Bill Sutherland,Francesco Calogero eMichel Gaudin 2020:Svetlana Jitomirskaya 2021:Joel Lebowitz

Prêmio Dannie Heineman de Física Matemática (1959 — 2021)

1959:Murray Gell-Mann
1960:Aage Niels Bohr
1961:Marvin Leonard Goldberger
1962:Léon Van Hove
1963:Keith Brueckner
1964:Tullio Regge
1965:Freeman Dyson
1966:Nikolai Bogoliubov
1967:Gian Carlo Wick
1968:Sergio Fubini
1969:Arthur Wightman
1970:Yoichiro Nambu
1971:Roger Penrose
1972:James Bjorken
1973:Kenneth Wilson
1974:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1975:Ludvig Faddeev
1976:Stephen Hawking
1977:Steven Weinberg
1978:Elliott Lieb
1979:Gerardus 't Hooft
1980:James Glimm eArthur Jaffe
1981:Jeffrey Goldstone
1982:John Clive Ward
1983:Martin Kruskal
1984:Robert Griffiths
1985:David Ruelle
1986:Alexander Polyakov
1987:Rodney Baxter
1988:Julius Wess eBruno Zumino
1989:John Stewart Bell
1990:Yakov Sinai
1991:Thomas Spencer eJürg Fröhlich
1992:Stanley Mandelstam
1993:Martin Gutzwiller
1994:Richard Arnowitt,Stanley Deser eCharles Misner
1995:Roman Jackiw
1996:Roy Glauber
1997:Harry Lehmann
1998:Nathan Seiberg eEdward Witten
1999:Barry McCoy,Tai Tsun Wu eAlexander Zamolodchikov
2000:Sidney Coleman
2001:Vladimir Arnold
2002:Michael Green eJohn Henry Schwarz
2003:Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat eJames York
2004:Gabriele Veneziano
2005:Giorgio Parisi
2006:Sergio Ferrara,Daniel Z. Freedman ePeter van Nieuwenhuizen
2007:Juan Maldacena eJoseph Polchinski
2008:Mitchell Feigenbaum
2009:Carlo Becchi,Alain Rouet,Raymond Stora eIgor Tyutin
2010:Michael Aizenman
2011:Herbert Spohn
2012:Giovanni Jona-Lasinio
2013:Michio Jimbo eTetsuji Miwa
2014:Gregory Winthrop Moore
2015:Pierre Ramond
2016:Andrew Strominger eCumrun Vafa
2017:Carl M. Bender
2018:Barry Simon
2019:Bill Sutherland,Francesco Calogero eMichel Gaudin
2020:Svetlana Jitomirskaya
2021:Joel Lebowitz

v d e Medalha Henry Draper (1886 — 2021)
1886:Samuel Pierpont Langley ·1888:Edward Charles Pickering ·1890:Henry Augustus Rowland ·1893:Hermann Carl Vogel ·1899:James Edward Keeler ·1901:William Huggins ·1904:George Ellery Hale ·1906:William Wallace Campbell ·1910:Charles Greeley Abbot ·1913:Henri-Alexandre Deslandres ·1915:Joel Stebbins ·1916:Albert Abraham Michelson ·1918:Walter Sydney Adams ·1919:Charles Fabry ·1920:Alfred Fowler ·1921:Pieter Zeeman ·1922:Henry Norris Russell ·1924:Arthur Stanley Eddington ·1926:Harlow Shapley ·1928:William Hammond Wright ·1931:Annie Jump Cannon ·1932:Vesto Melvin Slipher ·1934:John Stanley Plaskett ·1936:Charles Edward Kenneth Mees ·1940:Robert Williams Wood ·1942:Ira Sprague Bowen ·1945:Paul Merrill ·1947:Hans Bethe ·1949:Otto Struve ·1951:Bernard Lyot ·1955:Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst ·1957:Horace Welcome Babcock ·1960:Martin Schwarzschild ·1963:Richard Tousey ·1965:Martin Ryle ·1968:Bengt Edlén ·1971:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ·1974:Lyman Spitzer ·1977:Arno Allan Penzias eRobert Woodrow Wilson ·1980:William Wilson Morgan ·1985:Joseph Hooton Taylor ·1989:Riccardo Giovanelli eMartha Patricia Haynes ·1993:Ralph Alpher eRobert Herman ·1997:Bohdan Paczyński ·2001:Robert Paul Butler eGeoffrey Marcy ·2005:Charles Leonard Bennett ·2009:Neil Gehrels ·2013:William Borucki ·2017:Barry C. Barish eStanley E. Whitcomb ·2021:Sheperd Doeleman eHeino Falcke

Medalha Henry Draper (1886 — 2021)

1886:Samuel Pierpont Langley ·1888:Edward Charles Pickering ·1890:Henry Augustus Rowland ·1893:Hermann Carl Vogel ·1899:James Edward Keeler ·1901:William Huggins ·1904:George Ellery Hale ·1906:William Wallace Campbell ·1910:Charles Greeley Abbot ·1913:Henri-Alexandre Deslandres ·1915:Joel Stebbins ·1916:Albert Abraham Michelson ·1918:Walter Sydney Adams ·1919:Charles Fabry ·1920:Alfred Fowler ·1921:Pieter Zeeman ·1922:Henry Norris Russell ·1924:Arthur Stanley Eddington ·1926:Harlow Shapley ·1928:William Hammond Wright ·1931:Annie Jump Cannon ·1932:Vesto Melvin Slipher ·1934:John Stanley Plaskett ·1936:Charles Edward Kenneth Mees ·1940:Robert Williams Wood ·1942:Ira Sprague Bowen ·1945:Paul Merrill ·1947:Hans Bethe ·1949:Otto Struve ·1951:Bernard Lyot ·1955:Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst ·1957:Horace Welcome Babcock ·1960:Martin Schwarzschild ·1963:Richard Tousey ·1965:Martin Ryle ·1968:Bengt Edlén ·1971:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ·1974:Lyman Spitzer ·1977:Arno Allan Penzias eRobert Woodrow Wilson ·1980:William Wilson Morgan ·1985:Joseph Hooton Taylor ·1989:Riccardo Giovanelli eMartha Patricia Haynes ·1993:Ralph Alpher eRobert Herman ·1997:Bohdan Paczyński ·2001:Robert Paul Butler eGeoffrey Marcy ·2005:Charles Leonard Bennett ·2009:Neil Gehrels ·2013:William Borucki ·2017:Barry C. Barish eStanley E. Whitcomb ·2021:Sheperd Doeleman eHeino Falcke

v d e Nobel de Física
1901–1925	1901:Röntgen 1902:Lorentz eZeeman 1903:Becquerel,P. Curie eM. Curie 1904:Strutt 1905:Lenard 1906:J. J. Thompson 1907:Michelson 1908:Lippmann 1909:Marconi eBraun 1910:Van der Waals 1911:Wien 1912:Dalén 1913:Kamerlingh Onnes 1914:Laue 1915:W. H. Bragg eW. L. Bragg 1917:Barkla 1918:Planck 1919:Stark 1920:Guillaume 1921:Einstein 1922:N. Bohr 1923:Millikan 1924:Siegbahn 1925:Franck eHertz
1926–1950	1926:Perrin 1927:Compton eC. Wilson 1928:O. W. Richardson 1929:Broglie 1930:Raman 1932:Heisenberg 1933:Schrödinger eDirac 1935:Chadwick 1936:Hess eC. D. Anderson 1937:Davisson eThomson 1938:Fermi 1939:Lawrence 1943:Stern 1944:Rabi 1945:Pauli 1946:Bridgman 1947:Appleton 1948:Blackett 1949:Yukawa 1950:Powell
1951–1975	1951:Cockcroft eWalton 1952:Bloch ePurcell 1953:Zernike 1954:Born eBothe 1955:Lamb eKusch 1956:Shockley,Bardeen eBrattain 1957:Yang eT.-D. Lee 1958:Cherenkov,Frank eTamm 1959:Segrè eChamberlain 1960:Glaser 1961:Hofstadter eMössbauer 1962:Landau 1963:Wigner,Goeppert-Mayer eJensen 1964:Townes,Basov eProkhorov 1965:Tomonaga,Schwinger eFeynman 1966:Kastler 1967:Bethe 1968:Alvarez 1969:Gell-Mann 1970:Alfvén eNéel 1971:Gabor 1972:Bardeen,Cooper eSchrieffer 1973:Esaki,Giaever eJosephson 1974:Ryle eHewish 1975:A. Bohr,Mottelson eRainwater
1976–2000	1976:Richter eTing 1977:P. W. Anderson,Mott eVan Vleck 1978:Kapitsa,Penzias eWilson 1979:Glashow,Salam eWeinberg 1980:Cronin eFitch 1981:Bloembergen,Schawlow eSiegbahn 1982:Wilson 1983:Chandrasekhar eFowler 1984:Rubbia eVan der Meer 1985:Klitzing 1986:Ruska,Binnig eRohrer 1987:Bednorz eMüller 1988:Lederman,Schwartz eSteinberger 1989:Ramsey,Dehmelt ePaul 1990:Friedman,Kendall eR. E. Taylor 1991:de Gennes 1992:Charpak,Hulse eJ. H. Taylor 1993:Brockhouse eShull 1994:Perl eReines 1995:D. Lee,Osheroff eR. Richardson 1996:Chu,Cohen-Tannoudji ePhillips 1997:Laughlin,Störmer eTsui 1998:Hooft eVeltman 1999:Alferov,Kroemer eKilby
2001–2024	2001:Cornell,Wieman eKetterle 2002:Davis,Koshiba eGiacconi 2003:Abrikosov,Ginzburg eLeggett 2004:Gross,Politzer eWilczek 2005:Glauber\|,Hall eHänsch 2006:Mather eSmoot 2007:Fert eGrünberg 2008:Nambu,Kobayashi eMasukawa 2009:Kao,Boyle eG. Smith 2010:Geim eNovoselov 2011:Perlmutter,Riess eSchmidt 2012:Haroche eWineland 2013:Englert eHiggs 2014:Akasaki,Amano eNakamura 2015:Kajita eMcDonald 2016:Haldane,Thouless eKosterlitz 2017:Weiss,Barish eThorne 2018:Ashkin,Mourou eStrickland 2019:Peebles,Mayor eQueloz 2020:Penrose,Genzel eGhez 2021:Manabe,Hasselmann eParisi 2022:Aspect,Clauser eZeilinger 2023:Agostini,Krausz eL'Huillier 2024:Hopfield eHinton

v d e Medalha Copley. Laureados (1951–2000)
1951:David Keilin 1952:Paul Dirac 1953:Albert Kluyver 1954:Edmund Taylor Whittaker 1955:Ronald Fisher 1956:Patrick Blackett 1957:Howard Florey 1958:John Edensor Littlewood 1959:Frank Burnet 1960:Harold Jeffreys 1961:Hans Krebs 1962:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 1963:Paul Fildes 1964:Sydney Chapman 1965:Alan Hodgkin 1966:William Lawrence Bragg 1967:Bernard Katz 1968:Tadeusz Reichstein 1969:Peter Brian Medawar 1970:Alexander Todd 1971:Norman Pirie 1972:Nevill Francis Mott 1973:Andrew Huxley 1974:William Vallance Douglas Hodge 1975:Francis Crick 1976:Dorothy Hodgkin 1977:Frederick Sanger 1978:Robert Burns Woodward 1979:Max Perutz 1980:Derek Barton 1981:Peter Mitchell 1982:John Cornforth 1983:Rodney Porter 1984:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1985:Aaron Klug 1986:Rudolf Peierls 1987:Robert Hill 1988:Michael Atiyah 1989:César Milstein 1990:Abdus Salam 1991:Sydney Brenner 1992:George Porter 1993:James Watson 1994:Frederick Charles Frank 1995:Frank Fenner 1996:Alan Cottrell 1997:Hugh Huxley 1998:Michael James Lighthill 1999:John Maynard Smith 2000:Alan Battersby
Lista Completa (1731–1750) (1751–1800) (1801–1850) (1851–1900) (1901–1950) (2001–2026)

Medalha Copley. Laureados (1951–2000)

v d e Astronomia indiana
Astrônomos	Apastamba · Ariabata I · Ariabata II · Vainu Bappu · Bhāskara I · Bhāskara II · Baudhayana · Brahmagupta · Sandip Chakrabarti · Radhagobinda Chandra · Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar · Amil Kumar Das · P. Devadas · Gautama Siddha · M. K. Das Gupta · Jyesthadeva · Kamalakara · Katyayana · Lagadha · Lalla · Madhava de Sangamagrama · Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis · Mahavira · Manava · Jayant Narlikar · Parameshvara · Achyuta Pisharati · Venkatraman Radhakrishnan · J. J. Rawal · Megh Nad Saha · Jagannatha Samrat · Bapudeva Sastri · Jai Singh II de Amber · · Nilakantha Somayaji · Sripati · Mahendra Suri · Govind Swaroop · Utpala · Varahamihira · Shankara Variyar · Vasistha · Yajnavalkya
Trabalhos	Aryabhatiya · Brahmanas (Aitareya Brahmana · Shatapatha Brahmana) · Bṛhat Saṃhitā · Sutras de Shulba · Panchangam · Siddhantas (Brahmasphutasiddhanta · Maha-Siddhanta · Pancha-Siddhantika · Paulisa Siddhanta · Paitamaha Siddhanta · Romaka Siddhanta · Surya Siddhanta · Vasishtha Siddhanta) · Tantrasangraha · Jyotirmimamsa · Tratado sobre Astrologia da Era Kaiyuan · Vedanga Jyotisha · Vedas (Atharvaveda · Rigveda) · Yavanajataka · Zij
Instrumentos	Esfera armilar · Astrolábio · Globo celestial · Compasso · Equipe misturada · Dioptra · Anel equatorial · Relógio solar equatorial · Globo terrestre · Gnômon · Instrumento de mural · Quadrante · Sextante · Relógio solar · Triquetrum · Relógio de água
Conceitos	Inclinação axial · Azimute · Direção cardinal · Equador celestial · Esfera celestial · Esferas celestiais · Centro de massa · Órbita circular · Deferente e epiciclo · Rotação da Terra · Excentricidade · Eclíptica · Órbita elíptica · Equante · Geocentrismo · Geo-heliocentrismo · Globo terrestre · Gravidade · Heliocentrismo · Jyotiṣa · Kalpa · Luar · Nakshatra · Paralaxe · Precessão · Ritu · Terra esférica · Luz solar · Tithi · Yuga · Signo zodiacal · Manvantara
Centros	Jantar Mantar (Jaipur) · Escola Kerala de astronomia e matemática · Observatório · Ujjain · Yantra Mandir · Jantar Mantar (Déli)
Influências	Astronomia babilônica · Astronomia helenística · Astronomia islâmica
Influenciados	Astronomia chinesa · Astronomia europeia · Astronomia islâmica
Meses do Calendário védico	1.Chaitra (चैत्र) 2.Vaisakha (वैशाख) 3.Jyeshta (ज्येष्ठ) 4.Aashaadha (आषाढ) 5.Shraavana (श्रावण) 6.Bhadrapada (भाद्रपद) 7.Ashwin (अश्विन्) 8.Kartik (कार्तिक) 9. Margashirsha (मार्गशीर्ष) 10.Pausha (पौष) 11.Maagha (माघ) 12.Phalguna (फाल्गुन)

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Controle de autoridade	:Q148109 WorldCat VIAF:7422653 BIBSYS:90207583 BNCHL:000353107 BNE:XX5478005 BNF:121195560 BRE:4680045 CANTIC:981058511805606706 CiNii:DA00684391 EBID:ID FAST:74558 GND:119007665 Find a Grave:90500965 ICCU:RAVV050473 ISNI:ID LCCN:n81068791 MGP:70801 MusicBrainz:ID Munzinger:00000006414 NDL:00435692 NLA:36201882 NLG:308103 NNDB:000099663 NTA:073979147 NUKAT:n98000581 OBP:ID ODNB:57771 openMLOL:169407 Scopus:22987787000 SNAC:w6df6sq7 SUDOC:029605148 Treccani:subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar BNB:000157114 OL:OL532759A CONOR.SR:57453833 Kalliope-Verbund:119007665 MG:166310 NLA:1228355 NLP:a0000001938236 Catálogo SHARE:12159 SNK:171651

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