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Ralph Hirschmann

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Ralph Hirschmann
Nascimento	6 de maio de1922 Fürth
Morte	20 de junho de2009 (87 anos) Lansdale
Nacionalidade	Alemão,estadunidense
Alma mater	Universidade do Wisconsin-Madison,Oberlin College
Prêmios	Medalha William H. Nichols (1988),Prêmio Arthur C. Cope (1999),Medalha Nacional de Ciências (2000),Medalha de Ouro do American Institute of Chemists (2003)
Carreira científica
Instituições	Universidade da Carolina do Sul,Universidade da Pensilvânia,Merck Sharp and Dohme
Campo(s)	Bioquímica

Ralph Franz Hirschmann (Fürth,6 de maio de1922 —Lansdale,20 de junho de2009) foi umbioquímico teuto-estadunidense.

Liderou uma equipe que foi responsável pela primeirasíntese orgânica de umaenzima, aribonuclease.

v d e Prêmio Arthur C. Cope
1973Roald Hoffmann eRobert Burns Woodward ·1974Donald James Cram ·1976Elias James Corey ·1978Orville L. Chapman ·1980Gilbert Stork ·1982Frank Westheimer ·1984Albert Eschenmoser ·1986Duilio Arigoni ·1987Ronald Breslow ·1988Kenneth B. Wiberg ·1989William Summer Johnson ·1990Koji Nakanishi ·1991Gerhard L. Closs ·1992Barry Sharpless ·1993Peter Dervan ·1994John Dombrowski Roberts ·1995George M. Whitesides ·1996Robert G. Bergman ·1997Ryōji Noyori ·1998Samuel Danishefsky ·1999Ralph Hirschmann ·2000David A. Evans ·2001George Andrew Olah ·2002Robert Grubbs ·2003Larry E. Overman ·2004Barry Trost ·2005Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou ·2006Peter G. Schultz ·2007Jean Fréchet ·2008Fraser Stoddart ·2009Manfred Theodor Reetz ·2010Kendall Houk ·2011Nicholas Turro

Prêmio Arthur C. Cope

1973Roald Hoffmann eRobert Burns Woodward ·1974Donald James Cram ·1976Elias James Corey ·1978Orville L. Chapman ·1980Gilbert Stork ·1982Frank Westheimer ·1984Albert Eschenmoser ·1986Duilio Arigoni ·1987Ronald Breslow ·1988Kenneth B. Wiberg ·1989William Summer Johnson ·1990Koji Nakanishi ·1991Gerhard L. Closs ·1992Barry Sharpless ·1993Peter Dervan ·1994John Dombrowski Roberts ·1995George M. Whitesides ·1996Robert G. Bergman ·1997Ryōji Noyori ·1998Samuel Danishefsky ·1999Ralph Hirschmann ·2000David A. Evans ·2001George Andrew Olah ·2002Robert Grubbs ·2003Larry E. Overman ·2004Barry Trost ·2005Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou ·2006Peter G. Schultz ·2007Jean Fréchet ·2008Fraser Stoddart ·2009Manfred Theodor Reetz ·2010Kendall Houk ·2011Nicholas Turro

Medalha Nacional de Ciências

Ciência do Comportamento e Social

Década de 1960	1964:Neal Elgar Miller
Década de 1980	1986:Herbert Simon ·1987:Anne Anastasi eGeorge Joseph Stigler ·1988:Milton Friedman
Década de 1990	1990:Leonid Hurwicz ePatrick Suppes ·1991:George A. Miller ·1992:Eleanor J. Gibson ·1994:Robert Merton ·1995:Roger Shepard ·1996:Paul Samuelson ·1997:William Estes ·1998:William Julius Wilson ·1999:Robert Solow
Década de 2000	2000:Gary Becker ·2003:R. Duncan Luce ·2004:Kenneth Arrow ·2005:Gordon Bower ·2008:Michael Posner ·2009:Mortimer Mishkin
Década de 2010	2011:Anne Treisman ·2012:Robert Axelrod ·2014:Albert Bandura

Ciências Biológicas

Década de 1960	1963:Cornelis Bernardus van Niel ·1964:Theodosius Dobzhansky eMarshall Nirenberg ·1965:Francis Rous,George Gaylord Simpson eDonald Van Slyke ·1966:Edward Fred Knipling,Fritz Albert Lipmann,William Cumming Rose eSewall Wright ·1967:Kenneth Cole,Harry Harlow,Michael Heidelberger eAlfred Sturtevant ·1968:Horace Barker,Bernard Brodie,Detlev Bronk,Jay Laurence Lush eB. F. Skinner ·1969:Robert Hübner,Ernst Mayr
Década de 1970	1970:Barbara McClintock eAlbert Sabin ·1973:Daniel Arnon eEarl Sutherland ·1974:Britton Chance,Erwin Chargaff,James Neel eJames Hannon ·1975:Hallowell Davis,Paul Gyorgy,Sterling Hendricks eOrville Vogel ·1976:Roger Guillemin,Keith Roberts Porter,Efraim Racker eEdward Osborne Wilson ·1979:Robert H. Burris,Elizabeth C. Crosby,Arthur Kornberg,Severo Ochoa,Earl Stadtman,George Ledyard Stebbins ePaul Weiss
Década de 1980	1981:Philip Handler ·1982:Seymour Benzer,Glenn Burton eMildred Cohn ·1983:Howard Bachrach,Paul Berg,Wendell Lee Roelofs eBerta Scharrer ·1986:Stanley Cohen,Donald Henderson,Vernon Mountcastle,George Palade eJoan A. Steitz ·1987:Michael DeBakey,Theodor Otto Diener,Harry Eagle,Har Khorana eRita Levi-Montalcini ·1988:Michael Stuart Brown,Stanley Norman Cohen,Joseph Goldstein,Maurice Hilleman,Eric Kandel eRosalyn Yalow ·1989:Katherine Esau,Viktor Hamburger,Philip Leder,Joshua Lederberg,Roger Sperry eHarland Goff Wood
Década de 1990	1990:Baruj Benacerraf,Herbert Boyer,Daniel Koshland,Edward Lewis,David Nathan eEdward Donnall Thomas ·1991:Mary Ellen Avery,George Evelyn Hutchinson,Elvin Kabat,Robert Kates,Salvador Luria,Paul Marks,Folke Skoog ePaul Zamecnik ·1992:Maxine Singer eHoward Martin Temin ·1993:Daniel Nathans eSalome G. Waelsch ·1994:Thomas Eisner eElizabeth Neufeld ·1995:Alexander Rich ·1996:Ruth Patrick ·1997:James Watson eRobert Allan Weinberg ·1998:Bruce Ames eJanet Rowley ·1999:David Baltimore,Jared Diamond eLynn Margulis
Década de 2000	2000:Nancy Coover Andreasen,Peter H. Raven eCarl Woese ·2001:Francisco José Ayala,George Bass,Mario Capecchi,Ann Graybiel,Gene Likens,Victor A. McKusick eHarold Varmus ·2002:James E. Darnell eEvelyn M. Witkin ·2003:John Michael Bishop,Solomon Halbert Snyder eCharles Yanofsky ·2004:Norman Borlaug,Phillip Allen Sharp eThomas Starzl ·2005:Anthony Fauci eTorsten Wiesel ·2006:Rita Colwell,Nina Fedoroff eLubert Stryer ·2007:Robert Lefkowitz eBert William O’Malley ·2008:Francis Collins,Elaine Fuchs,Craig Venter ·2009:Susan Lindquist,Stanley Prusiner
Década de 2010	2010:Ralph Lawrence Brinster,Rudolf Jaenisch ·2011:Lucy Shapiro,Leroy Hood,Sallie Chisholm ·2012:May Berenbaum,Bruce Alberts ·2013:Rakesh Jain ·2014:Stanley Falkow,Mary-Claire King,Simon Levin

Química

Década de 1960	1964:Roger Adams
Década de 1980	1982:Frank Albert Cotton eGilbert Stork ·1983:Roald Hoffmann,George Claude Pimentel eRichard Zare ·1986:Harry Barkus Gray,Yuan Lee,Carl Shipp Marvel eFrank Westheimer ·1987:William Summer Johnson,Walter Hugo Stockmayer eMax Tishler ·1988:William Oliver Baker,Konrad Bloch eElias James Corey ·1989:Richard Barry Bernstein,Melvin Calvin,Rudolph Arthur Marcus eHarden McConnell
Década de 1990	1990:Elkan Blout,Karl August Folkers eJohn Dombrowski Roberts ·1991:Ronald Breslow,Gertrude Elion,Dudley Robert Herschbach eGlenn Theodore Seaborg ·1992:Howard Ensign Simmons ·1993:Donald James Cram eNorman Hackerman ·1994:George Simms Hammond ·1995:Thomas Cech eIsabella Karle ·1996:Norman Davidson ·1997:Darleane Hoffman eHarold S. Johnston ·1998:John Werner Cahn eGeorge Whitesides ·1999:Stuart Alan Rice,John Ross eSusan Solomon
Década de 2000	2000:John Baldeschwieler eRalph Hirschmann ·2001:Ernest Roy Davidson eGábor Somorjai ·2002:John Brauman ·2004:Stephen Lippard ·2006:Marvin Harry Caruthers ePeter Dervan ·2007:Mostafa El-Sayed ·2008:Joanna Fowler eJoAnne Stubbe ·2009:Stephen James Benkovic eMarye Anne Fox
Década de 2010	2010:Jacqueline Barton ePeter John Stang ·2011:Allen Joseph Bard eFrederick Hawthorne ·2012:Judith Klinman,Jerrold Meinwald ·2013:Geraldine Richmond ·2014:Paul Alivisatos

Ciências da Engenharia

Década de 1960	1962:Theodore von Kármán ·1963:Vannevar Bush eJohn Robinson Pierce ·1964:Charles Stark Draper ·1965:Hugh Latimer Dryden,Clarence Johnson eWarren Lewis ·1966:Claude Shannon ·1967:Edwin Land eIgor Sikorsky ·1968:John Presper Eckert eNathan M. Newmark ·1969:Jack Kilby
Década de 1970	1970:George Mueller ·1973:Harold Eugene Edgerton eRichard Whitcomb ·1974:Rudolf Kompfner,Ralph Brazelton Peck eAbel Wolman ·1975:Manson Benedict,William Hayward Pickering,Frederick Terman eWernher von Braun ·1976:Morris Cohen,Peter Carl Goldmark eErwin Wilhelm Müller ·1979:Emmett Leith,Raymond Mindlin,Robert Noyce,Earl Randall Parker eSimon Ramo
Década de 1980	1982:Edward Heinemann eDonald Katz ·1983:Bill Hewlett,George Low eJohn George Trump ·1986:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann,Tung-Yen Lin eBernard Oliver ·1987:Robert Byron Bird,Harry Bolton Seed eErnst Weber ·1988:Daniel Drucker,Willis Hawkins eGeorge W. Housner ·1989:Harry George Drickamer eHerbert Earl Grier
Década de 1990	1990:Mildred Dresselhaus eNick Holonyak ·1991:George Heilmeier,Luna Leopold eGuyford Stever ·1992:Calvin Quate eJohn Roy Whinnery ·1993:Alfred Yi Cho ·1994:Ray Clough ·1995:Hermann Anton Haus ·1996:James Flanagan eChandra Kumar Patel ·1998:Eli Ruckenstein ·1999:Kenneth N. Stevens
Década de 2000	2000:Yuan-Cheng Fung ·2001:Andreas Acrivos ·2002:Leo Beranek ·2003:John Prausnitz ·2004:Edwin Lightfoot ·2005:Jan Achenbach eTobin Marks ·2006:Robert Langer ·2007:David Wineland ·2008:Rudolf Kalman ·2009:Amnon Yariv
Década de 2010	2010:Shu Chien ·2011:John Bannister Goodenough ·2014:Thomas Kailath

Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais

Década de 1960	1963:Norbert Wiener ·1964:Solomon Lefschetz eMarston Morse ·1965:Oscar Zariski ·1966:John Milnor ·1967:Paul Cohen ·1968:Jerzy Neyman ·1969:William Feller
Década de 1970	1970:Richard Brauer ·1973:John Tukey ·1974:Kurt Gödel ·1975:John Backus,Shiing-Shen Chern eGeorge Dantzig ·1976:Kurt Otto Friedrichs eHassler Whitney ·1979:Joseph Leo Doob eDonald Knuth
Década de 1980	1982:Marshall Harvey Stone ·1983:Herman Goldstine eIsadore Singer ·1986:Peter Lax eAntoni Zygmund ·1987:Raoul Bott eMichael Freedman ·1988:Ralph Gomory eJoseph Keller ·1989:Samuel Karlin,Saunders Mac Lane eDonald Spencer
Década de 1990	1990:George Carrier,Stephen Kleene eJohn McCarthy ·1991:Alberto Calderón ·1992:Allen Newell ·1993:Martin Kruskal ·1994:John Cocke ·1995:Louis Nirenberg ·1996:Richard Karp eStephen Smale ·1997:Shing-Tung Yau ·1998:Cathleen Synge Morawetz ·1999:Felix Browder eRonald Coifman
Década de 2000	2000:John Griggs Thompson eKaren Uhlenbeck ·2001:Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao eElias Stein ·2002:James Glimm ·2003:Carl de Boor ·2004:Dennis Sullivan ·2005:Bradley Efron ·2006:Hyman Bass ·2007:Leonard Kleinrock eAndrew Viterbi ·2009:David Mumford
Década de 2010	2010:Richard Alfred Tapia eS. R. Srinivasa Varadhan ·2011:Solomon Wolf Golomb eBarry Mazur ·2014:Alexandre Chorin,David Blackwell (póstuma) ·2015:Michael Artin

Ciências Físicas

Década de 1960	1963:Luis Walter Alvarez ·1964:Julian Schwinger,Harold Clayton Urey eRobert Burns Woodward ·1965:John Bardeen,Peter Debye,Leon Max Lederman eWilliam Walden Rubey ·1966:Jacob Bjerknes,Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar,Henry Eyring,John Hasbrouck Van Vleck eVladimir Zworykin ·1967:Jesse Beams,Francis Birch,Gregory Breit ·Louis Plack Hammett eGeorge Kistiakowsky ·1968:Paul Doughty Bartlett,Herbert Friedman,Lars Onsager eEugene Paul Wigner ·1969:Herbert Charles Brown eWolfgang Panofsky
Década de 1970	1970:Robert Henry Dicke,Allan Rex Sandage,John Clarke Slater,John Archibald Wheeler eSaul Winstein ·1973:Carl Djerassi,William Maurice Ewing,Arie Jan Haagen-Smit,Vladimir Haensel,Frederick Seitz eRobert Rathbun Wilson ·1974:Nicolaas Bloembergen,Paul John Flory,William Alfred Fowler,Linus Pauling eKenneth Sanborn Pitzer ·1975:Hans Bethe,Joseph Hirschfelder,Lewis Hastings Sarett,Edgar Bright Wilson eChien-Shiung Wu ·1976:Samuel Abraham Goudsmit,Herbert S. Gutowsky,Frederick Rossini,Verner Suomi,Henry Taube eGeorge Eugene Uhlenbeck ·1979:Richard Feynman,Hermann Mark,Edward Mills Purcell,John Sinfelt,Lyman Spitzer eVictor Weisskopf
Década de 1980	1982:Philip Warren Anderson,Yoichiro Nambu,Edward Teller eCharles Hard Townes ·1983:Margaret Burbidge,Maurice Goldhaber,Helmut Landsberg,Walter Munk,Frederick Reines,Bruno Rossi eJohn Robert Schrieffer ·1986:Solomon Buchsbaum,Horace Crane,Herman Feshbach,Robert Hofstadter eChen Ning Yang ·1987:Philip Abelson,Walter Elsasser,Paul Christian Lauterbur,George Pake eJames Van Allen ·1988:David Allan Bromley,Chu Ching-wu,Walter Kohn,Norman Foster Ramsey,Jack Steinberger ·1989:Arnold Orville Beckman,Eugene Parker,Robert Sharp eHenry Stommel
Década de 1990	1990:Allan Cormack,Edwin Mattison McMillan,Robert Pound eRoger Revelle ·1991:Arthur Schawlow,Ed Stone eSteven Weinberg ·1992:Eugene Shoemaker ·1993:Val Logsdon Fitch eVera Rubin ·1994:Albert Overhauser eFrank Press ·1995:Hans Georg Dehmelt ePeter Goldreich ·1996:Wallace Smith Broecker ·1997:Marshall Rosenbluth,Martin Schwarzschild eGeorge Wetherill ·1998:Don Lorraine Anderson eJohn Norris Bahcall ·1999:James Watson Cronin eLeo Kadanoff
Década de 2000	2000:Willis Eugene Lamb,Jeremiah Paul Ostriker eGilbert Fowler White ·2001:Marvin Cohen,Raymond Davis Jr. eCharles Keeling ·2002:Richard Garwin,William Jason Morgan eEdward Witten ·2003:Brent Dalrymple,Riccardo Giacconi ·2004:Robert N. Clayton ·2005:Ralph Alpher eLonnie Thompson ·2006:Daniel Kleppner ·2007:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove eCharles Pence Slichter ·2008:Berni Alder eJames Gunn ·2009:Yakir Aharonov,Esther Marley Conwell eWarren Washington
Década de 2010	2011:Sidney Drell,Sandra Faber,Sylvester James Gates ·2012:Burton Richter,Sean Solomon ·2014:Shirley Ann Jackson

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Controle de autoridade	:Q177306 WorldCat VIAF:91125883 EBID:ID GND:139407294 ISNI:ID LCCN:no2009103557 SNAC:w63v75ht Kalliope-Verbund:139407294

Obtida de "https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Hirschmann&oldid=69323560"

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