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منځپانگې ته ورتلل
ويکيپېډيا
پلټنه

توريوم

د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا
(لهThorium نه مخ گرځېدلی)
Thorium,  90Th
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation/ˈθɔəriəm/
THAWR-ee-əm
Appearancesilvery, often with black tarnish
Thorium پهدوراني جدول کې
Hydrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Helium (noble gas)
Lithium (alkali metal)
Beryllium (alkaline earth metal)
Boron (metalloid)
Carbon (polyatomic nonmetal)
Nitrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Oxygen (diatomic nonmetal)
Fluorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Neon (noble gas)
Sodium (alkali metal)
Magnesium (alkaline earth metal)
Aluminium (post-transition metal)
Silicon (metalloid)
Phosphorus (polyatomic nonmetal)
Sulfur (polyatomic nonmetal)
Chlorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Argon (noble gas)
Potassium (alkali metal)
Calcium (alkaline earth metal)
Scandium (transition metal)
Titanium (transition metal)
Vanadium (transition metal)
Chromium (transition metal)
Manganese (transition metal)
Iron (transition metal)
Cobalt (transition metal)
Nickel (transition metal)
Copper (transition metal)
Zinc (transition metal)
Gallium (post-transition metal)
Germanium (metalloid)
Arsenic (metalloid)
Selenium (polyatomic nonmetal)
Bromine (diatomic nonmetal)
Krypton (noble gas)
Rubidium (alkali metal)
Strontium (alkaline earth metal)
Yttrium (transition metal)
Zirconium (transition metal)
Niobium (transition metal)
Molybdenum (transition metal)
Technetium (transition metal)
Ruthenium (transition metal)
Rhodium (transition metal)
Palladium (transition metal)
Silver (transition metal)
Cadmium (transition metal)
Indium (post-transition metal)
Tin (post-transition metal)
Antimony (metalloid)
Tellurium (metalloid)
Iodine (diatomic nonmetal)
Xenon (noble gas)
Caesium (alkali metal)
Barium (alkaline earth metal)
Lanthanum (lanthanide)
Cerium (lanthanide)
Praseodymium (lanthanide)
Neodymium (lanthanide)
Promethium (lanthanide)
Samarium (lanthanide)
Europium (lanthanide)
Gadolinium (lanthanide)
Terbium (lanthanide)
Dysprosium (lanthanide)
Holmium (lanthanide)
Erbium (lanthanide)
Thulium (lanthanide)
Ytterbium (lanthanide)
Lutetium (lanthanide)
Hafnium (transition metal)
Tantalum (transition metal)
Tungsten (transition metal)
Rhenium (transition metal)
Osmium (transition metal)
Iridium (transition metal)
Platinum (transition metal)
Gold (transition metal)
Mercury (transition metal)
Thallium (post-transition metal)
Lead (post-transition metal)
Bismuth (post-transition metal)
Polonium (post-transition metal)
Astatine (metalloid)
Radon (noble gas)
Francium (alkali metal)
Radium (alkaline earth metal)
Actinium (actinide)
Thorium (actinide)
Protactinium (actinide)
Uranium (actinide)
Neptunium (actinide)
Plutonium (actinide)
Americium (actinide)
Curium (actinide)
Berkelium (actinide)
Californium (actinide)
Einsteinium (actinide)
Fermium (actinide)
Mendelevium (actinide)
Nobelium (actinide)
Lawrencium (actinide)
Rutherfordium (transition metal)
Dubnium (transition metal)
Seaborgium (transition metal)
Bohrium (transition metal)
Hassium (transition metal)
Meitnerium (unknown chemical properties)
Darmstadtium (unknown chemical properties)
Roentgenium (unknown chemical properties)
Copernicium (transition metal)
Nihonium (unknown chemical properties)
Flerovium (unknown chemical properties)
Moscovium (unknown chemical properties)
Livermorium (unknown chemical properties)
Tennessine (unknown chemical properties)
Oganesson (unknown chemical properties)
Ce

Th

(Uqq)
actiniumthoriumprotactinium
اټومي شمیره(Z)90
گروپ,پیریودgroup n/a,period 7
بلاکf-block
Element category actinide
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)کينډۍ:Val[۱]
Electron configuration[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
فزیکي خواص
حالت(at STP)جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى2023 K ​(1750 °C, ​3182 °F)
يشنا ټکی5061 K ​(4788 °C, ​8650 °F)
Density near r.t.11.7 g/cm3
Heat of fusion13.81 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporisation514 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity26.230 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressure
P (Pa)1101001 k10 k100 k
at T (K)263329073248368342595055
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states4, 3, 2, 1 ​(a weaklybasic oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.3
Ionisation energies
  • 1st: 587 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1110 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 1930 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 179.8 pm
Covalent radius206±6 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structureface-centred cubic (fcc)
Facecentredcubic crystal structure for thorium
Facecentredcubic crystal structure for thorium
Speed of sound thin rod2490 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion11.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه54.0 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity157 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic[۲]
Magnetic susceptibility(χmol)132.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)[۳]
Young's modulus79 GPa
Shear modulus31 GPa
Bulk modulus54 GPa
Poisson ratio0.27
Mohs hardness3.0
Vickers hardness295–685 MPa
Brinell hardness390–1500 MPa
CAS Number7440-29-1
History
NamingafterThor, the Norse god of thunder
DiscoveryJöns Jakob Berzelius (1829)
Mainisotopes of thorium
آيسو­ټوپAbun­danceنیم ژوند(t1/2)Decay modePro­duct
227Thtrace18.68 dα223Ra
228Thtrace1.9116 yα224Ra
229Thtrace7917 yα225Ra
230Th0.02%75400 yα226Ra
231Thtrace25.5 hβ231Pa
232Th99.98%1.405×1010 yα228Ra
234Thtrace24.1 dβ234Pa
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| references | in Wikidata

توريوم (پهانگرېزي:Thorium) لهکیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې پهتناوبي جدول کې دTh سمبول او ۹۰اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

مشخصات

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تاریخچه

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مرکبات

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د استعمال ځایونه

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سرچينې

[سمول]
  1. Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016)."Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure Appl. Chem.88 (3): 265–91.doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.{{cite journal}}:Unknown parameter|displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  2. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds".CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(PDF) (86th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4-135.ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.
  3. Weast, R. (1984).CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110.ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې پهبشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

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