Silicon,  ₁₄Si

Spectral lines of silicon
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈsɪlɪkən/or/ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ SIL-IK-ənorSIL-IK-on
Appearance	crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
Silicon پهدوراني جدول کې
C ↑ Si ↓ Ge aluminium ←silicon →phosphorus ‍
اټومي شمیره(Z)	14
گروپ,پیریود	group 14 (carbon group),period 3
بلاک	p-block
Element category	metalloid
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	[28.084, 28.086][۱] conventional: 28.085
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 4
فزیکي خواص
حالت(at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	1687 K ​(1414 °C, ​2577 °F)
يشنا ټکی	3538 K ​(3265 °C, ​5909 °F)
Density near r.t.	2.3290 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	2.57 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	50.21 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	383 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	19.789 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1[۲] −1, −2, −3,−4 ​(anamphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionization energies	1st: 786.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1577.1 kJ/mol 3rd: 3231.6 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 111 pm
Covalent radius	111 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​face-centered diamond-cubic
Speed of sound thin rod	8433 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	2.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	149 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	2.3کينډۍ:E Ω·m (at 20 °C)[۳]
Band gap	1.12 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic[۴]
Magnetic susceptibility(χmol)	−3.9·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[۵]
Young's modulus	130–188 GPa[۶]
Shear modulus	51–80 GPa[۶]
Bulk modulus	97.6 GPa[۶]
Poisson ratio	0.064–0.28[۶]
Mohs hardness	7
CAS Number	7440-21-3
History
Naming	after Latin 'silex' or 'silicis', meaningflint
Prediction	Antoine Lavoisier (1787)
Discovery and first isolation	Jöns Jacob Berzelius[۷][۸] (1823)
Named by	Thomas Thomson (1817)
Mainisotopes of silicon
آيسو­ټوپ Abun­dance نیم ژوند(t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 28Si 92.2% stable 29Si 4.7% stable 30Si 3.1% stable 31Si trace 2.62 h β− 31P 32Si trace 153 y β− 32P
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سېلېکان (پهانگرېزي:Silicon) لهکیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې پهتناوبي جدول کې دSi سمبول او ۱۴اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

1. ↑Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016)."Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure Appl. Chem.88 (3): 265–91.doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.{{cite journal}}:Unknown parameter|displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
2. ↑Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998)."Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD"(PDF).J. Mol. Spectr.190: 341–352.PMID 9668026.
3. ↑Eranna, Golla (2014).Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI. CRC Press. p. 7.ISBN 978-1-4822-3281-3.
4. ↑Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, inکينډۍ:RubberBible86th
5. ↑Weast, Robert (1984).CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110.ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
6. ↑^{۶٫۰۶٫۱۶٫۲۶٫۳}Hopcroft, Matthew A.; Nix, William D.; Kenny, Thomas W. (2010)."What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?".Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.19 (2): 229.doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2039697.
7. ↑Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum".Journal of Chemical Education.9 (8): 1386–1412.Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1386W.doi:10.1021/ed009p1386.
8. ↑Voronkov, M. G. (2007). "Silicon era".Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry.80 (12): 2190.doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397.

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