 Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surfaceA 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces |
| عمومي خواص |
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| Pronunciation | /dʒərˈmeɪniəm/
jər-MAY-nee-əm |
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| Appearance | grayish-white |
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| Germanium پهدوراني جدول کې |
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| اټومي شمیره(Z) | 32 |
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| گروپ,پیریود | group 14 (carbon group),period 4 |
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| بلاک | p-block |
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| Element category | metalloid |
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| معياري اټومي وزن (Ar) | کينډۍ:Val[۱] |
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| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
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| فزیکي خواص |
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| حالت(at STP) | جامد |
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| دويلې کيدو ټکى | 1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F) |
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| يشنا ټکی | 3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F) |
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| Density near r.t. | 5.323 g/cm3 |
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| when liquid, at m.p. | 5.60 g/cm3 |
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| Heat of fusion | 36.94 kJ/mol |
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| Heat of vaporization | 334 kJ/mol |
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| Molar heat capacity | 23.222 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k |
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| at T (K) | 1644 | 1814 | 2023 | 2287 | 2633 | 3104 |
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| اټومي خواص |
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| Oxidation states | 4, 3,2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3,−4 (anamphoteric oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 2.01 |
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| Ionization energies | - 1st: 762 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
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| Atomic radius | empirical: 122 pm |
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| Covalent radius | 122 pm |
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| Van der Waals radius | 211 pm |
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| Miscellanea |
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| Crystal structure | face-centered diamond-cubic Diamond cubic crystal structure for germanium |
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| Speed of sound thin rod | 5400 m/s (at 20 °C) |
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| Thermal expansion | 6.0 µm/(m·K) |
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| د تودوخې تېرېدنه | 60.2 W/(m·K) |
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| Electrical resistivity | 1 Ω·m (at 20 °C) |
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| Band gap | 0.67 eV (at 300 K) |
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| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[۲] |
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| Magnetic susceptibility(χmol) | −76.84·10−6 cm3/mol[۳] |
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| Young's modulus | 103 GPa[۴] |
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| Shear modulus | 41 GPa[۴] |
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| Bulk modulus | 75 GPa[۴] |
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| Poisson ratio | 0.26[۴] |
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| Mohs hardness | 6.0 |
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| CAS Number | 7440-56-4 |
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| History |
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| Naming | afterGermany, homeland of the discoverer |
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| Prediction | Dmitri Mendeleev (1871) |
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| Discovery | Clemens Winkler (1886) |
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| Mainisotopes of germanium |
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|
| | references | in Wikidata |
