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منځپانگې ته ورتلل
ويکيپېډيا
پلټنه

گاليوم

د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا
(لهGallium نه مخ گرځېدلی)
Gallium,  31Ga
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation/ˈɡæliəm/
GAL-ee-əm
Appearancesilvery blue
Gallium پهدوراني جدول کې
Hydrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Helium (noble gas)
Lithium (alkali metal)
Beryllium (alkaline earth metal)
Boron (metalloid)
Carbon (polyatomic nonmetal)
Nitrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Oxygen (diatomic nonmetal)
Fluorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Neon (noble gas)
Sodium (alkali metal)
Magnesium (alkaline earth metal)
Aluminium (post-transition metal)
Silicon (metalloid)
Phosphorus (polyatomic nonmetal)
Sulfur (polyatomic nonmetal)
Chlorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Argon (noble gas)
Potassium (alkali metal)
Calcium (alkaline earth metal)
Scandium (transition metal)
Titanium (transition metal)
Vanadium (transition metal)
Chromium (transition metal)
Manganese (transition metal)
Iron (transition metal)
Cobalt (transition metal)
Nickel (transition metal)
Copper (transition metal)
Zinc (transition metal)
Gallium (post-transition metal)
Germanium (metalloid)
Arsenic (metalloid)
Selenium (polyatomic nonmetal)
Bromine (diatomic nonmetal)
Krypton (noble gas)
Rubidium (alkali metal)
Strontium (alkaline earth metal)
Yttrium (transition metal)
Zirconium (transition metal)
Niobium (transition metal)
Molybdenum (transition metal)
Technetium (transition metal)
Ruthenium (transition metal)
Rhodium (transition metal)
Palladium (transition metal)
Silver (transition metal)
Cadmium (transition metal)
Indium (post-transition metal)
Tin (post-transition metal)
Antimony (metalloid)
Tellurium (metalloid)
Iodine (diatomic nonmetal)
Xenon (noble gas)
Caesium (alkali metal)
Barium (alkaline earth metal)
Lanthanum (lanthanide)
Cerium (lanthanide)
Praseodymium (lanthanide)
Neodymium (lanthanide)
Promethium (lanthanide)
Samarium (lanthanide)
Europium (lanthanide)
Gadolinium (lanthanide)
Terbium (lanthanide)
Dysprosium (lanthanide)
Holmium (lanthanide)
Erbium (lanthanide)
Thulium (lanthanide)
Ytterbium (lanthanide)
Lutetium (lanthanide)
Hafnium (transition metal)
Tantalum (transition metal)
Tungsten (transition metal)
Rhenium (transition metal)
Osmium (transition metal)
Iridium (transition metal)
Platinum (transition metal)
Gold (transition metal)
Mercury (transition metal)
Thallium (post-transition metal)
Lead (post-transition metal)
Bismuth (post-transition metal)
Polonium (post-transition metal)
Astatine (metalloid)
Radon (noble gas)
Francium (alkali metal)
Radium (alkaline earth metal)
Actinium (actinide)
Thorium (actinide)
Protactinium (actinide)
Uranium (actinide)
Neptunium (actinide)
Plutonium (actinide)
Americium (actinide)
Curium (actinide)
Berkelium (actinide)
Californium (actinide)
Einsteinium (actinide)
Fermium (actinide)
Mendelevium (actinide)
Nobelium (actinide)
Lawrencium (actinide)
Rutherfordium (transition metal)
Dubnium (transition metal)
Seaborgium (transition metal)
Bohrium (transition metal)
Hassium (transition metal)
Meitnerium (unknown chemical properties)
Darmstadtium (unknown chemical properties)
Roentgenium (unknown chemical properties)
Copernicium (transition metal)
Nihonium (unknown chemical properties)
Flerovium (unknown chemical properties)
Moscovium (unknown chemical properties)
Livermorium (unknown chemical properties)
Tennessine (unknown chemical properties)
Oganesson (unknown chemical properties)
Al

Ga

In
zincgalliumgermanium
اټومي شمیره(Z)31
گروپ,پیریودgroup 13 (boron group),period 4
بلاکp-block
Element category post-transition metal
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)کينډۍ:Val[۱]
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 3
فزیکي خواص
حالت(at STP)جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى302.9146 K ​(29.7646 °C, ​85.5763 °F)
يشنا ټکی2673 K ​(2400 °C, ​4352 °F)[۲]
Density near r.t.5.91 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.6.095 g/cm3
Heat of fusion5.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization256 kJ/mol[۲]
Molar heat capacity25.86 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa)1101001 k10 k100 k
at T (K)131014481620183821252518
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4, −5[۳] ​(anamphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.81
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 578.8 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 135 pm
Covalent radius122±3 pm
Van der Waals radius187 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structureorthorhombic
Orthorhombic crystal structure for gallium
Orthorhombic crystal structure for gallium
Speed of sound thin rod2740 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion18 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه40.6 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity270 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility(χmol)−21.6·10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)[۴]
Young's modulus9.8 GPa
Poisson ratio0.47
Mohs hardness1.5
Brinell hardness56.8–68.7 MPa
CAS Number7440-55-3
History
NamingafterLua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 297: attempt to index local 'data_module' (a boolean value). (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery and first isolationLecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Mainisotopes of gallium
آيسو­ټوپAbun­danceنیم ژوند(t1/2)Decay modePro­duct
66Gasyn9.5 hβ+66Zn
67Gasyn3.3 dε67Zn
68Gasyn1.2 hβ+68Zn
69Ga60.11%stable

کينډۍ:Infobox element/isotopes decay2

71Ga39.89%stable
72Gasyn14.1 hβ72Ge
73Gasyn4.9 hβ73Ge
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| references | in Wikidata

گاليوم (پهانگرېزي:Gallium) لهکیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې پهتناوبي جدول کې دGa سمبول او ۳۱اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

مشخصات

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تاریخچه

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مرکبات

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د استعمال ځایونه

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سرچينې

[سمول]
  1. Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016)."Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure Appl. Chem.88 (3): 265–91.doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.{{cite journal}}:Unknown parameter|displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  2. ۲٫۰۲٫۱Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011)."Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks".J. Chem. Eng. Data.56 (2): 328–337.doi:10.1021/je1011086.
  3. Hofmann, Patrick (1997).Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden(PDF) (in الماني). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72.doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893.ISBN 3728125970.
  4. Weast, Robert (1984).CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110.ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

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