↑"... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even bymathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions."— p.vii Heilbron, J.L. (editor-in-chief) (2003). "Preface".The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. vii–X.ISBN978-0-19-511229-0.{{cite book}}:|first= has generic name (help)
↑"... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even bymathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions."— p.vii Heilbron, J.L. (editor-in-chief) (2003). "Preface".The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. vii–X.ISBN978-0-19-511229-0.{{cite book}}:|first= has generic name (help)
↑"The historian ... requires a very broad definition of "science" – one that ... will help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive ... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be." p.3—Lindberg, David C. (2007). "Science before the Greeks".The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–20.ISBN978-0-226-48205-7.
↑Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The revival of learning in the West".The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 193–224.ISBN978-0-226-48205-7.
↑Lindberg, David C. (2007). "Islamic science".The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 163–92.ISBN978-0-226-48205-7.
↑Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science".The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 225–53.ISBN978-0-226-48205-7.
↑Principe, Lawrence M. (2011). "Introduction".Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (First ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3.ISBN978-0-199-56741-6.
↑Lindberg, David C. (1990). "Conceptions of the Scientific Revolution from Baker to Butterfield: A preliminary sketch". In Lindberg, David C.; Westman, Robert S. (eds.).Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (First ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–26.ISBN978-0-521-34262-9.
↑Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The legacy of ancient and medieval science".The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 357–368.ISBN978-0-226-48205-7.
↑Del Soldato, Eva (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.خوندي شوی له اصلي څخه په December 11, 2019. بياځلي پهJune 1, 2018.
↑TheOxford English Dictionary dates the origin of the word "scientist" to 1834.
↑Cahan, David, ed. (2003).From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.ISBN978-0-226-08928-7.
↑Lightman, Bernard (2011). "13. Science and the Public". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.).Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 367.ISBN978-0-226-31783-0.
↑Harrison, Peter (2015).The Territories of Science and Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 164–165.ISBN978-0-226-18451-7.The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880, this expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life.
↑Colander, David C.; Hunt, Elgin F. (2019). "Social science and its methods".Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society (17th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 1–22.
↑Nickles, Thomas (2013). "The Problem of Demarcation".Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 104.
↑Bunge, Mario (1998). "The Scientific Approach".Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory. Vol. 1 (revised ed.). New York, New York: Routledge. pp. 3–50.ISBN978-0-765-80413-6.
↑Fetzer, James H. (2013). "Computer reliability and public policy: Limits of knowledge of computer-based systems".Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines (1st ed.). Newcastle, United Kingdom: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 271–308.ISBN978-1-443-81946-6.
↑Lindberg, David C. (2007). "Islamic science".The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 163–192.ISBN978-0-226-48205-7.
↑Grant, Edward (1 January 1997). "History of Science: When Did Modern Science Begin?".The American Scholar.66 (1): 105–113.JSTOR41212592.
↑"... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even bymathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions."— p.vii Heilbron, J.L. (editor-in-chief) (2003). "Preface".The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. vii–X.ISBN978-0-19-511229-0.{{cite book}}:|first= has generic name (help)
↑"The historian ... requires a very broad definition of "science" – one that ... will help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive ... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be." p.3—Lindberg, David C. (2007). "Science before the Greeks".The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–20.ISBN978-0-226-48205-7.
↑Rochberg, Francesca (2011). "Ch.1 Natural Knowledge in Ancient Mesopotamia". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.).Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 9.ISBN978-0-226-31783-0.
↑Biggs, R D. (2005). "Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health in Ancient Mesopotamia".Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies.19 (1): 7–18.
↑Lehoux, Daryn (2011). "2. Natural Knowledge in the Classical World". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.).Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 39.ISBN978-0-226-31783-0.
↑"Progress or Return" inAn Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss (Expanded version ofPolitical Philosophy: Six Essays by Leo Strauss, 1975.) Ed. Hilail Gilden. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1989.
↑Cropsey; Strauss (eds.).History of Political Philosophy (3rd ed.). p. 209.