↑Cerutti, Furio (2017).Conceptualizing Politics: An Introduction to Political Philosophy. Routledge. p. 17.Political scientists have outlined elaborated typologies of authoritarianism, from which it is not easy to draw a generally accepted definition; it seems that its main features are the non-acceptance of conflict and plurality as normal elements of politics, the will to preserve thestatus quo and prevent change by keeping all political dynamics under close control by a strong central power, and lastly, the erosion of the rule of law, the division of powers, and democratic voting procedures.
↑Ezrow, Natasha M.; Frantz, Erica (2011).Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders.Continuum. p. 17.
↑Lai, Brian; Slater, Dan (2006). "Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950–1992".American Journal of Political Science.50 (1): 113–126.doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00173.x.JSTOR3694260.
↑Juan J. Linz, "An Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Spain," inErik Allardt and Yrjö Littunen, eds.,Cleavages, Ideologies, and Party Systems: Contributions to Comparative Political Sociology (Helsinki: Transactions of the Westermarck Society), pp. 291–342. Reprinted in Erik Allardt & Stine Rokkan, eds.,Mas Politics: Studies in Political Sociology (New York: Free Press, 1970), pp. 251–283, 374–381.کينډۍ:ISBN?
↑Svolik, Milan W. (2012).The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23.خوندي شوی له اصلي څخه په 2019-10-21. بياځلي په2019-10-21.I follow Przeworski et al. (2000), Boix (2003), and Cheibub et al. (2010) in defining adictatorship as an independent country that fails to satisfy at least one of the following two criteria for democracy: (1) free and competitive legislative elections and (2) an executive that is elected either directly in free and competitive presidential elections or indirectly by a legislature in parliamentary systems. Throughout this book, I use the termsdictatorship andauthoritarian regime interchangeably and refer to the heads of these regimes' governments as simplydictators orauthoritarian leaders, regardless of their formal title.
↑Svolik, Milan W. (2012).The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press. p. 20.خوندي شوی له اصلي څخه په 2019-10-21. بياځلي په2019-10-21.More demanding criteria may require that governments respect certain civil libertiesکينډۍ:Sndsuch as the freedom of religion (Schmitter and Karl 1991; Zakaria 1997)کينډۍ:Sndor that the incumbent government and the opposition alternate in power at least once after the first seemingly free election (Huntington 1993; Przeworski et al. 2000; Cheibib et al. 2010).
↑Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2018).Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and the rise of authoritarian-populism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 14.ISBN978-1-108-42607-7.
↑Michael Albertus & Victor Menaldo, "The Political Economy of Autocratic Constitutions", inConstitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (eds. Tom Ginsburg & Alberto Simpser: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 80.
↑Tom Ginsburg & Alberto Simpser,Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 3–10.
↑Michael Albertus & Victor Menaldo,Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (eds. Tom Ginsburg & Alberto Simpser: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 54.
↑Davis S. Law & Mila Versteeg, "Constitutional Variation Among Strains of Authoritarianism" inConstitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (eds. Tom Ginsburg & Alberto Simpser: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 173.
↑Michael Albertus & Victor Menaldo,Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (eds. Tom Ginsburg & Alberto Simpser: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 54, 80.
↑Lipset, Seymour Martin (1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy".The American Political Science Review.53 (1): 69–105.doi:10.2307/1951731.ISSN0003-0554.JSTOR1951731.S2CID53686238.
↑Bellin, Eva (January 2000). "Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries".World Politics (in انګليسي).52 (2): 175–205.doi:10.1017/S0043887100002598.ISSN1086-3338.S2CID54044493.