جنسيت پالنه د هغې باور پر بنسټ نظريې په توګه پېژندل کېږي، چې يو جنس په کې له بل څخه غوره دی. دا د جنسيت پر بنسټ توپيري چلند، تبعيض يا تعصب او کليشه پالنه ده، چې زياتره د ښځو او نجونو پر وړاندې څرګندېږي.[۱۱][۱۲][۱۳]
ټولنپوهنې جنسيت پالنه په انفرادي او د بنسټونو په کچو کې د څرګندېدو په توګه ازمايلې يا څېړلې ده. د Richard Schaefer د نظر له مخې جنسيت پالنه د ټولو سترو ټولنيزو بنسټونو له خوا تل پاتې ګرځول شوې ده. ټولنپوهان د فشار يا ظلم د نورو نظرياتي سيستمونو تر منځ (لکه د نژاد پالنې) مدارونه يا موازې کرښې بيانوي، چې دوی هم پر انفرادي او د بنسټونو په کچو کې عمل کوي. لومړنۍ ښځينه ټولنپوهانې Charlotte Perkins Gilman، Ida B. Wells او Harriet Martineau د جنسيت د نابرابرۍ سيستمونه تشرېح کړل، مګر د جنسيت پالنې اصطلاح (Sexism) يې ونه کاروه، چې وروسته رامنځته شوه. لکه د Talcott Parsons غوندې هغه ټولنپوهان چې د دندې اصالت نمونې (Functionalist Paradigm) سره يې سمون کړی؛ د جنسيت نابرابري يې د جنسيت د يو ناورته موډل د طبيعي پايلې په توګه درک کړه.[۱۴][۱۵][۱۶][۱۷]
روانپوهانې Mary Crawford او Rhoda Unger جنسيت پالنه د تبعيض په توګه راپېژني، چې د اشخاصو له خوا رامنځته کېږي او «د يوې ډلې په توګه د ښځو په اړه منفي چلند او ارزښتونه» رانغاړي. Glick او Susan Fiske د دوه اړخيز جنسيت پالنې (ambivalent sexism) اصطلاح د دې تشرېح کولو په موخه رامنځته کړه، چې د ښځو په اړه کليشې (يو اړخيزتوب) څه ډول مثبت او منفي دواړه کېدلای شي او دا چې اشخاص هغه کليشې (يو اړخيزتوبونه) سره بېلوي، چې دوی يې په دښمن جنسيت پالنې يا خير غوښتونکي جنسيت پالنې کې لري.[۱۸][۱۹]
د ښځو او نارينه وو د سياسي او ټولنيزو حقونو د برابرۍ پلوی ليکوال Bell Hooks جنسيت پالنه د ظلم يا فشار د يو نظام يا سيستم په توګه راپېژني، چې د ښځو لپاره د زيانونو لامل ګرځي. فيمينيسټ فيلسوفه Marilyn Frye جنسيت پالنه د نارينه د لوړوالي، نارينه چاونيزم او ناسمې رويې د چلندي، فکري، پېژندنې او د دريځ ټاکنې پېچلتيا په توګه راپېژني.[۲۰][۲۱]
فيلسوفه Kate Manne جنسيت پالنه د پلارواک نظم د يوې څانګې په توګه راپېژني. د نوموړې په تعريف کې جنسيت پالنه د بدمرغۍ په خلاف د پلارواکۍ اصول په دليل برابر او ريښتيا ثابتوي. Misogyny یا بدمرغي هغه څانګه ده، چې پلارواک اصول پلي کوي. Manne وايي چې جنسيت پالنه زياتره هڅه کوي چې پلارواک ټولنيز تنظيمونه طبيعي، غوره يا داسې حتمي څرګند کړي، چې پر وړاندې يې هيڅ مقاومت نه وي.[۲۲]
↑There is a clear and broad consensus among academic scholars in multiple fields that sexism refers primarily to discrimination against women, and primarily affects women. See, for example:
"Sexism". New Oxford American Dictionary (3). (2010). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199891535. Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".
"Sexism". Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition. (2015). Defines sexism as "prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Notes that "sexism in a society is most commonly applied against women and girls. It functions to maintain patriarchy, or male domination, through ideological and material practices of individuals, collectives, and institutions that oppress women and girls on the basis of sex or gender."
"Sexism". A Companion to Applied Ethics. (2005). London: Blackwell. Notes thatکينډۍ:"'Sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women."
Masequesmay, Gina (2008). "Sexism". Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. SAGE Publishing. Notes that "sexism usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Also states that "sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination."
Hornsby, Jennifer (2005). "Sexism". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2). Oxford University Press. Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".
"Sexism". Collins Dictionary of Sociology. (2006). Harper Collins. Defines sexism as "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships."
"Sexism". Palgrave MacMillan Dictionary of Political Thought. (2007). Palgrave MacMillan. Notes that "either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes... however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims".
"Sexism". The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Love, Courtship, and Sexuality through History, Volume 6: The Modern World. (2007). Greenwood. "Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics."
Foster, Carly Hayden (2011). "Sexism". The Encyclopedia of Political Science. CQ Press. ISBN 9781608712434. Notes that "both men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive".
Johnson, Allan G. (2000). "Sexism". The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Blackwell. Suggests that "the key test of whether something is sexist... lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over females."
Lorber, Judith (2011).Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 5. Notes that "although we speak of gender inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men".
Wortman, Camille B.; Loftus, Elizabeth S.; Weaver, Charles A (1999).Psychology.McGraw-Hill. "As throughout history, today women are the primary victims of sexism, prejudice directed at one sex, even in the United States."
↑Matsumoto, David (2001).The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. Oxford University Press. p. 197.ISBN978-0-19-513181-9.
↑Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004).Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions.Routledge. p. 6.ISBN978-1135941314. بياځلي پهApril 20, 2018.Gender or Sex Discrimination: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance. Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.
↑Schaefer, Richard T. (2009).Sociology: A Brief Introduction (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–275.ISBN9780073404264.OCLC243941681.
↑T., Schaefer, Richard (2011).Sociology in modules. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 525.ISBN9780078026775.OCLC663953971.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑Peter N. Stearns (Narrator).A Brief History of the World Course No. 8080 [Audio CD]. The Teaching Company.ASINB000W595CC.
↑Frier, Bruce W.; McGinn, Thomas A. J. (2004).A Casebook on Roman Family Law. American Philological Association. Oxford University Press. pp. 31–32, 457,et passim.ISBN978-0-19-516185-4.
↑Wu 吴, Xiaohua 晓华 (2009). "周代男女角色定位及其对现代社会的影响" [Role orientation of men and women in the Zhou Dynasty and their effects on modern society].Chang'An Daxue Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban) (in چیني).11 (3): 87.
