| F.30. pg_stat_statements — track statistics of SQL planning and execution | ||||
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F.30. pg_stat_statements — track statistics of SQL planning and execution#
Thepg_stat_statements module provides a means for tracking planning and execution statistics of all SQL statements executed by a server.
The module must be loaded by addingpg_stat_statements toshared_preload_libraries inpostgresql.conf, because it requires additional shared memory. This means that a server restart is needed to add or remove the module. In addition, query identifier calculation must be enabled in order for the module to be active, which is done automatically ifcompute_query_id is set toauto oron, or any third-party module that calculates query identifiers is loaded.
Whenpg_stat_statements is active, it tracks statistics across all databases of the server. To access and manipulate these statistics, the module provides viewspg_stat_statements andpg_stat_statements_info, and the utility functionspg_stat_statements_reset andpg_stat_statements. These are not available globally but can be enabled for a specific database withCREATE EXTENSION pg_stat_statements.
F.30.1. Thepg_stat_statements View#
The statistics gathered by the module are made available via a view namedpg_stat_statements. This view contains one row for each distinct combination of database ID, user ID, query ID and whether it's a top-level statement or not (up to the maximum number of distinct statements that the module can track). The columns of the view are shown inTable F.21.
Table F.21. pg_stat_statements Columns
Column Type Description |
|---|
OID of user who executed the statement |
OID of database in which the statement was executed |
True if the query was executed as a top-level statement (always true if |
Hash code to identify identical normalized queries. |
Text of a representative statement |
Number of times the statement was planned (if |
Total time spent planning the statement, in milliseconds (if |
Minimum time spent planning the statement, in milliseconds. This field will be zero if |
Maximum time spent planning the statement, in milliseconds. This field will be zero if |
Mean time spent planning the statement, in milliseconds (if |
Population standard deviation of time spent planning the statement, in milliseconds (if |
Number of times the statement was executed |
Total time spent executing the statement, in milliseconds |
Minimum time spent executing the statement, in milliseconds, this field will be zero until this statement is executed first time after reset performed by the |
Maximum time spent executing the statement, in milliseconds, this field will be zero until this statement is executed first time after reset performed by the |
Mean time spent executing the statement, in milliseconds |
Population standard deviation of time spent executing the statement, in milliseconds |
Total number of rows retrieved or affected by the statement |
Total number of shared block cache hits by the statement |
Total number of shared blocks read by the statement |
Total number of shared blocks dirtied by the statement |
Total number of shared blocks written by the statement |
Total number of local block cache hits by the statement |
Total number of local blocks read by the statement |
Total number of local blocks dirtied by the statement |
Total number of local blocks written by the statement |
Total number of temp blocks read by the statement |
Total number of temp blocks written by the statement |
Total time the statement spent reading shared blocks, in milliseconds (iftrack_io_timing is enabled, otherwise zero) |
Total time the statement spent writing shared blocks, in milliseconds (iftrack_io_timing is enabled, otherwise zero) |
Total time the statement spent reading local blocks, in milliseconds (iftrack_io_timing is enabled, otherwise zero) |
Total time the statement spent writing local blocks, in milliseconds (iftrack_io_timing is enabled, otherwise zero) |
Total time the statement spent reading temporary file blocks, in milliseconds (iftrack_io_timing is enabled, otherwise zero) |
Total time the statement spent writing temporary file blocks, in milliseconds (iftrack_io_timing is enabled, otherwise zero) |
Total number of WAL records generated by the statement |
Total number of WAL full page images generated by the statement |
Total amount of WAL generated by the statement in bytes |
Total number of functions JIT-compiled by the statement |
Total time spent by the statement on generating JIT code, in milliseconds |
Number of times functions have been inlined |
Total time spent by the statement on inlining functions, in milliseconds |
Number of times the statement has been optimized |
Total time spent by the statement on optimizing, in milliseconds |
Number of times code has been emitted |
Total time spent by the statement on emitting code, in milliseconds |
Total number of tuple deform functions JIT-compiled by the statement |
Total time spent by the statement on JIT-compiling tuple deform functions, in milliseconds |
Time at which statistics gathering started for this statement |
Time at which min/max statistics gathering started for this statement (fields |
For security reasons, only superusers and roles with privileges of thepg_read_all_stats role are allowed to see the SQL text andqueryid of queries executed by other users. Other users can see the statistics, however, if the view has been installed in their database.
Plannable queries (that is,SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE, andMERGE) and utility commands are combined into a singlepg_stat_statements entry whenever they have identical query structures according to an internal hash calculation. Typically, two queries will be considered the same for this purpose if they are semantically equivalent except for the values of literal constants appearing in the query.
Note
The following details about constant replacement andqueryid only apply whencompute_query_id is enabled. If you use an external module instead to computequeryid, you should refer to its documentation for details.
When a constant's value has been ignored for purposes of matching the query to other queries, the constant is replaced by a parameter symbol, such as$1, in thepg_stat_statements display. The rest of the query text is that of the first query that had the particularqueryid hash value associated with thepg_stat_statements entry.
Queries on which normalization can be applied may be observed with constant values inpg_stat_statements, especially when there is a high rate of entry deallocations. To reduce the likelihood of this happening, consider increasingpg_stat_statements.max. Thepg_stat_statements_info view, discussed below inSection F.30.2, provides statistics about entry deallocations.
In some cases, queries with visibly different texts might get merged into a singlepg_stat_statements entry. Normally this will happen only for semantically equivalent queries, but there is a small chance of hash collisions causing unrelated queries to be merged into one entry. (This cannot happen for queries belonging to different users or databases, however.)
Since thequeryid hash value is computed on the post-parse-analysis representation of the queries, the opposite is also possible: queries with identical texts might appear as separate entries, if they have different meanings as a result of factors such as differentsearch_path settings.
Consumers ofpg_stat_statements may wish to usequeryid (perhaps in combination withdbid anduserid) as a more stable and reliable identifier for each entry than its query text. However, it is important to understand that there are only limited guarantees around the stability of thequeryid hash value. Since the identifier is derived from the post-parse-analysis tree, its value is a function of, among other things, the internal object identifiers appearing in this representation. This has some counterintuitive implications. For example,pg_stat_statements will consider two apparently-identical queries to be distinct, if they reference a table that was dropped and recreated between the executions of the two queries. The hashing process is also sensitive to differences in machine architecture and other facets of the platform. Furthermore, it is not safe to assume thatqueryid will be stable across major versions ofPostgreSQL.
Two servers participating in replication based on physical WAL replay can be expected to have identicalqueryid values for the same query. However, logical replication schemes do not promise to keep replicas identical in all relevant details, soqueryid will not be a useful identifier for accumulating costs across a set of logical replicas. If in doubt, direct testing is recommended.
Generally, it can be assumed thatqueryid values are stable between minor version releases ofPostgreSQL, providing that instances are running on the same machine architecture and the catalog metadata details match. Compatibility will only be broken between minor versions as a last resort.
The parameter symbols used to replace constants in representative query texts start from the next number after the highest$n parameter in the original query text, or$1 if there was none. It's worth noting that in some cases there may be hidden parameter symbols that affect this numbering. For example,PL/pgSQL uses hidden parameter symbols to insert values of function local variables into queries, so that aPL/pgSQL statement likeSELECT i + 1 INTO j would have representative text likeSELECT i + $2.
The representative query texts are kept in an external disk file, and do not consume shared memory. Therefore, even very lengthy query texts can be stored successfully. However, if many long query texts are accumulated, the external file might grow unmanageably large. As a recovery method if that happens,pg_stat_statements may choose to discard the query texts, whereupon all existing entries in thepg_stat_statements view will show nullquery fields, though the statistics associated with eachqueryid are preserved. If this happens, consider reducingpg_stat_statements.max to prevent recurrences.
plans andcalls aren't always expected to match because planning and execution statistics are updated at their respective end phase, and only for successful operations. For example, if a statement is successfully planned but fails during the execution phase, only its planning statistics will be updated. If planning is skipped because a cached plan is used, only its execution statistics will be updated.
F.30.2. Thepg_stat_statements_info View#
The statistics of thepg_stat_statements module itself are tracked and made available via a view namedpg_stat_statements_info. This view contains only a single row. The columns of the view are shown inTable F.22.
Table F.22. pg_stat_statements_info Columns
Column Type Description |
|---|
Total number of times |
Time at which all statistics in the |
F.30.3. Functions#
pg_stat_statements_reset(userid Oid, dbid Oid, queryid bigint, minmax_only boolean) returns timestamp with time zonepg_stat_statements_resetdiscards statistics gathered so far bypg_stat_statementscorresponding to the specifieduserid,dbidandqueryid. If any of the parameters are not specified, the default value0(invalid) is used for each of them and the statistics that match with other parameters will be reset. If no parameter is specified or all the specified parameters are0(invalid), it will discard all statistics. If all statistics in thepg_stat_statementsview are discarded, it will also reset the statistics in thepg_stat_statements_infoview. Whenminmax_onlyistrueonly the values of minimum and maximum planning and execution time will be reset (i.e.min_plan_time,max_plan_time,min_exec_timeandmax_exec_timefields). The default value forminmax_onlyparameter isfalse. Time of last min/max reset performed is shown inminmax_stats_sincefield of thepg_stat_statementsview. This function returns the time of a reset. This time is saved tostats_resetfield ofpg_stat_statements_infoview or tominmax_stats_sincefield of thepg_stat_statementsview if the corresponding reset was actually performed. By default, this function can only be executed by superusers. Access may be granted to others usingGRANT.pg_stat_statements(showtext boolean) returns setof recordThe
pg_stat_statementsview is defined in terms of a function also namedpg_stat_statements. It is possible for clients to call thepg_stat_statementsfunction directly, and by specifyingshowtext := falsehave query text be omitted (that is, theOUTargument that corresponds to the view'squerycolumn will return nulls). This feature is intended to support external tools that might wish to avoid the overhead of repeatedly retrieving query texts of indeterminate length. Such tools can instead cache the first query text observed for each entry themselves, since that is allpg_stat_statementsitself does, and then retrieve query texts only as needed. Since the server stores query texts in a file, this approach may reduce physical I/O for repeated examination of thepg_stat_statementsdata.
F.30.4. Configuration Parameters#
pg_stat_statements.max(integer)pg_stat_statements.maxis the maximum number of statements tracked by the module (i.e., the maximum number of rows in thepg_stat_statementsview). If more distinct statements than that are observed, information about the least-executed statements is discarded. The number of times such information was discarded can be seen in thepg_stat_statements_infoview. The default value is 5000. This parameter can only be set at server start.pg_stat_statements.track(enum)pg_stat_statements.trackcontrols which statements are counted by the module. Specifytopto track top-level statements (those issued directly by clients),allto also track nested statements (such as statements invoked within functions), ornoneto disable statement statistics collection. The default value istop. Only superusers can change this setting.pg_stat_statements.track_utility(boolean)pg_stat_statements.track_utilitycontrols whether utility commands are tracked by the module. Utility commands are all those other thanSELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE, andMERGE. The default value ison. Only superusers can change this setting.pg_stat_statements.track_planning(boolean)pg_stat_statements.track_planningcontrols whether planning operations and duration are tracked by the module. Enabling this parameter may incur a noticeable performance penalty, especially when statements with identical query structure are executed by many concurrent connections which compete to update a small number ofpg_stat_statementsentries. The default value isoff. Only superusers can change this setting.pg_stat_statements.save(boolean)pg_stat_statements.savespecifies whether to save statement statistics across server shutdowns. If it isoffthen statistics are not saved at shutdown nor reloaded at server start. The default value ison. This parameter can only be set in thepostgresql.conffile or on the server command line.
The module requires additional shared memory proportional topg_stat_statements.max. Note that this memory is consumed whenever the module is loaded, even ifpg_stat_statements.track is set tonone.
These parameters must be set inpostgresql.conf. Typical usage might be:
# postgresql.confshared_preload_libraries = 'pg_stat_statements'compute_query_id = onpg_stat_statements.max = 10000pg_stat_statements.track = all
F.30.5. Sample Output#
bench=# SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset();$ pgbench -i bench$ pgbench -c10 -t300 benchbench=# \xbench=# SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, rows, 100.0 * shared_blks_hit / nullif(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, 0) AS hit_percent FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC LIMIT 5;-[ RECORD 1 ]---+--------------------------------------------------------------------query | UPDATE pgbench_branches SET bbalance = bbalance + $1 WHERE bid = $2calls | 3000total_exec_time | 25565.855387rows | 3000hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000-[ RECORD 2 ]---+--------------------------------------------------------------------query | UPDATE pgbench_tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + $1 WHERE tid = $2calls | 3000total_exec_time | 20756.669379rows | 3000hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000-[ RECORD 3 ]---+--------------------------------------------------------------------query | copy pgbench_accounts from stdincalls | 1total_exec_time | 291.865911rows | 100000hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000-[ RECORD 4 ]---+--------------------------------------------------------------------query | UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + $1 WHERE aid = $2calls | 3000total_exec_time | 271.232977rows | 3000hit_percent | 98.8454011741682975-[ RECORD 5 ]---+--------------------------------------------------------------------query | alter table pgbench_accounts add primary key (aid)calls | 1total_exec_time | 160.588563rows | 0hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000bench=# SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset(0,0,s.queryid) FROM pg_stat_statements AS s WHERE s.query = 'UPDATE pgbench_branches SET bbalance = bbalance + $1 WHERE bid = $2';bench=# SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, rows, 100.0 * shared_blks_hit / nullif(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, 0) AS hit_percent FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC LIMIT 5;-[ RECORD 1 ]---+--------------------------------------------------------------------query | UPDATE pgbench_tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + $1 WHERE tid = $2calls | 3000total_exec_time | 20756.669379rows | 3000hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000-[ RECORD 2 ]---+--------------------------------------------------------------------query | copy pgbench_accounts from stdincalls | 1total_exec_time | 291.865911rows | 100000hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000-[ RECORD 3 ]---+--------------------------------------------------------------------query | UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + $1 WHERE aid = $2calls | 3000total_exec_time | 271.232977rows | 3000hit_percent | 98.8454011741682975-[ RECORD 4 ]---+--------------------------------------------------------------------query | alter table pgbench_accounts add primary key (aid)calls | 1total_exec_time | 160.588563rows | 0hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000-[ RECORD 5 ]---+--------------------------------------------------------------------query | vacuum analyze pgbench_accountscalls | 1total_exec_time | 136.448116rows | 0hit_percent | 99.9201915403032721bench=# SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset(0,0,0);bench=# SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, rows, 100.0 * shared_blks_hit / nullif(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, 0) AS hit_percent FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC LIMIT 5;-[ RECORD 1 ]---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------query | SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset(0,0,0)calls | 1total_exec_time | 0.189497rows | 1hit_percent |-[ RECORD 2 ]---+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------query | SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, rows, $1 * shared_blks_hit / + | nullif(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, $2) AS hit_percent+ | FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC LIMIT $3calls | 0total_exec_time | 0rows | 0hit_percent |
F.30.6. Authors#
Takahiro Itagaki<itagaki.takahiro@oss.ntt.co.jp>. Query normalization added by Peter Geoghegan<peter@2ndquadrant.com>.