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F.18.1. Soundex

F.18.2. Levenshtein

F.18.3. Metaphone

F.18.4. Double Metaphone

Caution

At present, thesoundex,metaphone,dmetaphone, anddmetaphone_alt functions do not work well with multibyte encodings (such as UTF-8).

The Soundex system is a method of matching similar-sounding names by converting them to the same code. It was initially used by the United States Census in 1880, 1900, and 1910. Note that Soundex is not very useful for non-English names.

Thefuzzystrmatch module provides two functions for working with Soundex codes:

soundex(text) returns textdifference(text, text) returns int

Thesoundex function converts a string to its Soundex code. Thedifference function converts two strings to their Soundex codes and then reports the number of matching code positions. Since Soundex codes have four characters, the result ranges from zero to four, with zero being no match and four being an exact match. (Thus, the function is misnamed —similarity would have been a better name.)

Here are some usage examples:

SELECT soundex('hello world!');SELECT soundex('Anne'), soundex('Ann'), difference('Anne', 'Ann');SELECT soundex('Anne'), soundex('Andrew'), difference('Anne', 'Andrew');SELECT soundex('Anne'), soundex('Margaret'), difference('Anne', 'Margaret');CREATE TABLE s (nm text);INSERT INTO s VALUES ('john');INSERT INTO s VALUES ('joan');INSERT INTO s VALUES ('wobbly');INSERT INTO s VALUES ('jack');SELECT * FROM s WHERE soundex(nm) = soundex('john');SELECT * FROM s WHERE difference(s.nm, 'john') > 2;

This function calculates the Levenshtein distance between two strings:

levenshtein(text source, text target, int ins_cost, int del_cost, int sub_cost) returns intlevenshtein(text source, text target) returns intlevenshtein_less_equal(text source, text target, int ins_cost, int del_cost, int sub_cost, int max_d) returns intlevenshtein_less_equal(text source, text target, int max_d) returns int

Bothsource andtarget can be any non-null string, with a maximum of 255 characters. The cost parameters specify how much to charge for a character insertion, deletion, or substitution, respectively. You can omit the cost parameters, as in the second version of the function; in that case they all default to 1.

levenshtein_less_equal is an accelerated version of the Levenshtein function for use when only small distances are of interest. If the actual distance is less than or equal tomax_d, thenlevenshtein_less_equal returns the correct distance; otherwise it returns some value greater thanmax_d. Ifmax_d is negative then the behavior is the same aslevenshtein.

Examples:

test=# SELECT levenshtein('GUMBO', 'GAMBOL'); levenshtein-------------           2(1 row)test=# SELECT levenshtein('GUMBO', 'GAMBOL', 2, 1, 1); levenshtein-------------           3(1 row)test=# SELECT levenshtein_less_equal('extensive', 'exhaustive', 2); levenshtein_less_equal------------------------                      3(1 row)test=# SELECT levenshtein_less_equal('extensive', 'exhaustive', 4); levenshtein_less_equal------------------------                      4(1 row)

Metaphone, like Soundex, is based on the idea of constructing a representative code for an input string. Two strings are then deemed similar if they have the same codes.

This function calculates the metaphone code of an input string:

metaphone(text source, int max_output_length) returns text

source has to be a non-null string with a maximum of 255 characters.max_output_length sets the maximum length of the output metaphone code; if longer, the output is truncated to this length.

Example:

test=# SELECT metaphone('GUMBO', 4); metaphone----------- KM(1 row)

The Double Metaphone system computes two“sounds like” strings for a given input string — a“primary” and an“alternate”. In most cases they are the same, but for non-English names especially they can be a bit different, depending on pronunciation. These functions compute the primary and alternate codes:

dmetaphone(text source) returns textdmetaphone_alt(text source) returns text

There is no length limit on the input strings.

Example:

test=# SELECT dmetaphone('gumbo'); dmetaphone------------ KMP(1 row)