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PoliticalGraveyard.com

Index of Politicians by Party Office Held

State Party Officers:

Michigan Delegates to Democratic NationalConventions:very incomplete!

Michigan Democratic Party County Chairs:very incomplete!

Alcona-Alger-Allegan-Alpena-Antrim-Arenac-Barry-Bay-Benzie-Berrien-Branch-Calhoun-Cass-Charlevoix-Cheboygan-Chippewa-Clare-Clinton-Crawford-Delta-Dickinson-Eaton-Emmet-Genesee-Gladwin-Gogebic-GrandTraverse-Gratiot-Hillsdale-Houghton-Huron-Ingham-Ionia-Iosco-Iron-Isabella-Jackson-Kalamazoo-Kalkaska-Kent-Keweenaw-Lake-Lapeer-Leelanau-Lenawee-Livingston-Luce-Mackinac-Macomb-Manistee-Marquette-Mason-Mecosta-Menominee-Midland-Missaukee-Monroe-Montcalm-Montmorency-Muskegon-Newaygo-Oakland-Oceana-Ogemaw-Ontonagon-Osceola-Oscoda-Otsego-Ottawa-PresqueIsle-Roscommon-Saginaw-SAINTClair-SAINTJoseph-Sanilac-Schoolcraft-Shiawassee-Tuscola-VanBuren-Washtenaw-Wayne-Wexford

Democratic state chairs, 1876-2009(Incomplete!)

DonM. Dickinson as of 1876OrlandoM. Barnes as of 1880DanielJ. Campau as of 1899-1900ThomasE. Barkworth 1903-05EdwinO. Wood as of 1904JohnT. Winship as of 1907EdmundC. Shields 1909-17AlbertE. Stevenson as of 1917ThadB. Preston as of 1919WilliamA. Comstock 1921-25HoratioJ. Abbott 1925-29HenryH. Heimann 1929-31W.Alfred Debo 1931-35ElmerB. O'Hara 1935-36EdwardJ. Fry 1937-39CharlesS. Porritt as of 1939-41EarnestC. Brooks as of 1943-44WalterC. Averill, Jr. 1944-47JohnR. Franco 1947-49HicksG. Griffiths 1949-50NeilStaebler 1950-61JohnJ. Collins 1961-63ZoltonA. Ferency 1963-68SanderM. Levin 1968-69JamesM. McNeely 1969-73MorleyA. Winograd 1973-79OliviaMaynard 1979-83RichardN. Wiener 1983-89F.Thomas Lewand 1989-91GaryG. Corbin 1991-95MarkBrewer 1995-MelvinHollowell 2003-

Democratic state vice-chairs, 1929-2008(Incomplete!)

CatherineD. Doran as of 1929MinervaOlson as of 1933Mrs.James H. McDonald as of 1937ElizabethL. Belen as of 1939VioletPatterson as of 1947-48MargaretCotsikas as of 1949AdelaideJ. Hart 1951-61AdelaideJ. Hart as of 1967KennethN. Hylton as of 1969-73PattiKnox as of 1969OliviaMaynard as of 1973-79ClydeCleveland as of 1977-79TinaAbbott as of 2008

Members of Democratic National Committee,1876-2008(Incomplete!)

WilliamA. Moore as of 1876EdwardKanter 1879-80DonM. Dickinson 1880-85OrlandoM. Barnes as of 1888EdwinO. Wood 1908-16EttaC. Boltwood as of 1920WilliamF. Connolly as of 1920-21WilliamA. Comstock 1924-30EvelynS. Mershon as of 1929HoratioJ. Abbott 1933-36ClaraVan Auken 1936-47EdmundC. Shields 1937-44E.Cyril Bevan as of 1944-47GeorgeS. Fitzgerald 1949-53MinnieM. Schwinger 1949-53ErnestJ. Lacey 1953-57MargaretPrice as of 1954-57ThomasH. E. Quimby as of 1957-61MildredJeffrey 1961-69JohnB. Swainson 1963NeilStaebler 1963-67BillieS. Farnum as of 1967-68ColemanA. Young 1969-81NeilStaebler as of 1972-75SamFishman 1973-81HelenM. Irving 1973-77WilliamMarshall 1973-81ShirleyA. Robinson as of 1973MorleyA. Winograd 1973-84StuartE. Hertzberg 1975-81AlexOtt 1977-81HaroldHayden as of 1979KimMoran as of 1979ShirleyRobinson Hall as of 1979HelenR. Root as of 1979MarcStepp as of 1979SamFishman as of 1984FrankGarrison as of 1984TinaAbbott as of 2004LuBattaglieri as of 2004-08MarkBrewer as of 2004M.Elizabeth Bunn as of 2004-08DebbieDingell as of 2004-08JoelI. Ferguson as of 2004-08MelvinHollowell as of 2004KwameM. Kilpatrick as of 2004-08JoyceLalonde as of 2004-08P.Christina Montague as of 2004ErinParsons-Wright as of 2004JeffreyRadjewski as of 2004-08VirgieM. Rollins as of 2004-08RichardShoemaker as of 2004-08JimSype as of 2004RichardN. Wiener as of 2004-08JohnD. Cherry, Jr. as of 2008EricColeman as of 2008RobertA. Ficano as of 2008CarolynCheeks Kilpatrick as of 2008BrendaL. Lawrence as of 2008DebbieStabenow as of 2008MichaelTardif as of 2008LaurenWolfe as of 2008

Democratic state party secretaries,1899-1969(Incomplete!)

CharlesS. Hampton as of 1899A.R. Canfield as of 1907-19DonW. Canfield as of 1933AndrewJ. Belanger as of 1937FrankM. Cordero as of 1939PeterV. Healy as of 1947-49HelenSalamon as of 1957AlmaF. Polk as of 1961OliviaMaynard as of 1969

Democratic state party treasurers,1899-1979(Incomplete!)

GeorgeWilliam Moore as of 1899HarrisE. Thomas as of 1915JohnJ. Campbell as of 1917-19ByronL. Ballard as of 1937WilliamWalz as of 1939AlbertJ. Tavarozzi as of 1947MichaelCarland as of 1949OrinK. Grettenberger as of 1957CharlesH. Rosetta as of 1961StuartE. Hertzberg as of 1969-73ThomasA. Roach as of 1977-79

Democratic state party correspondingsecretaries, 1969(Incomplete!)

NancyA. Waters as of 1969

Democratic state party officers at large,1969(Incomplete!)

JamesA. Harrison as of 1969ZelineRichard as of 1969

Members of Democratic State Central Committee,1899-2003(Incomplete!)

Blank district:StanleyNowak as of 1940CharlesP. Nugent 1940-44RobertS. Feldman 1948-56RaymondF. Clevenger 1958-60RobertB. Abbott 1965-67DavidJ. Vostrizansky 1975-77JohnO. Knappmann 1996-
1st District:GeorgeWilliam Moore as of 1899WilliamE. Thompson as of 1899EdwinHenderson as of 1907GeorgeF. Monaghan as of 1907JamesA. Murtha as of 1915-19WilliamP. Scullin as of 1915-19WilliamM. Donnelly as of 1927WilliamJ. Nagel as of 1927GeraldineSheehan as of 1927MiriamHewlett as of 1929LeoJ. Moriarty as of 1929GeorgeG. Sadowski as of 1929FrankJ. Chamski as of 1933FrankJ. Kolodziejski as of 1933LillianGivens as of 1937JohnJ. Kozaren as of 1937WilliamE. Pine as of 1937SophieM. Richards as of 1937-39SelmaBell as of 1939BarneyKlos as of 1939AnthonyJ. Wilkowski as of 1939ErminiaAmoni as of 1947-49JeanettaWelch Brown as of 1947NickGreen Grabowski as of 1947-51TheodoreJ. Wilk as of 1947CoraRansom Lockhart as of 1949-51EdwardK. Michalski as of 1949-51AnnaJ. Pastuszka as of 1951StephenJ. Stopczynski 1959-61HelenButler as of 1961AlphonsoR. Harper as of 1961AnnieHughes as of 1961VivianAllison as of 1969WillieL. Baxter as of 1969WalterElliott as of 1969-77GladysA. Minnis as of 1969RosieBoard as of 1973-77SarahFoley as of 1973GeorgeB. Gore as of 1973-77MildredA. Kyles as of 1973-77ThelmaLivingston as of 1973ConradMallett as of 1973-77SueMarx as of 1973HenriettaRobinson as of 1973JimmySmith as of 1973MyzellSowell as of 1973AlHyde as of 1977DaurisG. Jackson as of 1977QuincyKelly as of 1977MarthaG. Scott as of 1977SamTooson as of 1977
2nd District:EberL. Peek as of 1899JamesB. Thorn as of 1899DavidL. Treat as of 1907A.J. Wier as of 1907HoratioJ. Abbott as of 1915JohnB. Haynes as of 1915EdwardFrensdorf as of 1917-19JohnW. Miner as of 1917-19FlorenceS. Babbitt as of 1919EstellaDowning as of 1927EdwardFrensdorf as of 1927JohnW. Miner as of 1927ElizabethJackel as of 1929JacobMartin as of 1929LeonardSauer as of 1929F.E. N. Thatcher as of 1929-33VictorBennet as of 1937EdithNavarre as of 1937WilliamO'Riley as of 1937MarieWilds as of 1937Mrs.Donald Black as of 1939AngeloMerino as of 1939Mrs.William O'Riley as of 1939AlbertJ. Parker as of 1939EllenBlack as of 1947LeoBoudinet as of 1947GeorgeV. Stoll as of 1947Mrs.Roger Wyatt as of 1947JamesT. Bolan as of 1949VirginiaE. Butler as of 1949Mrs.Roy Liedel as of 1949HaroldMarsh as of 1949JamesAndrews as of 1951ViolaB. Blackenburg as of 1961RaymondFowlks as of 1961EugeneF. Harbaugh as of 1961Mrs.Joseph R. Stanifer as of 1961JeanLedwith King 1967-69HelenBird as of 1969MargaretCotter as of 1969FermonEmerson 1969VanzettiM. Hamilton as of 1969RichardW. Bailey as of 1973MargueriteEaglin as of 1973PaulY. Kadish as of 1973WallaceLong as of 1973RichardMcGlinn as of 1973ArleneStokes as of 1973PatriciaWhitton as of 1973-79RobertD. Alexander as of 1977-79DavidBernstein as of 1977-79SidneyDiamond as of 1977-79EthelM. Howard as of 1977-79GregKeys as of 1977JeanLedwith King as of 1977-79AnnePorier as of 1979
3rd District:JohnH. Burke as of 1899SamuelRobinson as of 1899EdwardAustin as of 1907C.A. Blackman as of 1907JamesB. Balch as of 1915JohnF. Fitzsimmons as of 1915JohnW. Bailey as of 1917-19MichaelN. Kennedy as of 1917-19AgnesE. Spencer as of 1919JamesB. Balch as of 1927DaisyB. Galloway as of 1927LeRoyPalmer as of 1927H.Lyle Creel as of 1937JohnB. Strange as of 1937ElizabethD. Todd as of 1937DagmarC. Young as of 1937-39LouisKingscott as of 1939AlfonsoA. Magnotta as of 1939Mrs.Fred Murray as of 1939VictorE. Bucknell 1944-49HazelEly as of 1947VirginiaIngram as of 1947AlfonsoA. Magnotta as of 1947ThomasGiddings as of 1949Mrs.Elzora Lyon as of 1949Mrs.George D. Schermerhorn as of 1949KathleenFlynn as of 1961AlbertaGochanour as of 1961RichardL. Hord as of 1961JohnPanchuk as of 1961RuthanneBrown as of 1969LawrenceHarboldt as of 1969MaryLinderman as of 1969W.James Orr as of 1969NyleL. Katz as of 1973FrankLindsley as of 1973WilliamMcCandliss as of 1973JoyceMiller as of 1973SarahRenstrom as of 1973HelenR. Root as of 1973LanaL. Boldi as of 1977AlfredBurch as of 1977GlennFreeman as of 1977SandraPattok as of 1977AnnShafer as of 1977JohnA. Whitman as of 1977
4th District:NathanW. Drake as of 1899ThomasA. Walker as of 1899ThomasJ. Cavanaugh as of 1907-19ThomasM. Cook as of 1907JohnR. Bishop as of 1915-17MaudeGlasner as of 1919JamesW. Henry as of 1919DanJ. Gerow 1932-39BerniceBreece as of 1937LydiaFry as of 1937AlvinO. Knaak as of 1937-39VirginiaBaird as of 1939LucilleSchafer as of 1939-49DanJ. Gerow as of 1947-49MargueriteR. Moore as of 1947BenRosenberg as of 1947FriedaPinyard as of 1949WalterRobbins as of 1949GeorgiaCanonie as of 1961DonL. Martin as of 1961EthelSlingland as of 1961JosephA. Vega as of 1961DavidA. Blok as of 1969DorothyGrabemeyer as of 1969DoloresLyons as of 1969JuddSpray as of 1969E.Lee Feller as of 1973RichardGrabemeyer as of 1973MaryAnn Marker as of 1973DonnaO'Donnohue as of 1973LindaL. Seegert as of 1973
5th District:HenryF. McCormick as of 1899J.D. Welch as of 1899ThomasA. Carten as of 1907GeorgeP. Hummer as of 1907-15WilliamLoutit as of 1915LionelHeap as of 1917GeorgeHollway as of 1917HenryBouwens as of 1919FrankC. Jarvis as of 1919EttaM. Smith as of 1919EarnestC. Brooks as of 1937HattieBushewicz as of 1937JohnH. Haven as of 1937Mrs.Shelby B. Schurtz as of 1937MarieAlvord as of 1947RoyA. Hierholzer as of 1947-49CharlesA. Hilton as of 1947GraceLoucks as of 1947-49WilliamCarpenter as of 1949AnneJohnson as of 1949MildredApplegate as of 1961MalcolmL. Ferguson as of 1961ThelmaK. Patterson as of 1961FloydStevens as of 1961WalterConway as of 1969ThelmaK. Patterson as of 1969WilliamG. Reamon as of 1969KathleenStout as of 1969ClarenceColeman as of 1973RobertD. Fahey as of 1973ElizabethHoffman as of 1973DorothyNewman as of 1973FrancesParks as of 1973GarySchenck as of 1973
6th District:PeterE. Park as of 1899FrankG. Rounsville as of 1899AlvaM. Cummins as of 1907BenjaminR. Hoyt as of 1907JamesH. Lynch as of 1915-19LawrencePrice as of 1915ClintonRoberts as of 1917-19IdaM. Person as of 1919GenevieveDavey as of 1937Mrs.Parker Haynor as of 1937MartinJ. Lavan as of 1937NicholasMurphy as of 1937VernaH. Barkey as of 1947-49LeoJ. Doyle as of 1947MaryMcNamara as of 1947-49ArchieA. Perry as of 1947MartinJ. Lavan as of 1949JacobM. Waldo as of 1949HazelBohnsack as of 1957RobertA. Frost as of 1957-61CharlesHayes as of 1957KathrynNye as of 1957Mrs.Raymond A. Cook, Jr. as of 1961LloydLaChapelle as of 1961EstherB. Waite as of 1961HaroldJ. Spaeth as of 1967-69DoreenDuzenbury as of 1969MaryMurdock as of 1969JamesH. Ramey as of 1969CharlesO. Conrad as of 1973WayneHawes as of 1973ClaudeHersh as of 1973AnneHinckley as of 1973LeslieLokken as of 1973VivianPreston as of 1973JamesH. Ramey as of 1973GladysBeckwith as of 1977NateDarnell as of 1977AlbertL. Dutzy as of 1977BertD. Lee as of 1977-79SheilaMoles as of 1977EarleH. Stevenson as of 1977-79DianeWelmers as of 1977LindaBottomley as of 1979SherryL. Finkbeiner as of 1979LouisKhon as of 1979CyrilA. McGuire as of 1979MaryE. Somers as of 1979KayUrbany as of 1979
7th District:HenrySchlegel as of 1899CharlesWellman as of 1899J.P. Egglestone as of 1907HenryF. Marx as of 1907VarnumJ. Bowers as of 1915AlbertE. Stevenson as of 1915WilliamJ. McCaren as of 1917-19JohnS. Smith as of 1917-19JuliaL. Haller as of 1919FlorenceCarey as of 1937BerthaClabuesch as of 1937PatrickH. Kane as of 1937J.Victor Messmore as of 1937GeraldineM. Holdship as of 1947EdwardT. Kane as of 1947-48FlorenceKnapp as of 1947EarlJ. Tallman as of 1947GeorgeA. Moore as of 1949-51LucilleE. Soutar as of 1949-51EstherM. Whetzel 1949FrankJ. Zagaiski as of 1949-50EthelA. LaFortune as of 1951WilliamWoolcott as of 1951LillianBarrett as of 1961WilliamR. Francisco as of 1961RoyN. Gruenburg as of 1961AnnabellePalms as of 1961LeeRoyClark as of 1973TomDonnellan as of 1973ElaineMerriman as of 1973AlmaNevels as of 1973AlexOtt as of 1973GraceVoorheis as of 1973
8th District:J.W. Messner as of 1899ClarkD. Smith as of 1899J.Earle Brown as of 1907-15JohnT. Winship as of 1907JohnA. Cimmerer as of 1915EmmetL. Beach as of 1917ThadB. Preston as of 1917-19MaryC. Bahlke as of 1919ArthurW. Ganschow as of 1919LouiseDenn as of 1937HarveyE. Kidder as of 1937DonnaNash as of 1937WilliamA. Seegmiller as of 1937MargaretCotsikas as of 1947NellieMottashed as of 1947JohnP. Murphy, Jr. as of 1947-49MaryBricker 1949DorisM. Flint 1949ClaudeB. Root 1949JeromeT. Hart 1959-63GertrudeB. Gemuend as of 1961JuneOrmsby as of 1961RalphL. Smith as of 1961
9th District:HiramJ. Hoyt as of 1899LeviJ. Law as of 1899HermanR. O'Connor as of 1907C.A. Waal as of 1907CorneliusGerber as of 1915-19CharlesE. Schewe as of 1915-19HattieB. VanZalingen as of 1919Mrs.Charles Benson as of 1937EllaJ. Duff as of 1937A.Spalding Friedrich as of 1937HarrySawyer as of 1937CharlesH. Miltner as of 1947ArnoldC. Misteli as of 1947MaudeV. Pawlicki as of 1947-49AlmaV. Schow as of 1947HelenJ. Johnson as of 1949JohnSutton as of 1949LeahL. Cooper as of 1961SylvesterFlarity as of 1961JamesG. O'Callaghan as of 1961LolaPeckham as of 1961
10th District:CasperAlpern as of 1899GeorgeWashington as of 1899JohnE. Kinnane as of 1907S.Wilhartz as of 1907HenryKinney as of 1915JudsonE. Richardson as of 1915-19JohnE. Kinnane as of 1917-19MinervaS. Miller as of 1919Mrs.Bernard Frazik as of 1937TheodoreK. Hine as of 1937ClarenceJohnson as of 1937LavinaM. Masselink as of 1937Mrs.A. Bielowski as of 1947CharlesKindermann as of 1947ConnorD. Smith as of 1947IreneTepper as of 1947EdwardJ. Daugherty as of 1949JohnLynch as of 1949VirginiaMoore as of 1949ThelmaWhitney as of 1949EdwinBukowski as of 1961HelenM. Kuhn as of 1961BettyMoskowitz as of 1961BernardA. O'Hora as of 1961
11th District:CharlesM. Brown as of 1899HiramB. Hudson as of 1899JohnT. Matthews as of 1907D.Scott Partridge as of 1907WilliamA. Comstock as of 1915WilliamP. Preston as of 1915JohnJ. Cleary as of 1917R.F. Sloan as of 1917MarieB. Comstock as of 1919WilliamL. McManus, Jr. as of 1919J.H. Moher as of 1919MarionT. Berg as of 1937GeraldCleary as of 1937Mrs.Ralph Dean as of 1937MichaelRyan as of 1937VernieDean as of 1947ThurmanB. Doyle as of 1947VioletPatterson as of 1947DanielS. Way, Jr. as of 1947-49WarrenCleary 1949CatherineHolbin 1949Mrs.K. Mathisen 1949MaryC. Farrell as of 1961BeatriceKahan as of 1961MiltonE. Scherer as of 1961A.M. Schneider as of 1961
12th District:MichaelF. McDonald as of 1899DanielMcVichie as of 1899WilliamP. Preston as of 1907EdwardJ. Ryan as of 1907JamesB. Byers as of 1915JohnH. Lewis as of 1915JamesF. Corcoran as of 1917-19WilliamE. Madigan as of 1917-19JosephEbli as of 1937Mrs.John Harrington as of 1937-39JohnD. Voelker as of 1937-39GertrudeWelton as of 1937Mrs.Joseph Ebli as of 1939FrederickKappler as of 1939MorganEdwardsen as of 1947LouiseLibby as of 1947-49KarlE. Mikko as of 1947Mrs.William Montgomery as of 1947RuthDundon 1949FloydHill 1949LeonardJ. McManman 1949IvanE. Brown as of 1961DorothyM. Jacobs as of 1961GladysMcNamara as of 1961
13th District:FrankD. Eaman as of 1915-17EdwinHenderson as of 1915-19CharlesH. Bryan as of 1919DonW. Canfield as of 1937GeraldineMonaghan as of 1937-39JohnD. O'Connell as of 1937-39FlorenceWharrie as of 1937PatrickS. Nertney as of 1939DorothySchwarzenzer as of 1939MabelFlack as of 1947DanielP. O'Brien as of 1947-49BenProbe as of 1947NellieRiley as of 1947-49DonaldP. Frazer as of 1949AlmaMcMahan as of 1949M.Kelly Fritz as of 1961DorothyD. Grundstein as of 1961LeolaLange as of 1961JohnK. McDaniel as of 1961
14th District:StephenM. Connor as of 1937CharlesA. DeLisle as of 1937EmmaB. Trombley as of 1937-39MaryE. White as of 1937CarlW. Bischoff as of 1939LouisJ. Labudie as of 1939AmeliaCarroll as of 1947LoisD. Lusk as of 1947-49SamuelMarroso as of 1947ThomasDoherty 1949BertF. Donlin as of 1949EmmaWalsh 1949RobertG. Hodges 1959-61AnneMay Kleiner as of 1961PrinceE. Moon as of 1961EileenD. Zielesch as of 1961
15th District:ShyBaird as of 1937-39WilliamE. Dowling as of 1937-39WilliamC. Ryan as of 1937-39GeraldineSheehan as of 1937CatherineD. Doran as of 1939EdithBarry as of 1947GenevaCassey as of 1947JohnD. Hayes as of 1947PeterV. Healy as of 1947CatherineD. Doran as of 1949JosephFerris 1949CharlesMcCauley 1949IvyStrachan 1949DoloresL. Engel as of 1957MargueriteM. Mason as of 1957-61JohnJ. Penczak as of 1957EdwardRizner as of 1957-61RoslynD. Kane as of 1961LeroyKirton as of 1961
16th District:HelenaBarc as of 1937-39JohnC. Cahalan, Jr. as of 1937-39JamesGuinan as of 1937ElizabethStellwagen as of 1937-39HughA. Merron as of 1939ArdKaloosdian as of 1947-61StellaLecznar as of 1947-49AntoinetteB. Stanis as of 1947-49AlbertJ. Tavarozzi as of 1947StevenLorenz 1949ErnaFitzpatrick as of 1956-57Mrs.Kornela Sess as of 1957EugeneWilson as of 1957IrisM. Becker as of 1961RoyDavis as of 1961FrancesPetross as of 1961
17th District:EllaCraft as of 1937-39AlfredGale as of 1937-39AlbertH. Hall as of 1937MollieJewell as of 1937-39FredEllsasser as of 1939HarrisonF. Biggers as of 1947WillisM. Brewer as of 1947MargeryGray as of 1947MarthaW. Griffiths as of 1947DonaldE. Adams 1949MichaelF. Lacey 1949MargaretSmith 1949HelenVickery 1949JoanBleich as of 1957FrankGalia as of 1957MildredJeffrey as of 1957-61PaulSilver as of 1957-61JohnFurmanski as of 1961IoneM. Reichel as of 1961
18th District:LeonardD. Bennett as of 1957BobBoyer as of 1957HarriettPhillips as of 1957LeonaSimmons as of 1957BarbaraJ. Brinkman as of 1961OtisLawrence as of 1961WilliamA. O'Brien, Jr. as of 1961RosemaryShpiece as of 1961JohnDewan as of 1979RileyHarris as of 1979MikeKokotovich as of 1979ShirleyLeopold as of 1979MarieMalotke as of 1979GayleneMcDonald as of 1979KayPenner as of 1979BerniceStomber as of 1979
19th District:CaroleKammer as of 1979EugeneKuthy as of 1979EileenMarz as of 1979HarryM. Moss as of 1979GailA. Nolin as of 1979JamesRamey as of 1979WilliamWard as of 1979

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