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وکیپیڈیا:IPA for English

آزاد انسائیکلوپیڈیا، وکیپیڈیا توں
حرف صحیح
IPAExamples
bbuy, cab
ddye, cad,do
ðthy, breathe, father
dʒgiant, badge,jam
ffan, caff,phi
ɡ (ɡ)[۱]guy, bag
hhigh, ahead
j[۲]yes, hallelujah
ksky,crack
lسانچہ:Not a typo
mmy, smile, cam
nnigh, snide, can
ŋsang, sink, singer
θthigh, math
pسانچہ:Not a typo
r[۳]rye, try, very
ssigh, mass
ʃshy, cash, emotion
tسانچہ:Not a typo
tʃchina, catch
vسانچہ:Not a typo
wwye, swine
hwwhy[۴]
zzoo, has
ʒequation, pleasure, vision, beige[۵]
Marginal consonants
xugh, loch,Chanukah[۶]
ʔuh-oh/ˈʔʌʔoʊ/
 
Optional sounds
IPAExamples
ᵗstsunami (/t/ is frequently dropped)
ʃⁱnasturtium (/i/ is frequently dropped)
Vowels
IPAFull vowelsIPA... followed by R[۷]
ɑːسانچہ:Sc, father, braɑrسانچہ:Sc, bard, barn, snarl, star(=/ɑːr/)
ɒسانچہ:Sc, pod, John[۸]ɒrmoral, forage
æسانچہ:Sc, pad, shall, ban[۹][۱۰]ærbarrow, marry[۱۱]
aɪسانچہ:Sc, ride, file, fine, pie[۱۲]aɪərIreland, hire(=/aɪr/)
aɪ.ərhigher, buyer[۱۳]
aʊسانچہ:Sc, loud, foul, down, howaʊərflour(=/aʊr/)
aʊ.ərflower[۱۳]
ɛسانچہ:Sc, bet, fell, men[۱۴]ɛrerror, merry[۱۴]
eɪسانچہ:Sc, made, fail, vein, payɛərسانچہ:Sc, mare, scarce, cairn, Mary(=/eɪr/)[۱۵]
eɪ.ərlayer(one who lays)[۱۳]
ɪسانچہ:Sc, lid, fill, binɪrmirror, Sirius
iːسانچہ:Sc, seed, feel, mean, seaɪərسانچہ:Sc, beard, fierce, serious(=/iːr/)[۱۶]
iː.ərfreer
ɔːسانچہ:Sc, Maud, dawn, fall, straw[۱۷]ɔrسانچہ:Sc, born, war, Laura(=/ɔːr/)[۱۸][۱۹]
ɔː.ərsawer
ɔɪسانچہ:Sc, void, foil, coin, boyɔɪərloir(=/ɔɪr/)
ɔɪ.əremployer[۱۳]
oʊسانچہ:Sc, code, foal, bone, go[۲۰]ɔərسانچہ:Sc, more, boar,oral(=/oʊr/)[۱۸][۱۹]
oʊ.ərmower
ʊسانچہ:Sc, good, full, womanʊrcourier
uːسانچہ:Sc, food, fool, soon, chew, doʊərboor, moor, tourist(=/uːr/)[۱۸][۱۹]
uː.ərtruer
juːcued, cute, mule, tune, queue,you[۲۱]jʊərcure(=/juːr/)
juː.ərfewer
ʌسانچہ:Sc, bud, dull, gun[۲۲]ɜrسانچہ:Sc, word, girl, fern, furry
ʌrborough, hurry[۲۳]
Variable vowels
aːسانچہ:Sc, dance, laugh(eitherɑː oræ)ɒːسانچہ:Sc,office, wrong(eitherɒ orɔː)
iسانچہ:Sc, serious[۲۴](eitherɪ oriː)ubedroom, roof, situation(eitherʊ oruː)
Reduced vowels
əRosa’s,a mission, quiet, focusərسانچہ:Sc, perceive
ɨroses,emission[۲۵](eitherɪ orə)ʉbeautiful, curriculum([jʉ])[۲۶](eitherʊ orə)
ɵomission[۲۷](eitheroʊ orə)əlbottle(eitherəl orl̩)
ənbutton(eitherən orn̩)əmrhythm(eitherəm orm̩)
 
StressSyllabification
IPAExamplesIPAExamples
ˈintonation/ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/,[۲۸]
battleship/ˈbætəlʃɪp/[۲۹]		.moai/ˈmoʊ.aɪ/
ونڈہوک/ˈvɪnt.hʊk/
Vancouveria/væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/
Mikey/ˈmaɪki/,Myki/ˈmaɪ.kiː/[۳۰]
ˌ

حوالے

[سودھو]
  1. ↑If the two charactersسانچہ:Angle bracket andسانچہ:Angle bracket do not match and if the first looks like aسانچہ:Angle bracket, then you have an issue with your default font. SeeRendering issues.
  2. ↑The IPA value of the letterسانچہ:Angle bracket is counter-intuitive to many English speakers. However, it does occur with this sound in a few English words: Besideshallelujah, there'sJägermeister andjarlsberg cheese.
  3. ↑Although the IPA symbol[r] represents atrill,/r/ is widely used instead of/ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.
  4. ↑The phoneme/hw/ is not distinguished from/w/ in the many dialects with thewine–whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm. For more information on this sound, seevoiceless labio-velar approximant.
  5. ↑A number of English words, such asgenre andgarage, are pronounced with either/ʒ/ or/dʒ/.
  6. ↑In most dialects,/x/ is replaced by/k/ in most words, includingloch. Where the sound begins a word, such asChanukah, it is sometimes replaced with/h/. Inugh, it is often replaced by/ɡ/ (aspelling pronunciation).
  7. ↑ Innon-rhotic accents like RP,/r/ is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles,/ɪər/etc. may not be distinguished from/ɪr/etc. These should be fixed to correspond with the chart here.
  8. ↑/ɒ/ is not distinguished from/ɑː/ in dialects with thefather–bother merger such as GenAm.
  9. ↑Some regions, such as New York City and Philadelphia, separate this into two phonemes,/æ/ and/eǝ/, so that the vowel inman may be closer to that inmail than that incat. See/æ/ tensing.
  10. ↑In some regions, what would normally be[æŋ] is pronounced as[eŋ] or[eɪŋ], so that thea inrang is closer to theai inrain than thea inrag.
  11. ↑Pronounced the same as/ɛr/ in accents with theMary–marry–merry merger.
  12. ↑Many speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel inprice andride. Generally, an[aɪ] is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as inride, file, fine, pie, while an[ʌɪ] is used before voiceless sounds, as inprice andwrite. Because/t/ and/d/ are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such asrider andwriter, may be distinguished only by their vowel:[ˈɹʷaɪɾəɹ], [ˈɹʷʌɪɾəɹ]. However, even though the value of/aɪ/ is not predictable in some words, such asspider[ˈspʌɪɾəɹ],سانچہ:Fact dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here.
  13. ↑۱۳.۰۱۳.۱۱۳.۲۱۳.۳Some speakers pronouncehigher, flower, lawyer, layer (stratum) andmayor with two syllables, andhire, flour, loir, lair andmare with one. Others pronounce them the same.
  14. ↑۱۴.۰۱۴.۱Transcribed as/e/ by many dictionaries.[ref ۱]
  15. ↑Pronounced the same as/ɛr/ in accents with theMary–marry–merry merger. Often transcribed as/eə/ by British dictionaries and as/er/ by American ones. The OED uses/ɛː/ for BrE and/ɛ(ə)r/ for AmE.[ref ۲]
  16. ↑Same as/ɪr/ in accents with themirror–nearer merger.
  17. ↑/ɔː/ is not distinguished from/ɒ/ (except before/r/) in dialects with thecot–caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.
  18. ↑۱۸.۰۱۸.۱۱۸.۲/ɔər/ is not distinguished from/ɔr/ in dialects with thehorse–hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.
  19. ↑۱۹.۰۱۹.۱۱۹.۲/ʊər/ is not distinguished from/ɔr/ in dialects with thepour–poor merger, including many younger speakers.
  20. ↑Commonly transcribed/əʊ/ or/oː/.
  21. ↑In dialects withyod dropping,/juː/ is pronounced the same as/uː/ aftercoronal consonants (/t/,/d/,/s/,/z/,/n/,/θ/, and/l/) in the same syllable, so thatdew/djuː/ is pronounced the same asdo/duː/. In dialects withyod coalescence,/tj/,/dj/,/sj/ and/zj/ are pronounced/tʃ/,/dʒ/,/ʃ/ and/ʒ/, so that the first syllable inTuesday is pronounced the same aschoose.
  22. ↑This phoneme is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take theʊ vowel: there is nofoot–strut split.
  23. ↑not a GenAm distinction
  24. ↑Pronounced[iː] in dialects with thehappy tensing,[ɪ] in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it withسانچہ:Angle bracket, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted toسانچہ:Angle bracket.
  25. ↑Pronounced[ə] in Australian and many US dialects,[ɪ] in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced[ɪ̈] and a reduced[ə]. Many phoneticians[ref ۳] and theOED use the pseudo-IPA symbolسانچہ:Angle bracket,[ref ۲] andMerriam–Webster usesسانچہ:Angle bracket.
  26. ↑Pronounced[ʊ] in many dialects,[ə] in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced[ʊ̈] and a reduced[ə]. TheOED uses the pseudo-IPA symbolسانچہ:Angle bracket.[ref ۲]
  27. ↑Pronounced[ə] in many dialects, and[ɵw] or[əw] before another vowel, as incooperate. Sometimes pronounced as a full/oʊ/, especially in careful speech.[ref ۴] Usually transcribed as/ə(ʊ)/ (or similar ways of showing variation between/oʊ/ and/ə/) in British dictionaries.
  28. ↑It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress,[ref ۵] but it is conventional to notate them as here.
  29. ↑Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as theship inbattleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.
  30. ↑Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as adigraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).
    Several dictionaries, such as the OED, do not indicate stress for words of one syllable. Thushire/ˈhaɪər/ is transcribedسانچہ:Angbr, without a stress mark, contrasting withhigher/ˈhaɪ.ər/, which is transcribedسانچہ:Angbr, without a syllable mark.

ملاحظے

[سودھو]
  1. ↑e and ɛ at phonetic-blog.blogspot.com.auError: unknown archive URL (archived 18 March 2009)
  2. ↑۲.۰۲.۱۲.۲Key to pronunciation at public.oed.comError: unknown archive URL (archived[Date missing])
  3. ↑vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322
  4. ↑Bolinger 1989
  5. ↑vd. Ladefoged 1993

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