Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Search in PMCSearch
As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health.
Learn more:PMC Disclaimer | PMC Copyright Notice
Annals of Surgery logo

Endovascular surgery for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. A critical review.

S S Ahn1,D Eton1,W S Moore1
1Section of Vascular Surgery, UCLA Center for the Health Sciences 90024.
PMCID: PMC1242540  PMID:1385944
See commentary "Endovascular surgery." on page 1.

Abstract

Endovascular surgery is a new multidisciplinary field that applies the recently innovated techniques of angioscopy, intraluminal ultrasound, balloon angioplasty, laser, mechanical atherectomy, and stents. This field can be defined as a diagnostic and therapeutic discipline that uses catheter-based systems to treat vascular disease. As such, it integrates the subspecialties of vascular surgery, interventional radiology, interventional cardiology, and biomedical engineering for the common purpose of improving arterial hemodynamics. Endovascular surgery offers many potential benefits: long incisions are replaced with a puncture wound, the need for postoperative intensive care is significantly reduced, major cardiac and pulmonary complications from general anesthesia are side stepped, and the dollar savings could be dramatic as the need for intensive care unit and in-hospital stay diminishes. Despite these technological advancements, endovascular surgery is still in its infancy and currently has limited applications. This review provides an updated summary of endovascular surgery today and addresses some of the obstacles still preventing its widespread use.

Full text

PDF
3

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abela G. S., Seeger J. M., Barbieri E., Franzini D., Fenech A., Pepine C. J., Conti C. R. Laser angioplasty with angioscopic guidance in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Jul;8(1):184–192. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80111-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. AbuRahma A. F., Robinson P. A., Kennard W., Boland J. P. Intraoperative peripheral Nd:YAG laser-assisted thermal balloon angioplasty: short-term and intermediate-term follow-up. J Vasc Surg. 1990 Nov;12(5):566–572. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Adar R., Critchfield G. C., Eddy D. M. A confidence profile analysis of the results of femoropopliteal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the treatment of lower-extremity ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 1989 Jul;10(1):57–67. doi: 10.1067/mva.1989.vs0100057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Ahn S. S., Auth D., Marcus D. R., Moore W. S. Removal of focal atheromatous lesions by angioscopically guided high-speed rotary atherectomy. Preliminary experimental observations. J Vasc Surg. 1988 Feb;7(2):292–300. doi: 10.1067/mva.1988.avs0070292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Ameli F. M., Stein M., Provan J. L., St Louis E. L., Legrand L. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty without anticoagulation. Ann Vasc Surg. 1989 Jul;3(3):244–247. doi: 10.1016/S0890-5096(07)60032-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Becker G. J., Lee B. I., Waller B. F., Barry K. J., Kaplan J., Connolly R., Dreesen R. G., Nardella P. Radiofrequency balloon angioplasty. Rationale and proof of principle. Invest Radiol. 1988 Nov;23(11):810–817. doi: 10.1097/00004424-198811000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Belli A. M., Hemingway A. P., Cumberland D. C., Welsh C. L. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the distal abdominal aorta. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1989 Oct;3(5):449–453. doi: 10.1016/s0950-821x(89)80054-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Blair J. M., Gewertz B. L., Moosa H., Lu C. T., Zarins C. K. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty versus surgery for limb-threatening ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 1989 May;9(5):698–703. doi: 10.1067/mva.1989.vs0090698. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Blebea J., Ouriel K., Green R. M., Fiore W. M., Welch E. L., Svoboda J. J., Balaji M. R. Laser angioplasty in peripheral vascular disease: symptomatic versus hemodynamic results. J Vasc Surg. 1991 Feb;13(2):222–230. doi: 10.1067/mva.1991.26241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Colapinto R. F., Stronell R. D., Johnston W. K. Transluminal angioplasty of complete iliac obstructions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986 Apr;146(4):859–862. doi: 10.2214/ajr.146.4.859. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cragg A. H., Lund G., Rysavy J. A., Salomonowitz E., Castaneda-Zuniga W. R., Amplatz K. Percutaneous arterial grafting. Radiology. 1984 Jan;150(1):45–49. doi: 10.1148/radiology.150.1.6689786. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Deckelbaum L. I., Isner J. M., Donaldson R. F., Laliberte S. M., Clarke R. H., Salem D. N. Use of pulsed energy delivery to minimize tissue injury resulting from carbon dioxide laser irradiation of cardiovascular tissues. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Apr;7(4):898–908. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80355-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Desbrosses D., Petit H., Torres E., Barrionuevo D., Figueroa A., Wenger J. J., Ramenah B., Kieny R. Percutaneous atherectomy with the Kensey catheter: early and midterm results in femoropopliteal occlusions unsuitable for conventional angioplasty. Ann Vasc Surg. 1990 Nov;4(6):550–552. doi: 10.1016/S0890-5096(06)60837-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Duprat G., Jr, Wright K. C., Charnsangavej C., Wallace S., Gianturco C. Self-expanding metallic stents for small vessels: an experimental evaluation. Radiology. 1987 Feb;162(2):469–472. doi: 10.1148/radiology.162.2.3797661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Farrell E. M., Higginson L. A., Nip W. S., Walley V. M., Keon W. J. Pulsed excimer laser angioplasty of human cadaveric arteries. J Vasc Surg. 1986 Feb;3(2):284–287. doi: 10.1067/mva.1986.avs0030284. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Faught W. E., Lawrence P. F. The effects of laser energy on the arterial wall. Ann Vasc Surg. 1990 Mar;4(2):198–207. doi: 10.1007/BF02001380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Fleisher H. L., 3rd, Thompson B. W., McCowan T. C., Ferris E. J., Baker M. L., Robbins K. V., Barnes R. W. Angioscopically monitored saphenous vein valvulotomy. J Vasc Surg. 1986 Oct;4(4):360–364. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Fourrier J. L., Marache P., Brunetaud J. M., Mordon S., Lablanche J. M., Prat A., Gommeaux A., Bertrand M. E. Nouvelle méthode d'angioplastie laser par saphir de contact des artères périphériques: résultats préliminaires. A propos de 20 cas. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1988 Mar;81(3):253–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Geschwind H. J., Blair J. D., Mongkolsmai D., Kern M. J., Stern J., Deligonul U., Kennedy H. L. Development and experimental application of contact probe catheter for laser angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987 Jan;9(1):101–107. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(87)80088-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Graor R. A., Whitlow P. L. Transluminal atherectomy for occlusive peripheral vascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Jun;15(7):1551–1558. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(90)92825-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Grundfest W. S., Litvack I. F., Goldenberg T., Sherman T., Morgenstern L., Carroll R., Fishbein M., Forrester J., Margitan J., McDermid S. Pulsed ultraviolet lasers and the potential for safe laser angioplasty. Am J Surg. 1985 Aug;150(2):220–226. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(85)90124-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Grüntzig A., Kumpe D. A. Technique of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with the Grüntzig ballon catheter. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979 Apr;132(4):547–552. doi: 10.2214/ajr.132.4.547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Grüntzig A., Kumpe D. A. Technique of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with the Grüntzig ballon catheter. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979 Apr;132(4):547–552. doi: 10.2214/ajr.132.4.547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Günther R. W., Vorwerk D., Bohndorf K., Klose K. C., Kistler D., Mann H., Sieberth H. G., el-Din A. Venous stenoses in dialysis shunts: treatment with self-expanding metallic stents. Radiology. 1989 Feb;170(2):401–405. doi: 10.1148/radiology.170.2.2521397. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Günther R. W., Vorwerk D., Bohndorf K., Peters I., el-Din A., Messmer B. Iliac and femoral artery stenoses and occlusions: treatment with intravascular stents. Radiology. 1989 Sep;172(3):725–730. doi: 10.1148/radiology.172.3.2528159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hansen D. D., Auth D. C., Vracko R., Ritchie J. L. Rotational atherectomy in atherosclerotic rabbit iliac arteries. Am Heart J. 1988 Jan;115(1 Pt 1):160–165. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(88)90532-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Harrington M. E., Schwartz M. E., Sanborn T. A., Mitty H. A., Miller C. A., McGinnis K., Harrington E. B. Expanded indications for laser-assisted balloon angioplasty in peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 1990 Jan;11(1):146–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Johnston K. W., Colapinto R. F., Baird R. J. Transluminal dilation. An alternative? Arch Surg. 1982 Dec;117(12):1604–1610. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1982.01380360074011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Jørgensen B., Meisner S., Holstein P., Tønnesen K. H. Early rethrombosis in femoropopliteal occlusions treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1990 Apr;4(2):149–152. doi: 10.1016/s0950-821x(05)80429-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. King S. B., 3rd Vascular stents and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1989 Feb;79(2):460–462. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.79.2.460. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Krepel V. M., van Andel G. J., van Erp W. F., Breslau P. J. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the femoropopliteal artery: initial and long-term results. Radiology. 1985 Aug;156(2):325–328. doi: 10.1148/radiology.156.2.3160061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kresowik T. F., Khoury M. D., Miller B. V., Winniford M. D., Shamma A. R., Sharp W. J., Blecha M. B., Corson J. D. A prospective study of the incidence and natural history of femoral vascular complications after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Vasc Surg. 1991 Feb;13(2):328–335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. LaMuraglia G. M., Cambria R. P., Brewster D. C., Abbott W. M. Angioscopy guided semiclosed technique for in situ bypass. J Vasc Surg. 1990 Nov;12(5):601–604. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Labs J. D., Merillat J. C., Williams G. M. Analysis of solid phase debris from laser angioplasty: potential risks of atheroembolism. J Vasc Surg. 1988 Feb;7(2):326–335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Lammer J., Karnel F. Percutaneous transluminal laser angioplasty with contact probes. Radiology. 1988 Sep;168(3):733–737. doi: 10.1148/radiology.168.3.2970099. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Litvack F., Grundfest W. S., Forrester J. S., Fishbein M. C., Swan H. J., Corday E., Rider D. M., McDermid I. S., Pacala T. J., Laudenslager J. B. Effects of hematoporphyrin derivative and photodynamic therapy on atherosclerotic rabbits. Am J Cardiol. 1985 Oct 1;56(10):667–671. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(85)91032-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Lu D. Y., Leon M. B., Bowman R. L. Electrical thermal angioplasty: catheter design features, in vitro tissue ablation studies and in vivo experimental findings. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Nov 1;60(13):1117–1122. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90364-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. McNamara T. O., Fischer J. R. Thrombolysis of peripheral arterial and graft occlusions: improved results using high-dose urokinase. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Apr;144(4):769–775. doi: 10.2214/ajr.144.4.769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Mehigan J. T., Olcott C., 4th Video angioscopy as an alternative to intraoperative arteriography. Am J Surg. 1986 Jul;152(1):139–145. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(86)90164-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Mirich D., Wright K. C., Wallace S., Yoshioka T., Lawrence D. D., Jr, Charnsangavej C., Gianturco C. Percutaneously placed endovascular grafts for aortic aneurysms: feasibility study. Radiology. 1989 Mar;170(3 Pt 2):1033–1037. doi: 10.1148/radiology.170.3.2916054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Morgenstern B. R., Getrajdman G. I., Laffey K. J., Bixon R., Martin E. C. Total occlusions of the femoropopliteal artery: high technical success rate of conventional balloon angioplasty. Radiology. 1989 Sep;172(3 Pt 2):937–940. doi: 10.1148/172.3.937. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Murray R. R., Jr, Hewes R. C., White R. I., Jr, Mitchell S. E., Auster M., Chang R., Kadir S., Kinnison M. L., Kaufman S. L. Long-segment femoropopliteal stenoses: is angioplasty a boon or a bust? Radiology. 1987 Feb;162(2):473–476. doi: 10.1148/radiology.162.2.2948213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Palmaz J. C., Richter G. M., Noeldge G., Schatz R. A., Robison P. D., Gardiner G. A., Jr, Becker G. J., McLean G. K., Denny D. F., Jr, Lammer J. Intraluminal stents in atherosclerotic iliac artery stenosis: preliminary report of a multicenter study. Radiology. 1988 Sep;168(3):727–731. doi: 10.1148/radiology.168.3.2970098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Perler B. A., Osterman F. A., White R. I., Jr, Williams G. M. Percutaneous laser probe femoropopliteal angioplasty: a preliminary experience. J Vasc Surg. 1989 Sep;10(3):351–357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Raillat C., Rousseau H., Joffre F., Roux D. Treatment of iliac artery stenoses with the Wallstent endoprosthesis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990 Mar;154(3):613–616. doi: 10.2214/ajr.154.3.2106229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Rees C. R., Palmaz J. C., Garcia O., Roeren T., Richter G. M., Gardiner G., Jr, Schwarten D., Schatz R. A., Root H. D., Rogers W. Angioplasty and stenting of completely occluded iliac arteries. Radiology. 1989 Sep;172(3 Pt 2):953–959. doi: 10.1148/172.3.953. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Ring E. J., Freiman D. B., McLean G. K., Schwarz W. Percutaneous recanalization of common iliac artery occlusions: an unacceptable complication rate? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982 Sep;139(3):587–589. doi: 10.2214/ajr.139.3.587. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Robinson K. A., Roubin G. S., Siegel R. J., Black A. J., Apkarian R. P., King S. B., 3rd Intra-arterial stenting in the atherosclerotic rabbit. Circulation. 1988 Sep;78(3):646–653. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.78.3.646. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Robinson K. A., Roubin G., King S., Siegel R., Rodgers G., Apkarian R. P. Correlated microscopic observations of arterial responses to intravascular stenting. Scanning Microsc. 1989 Jun;3(2):665–679. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Rollins N., Wright K. C., Charnsangavej C., Wallace S., Gianturco C. Self-expanding metallic stents: preliminary evaluation in an atherosclerotic model. Radiology. 1987 Jun;163(3):739–742. doi: 10.1148/radiology.163.3.3575726. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Rousseau H., Puel J., Joffre F., Sigwart U., Duboucher C., Imbert C., Knight C., Kropf L., Wallsten H. Self-expanding endovascular prosthesis: an experimental study. Radiology. 1987 Sep;164(3):709–714. doi: 10.1148/radiology.164.3.3303120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Samson R. H., Sprayregen S., Veith F. J., Scher L. A., Gupta S. K., Ascer E. Management of angioplasty complications, unsuccessful procedures and early and late failures. Ann Surg. 1984 Feb;199(2):234–240. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198402000-00017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Sanborn T. A., Cumberland D. C., Greenfield A. J., Welsh C. L., Guben J. K. Percutaneous laser thermal angioplasty: initial results and 1-year follow-up in 129 femoropopliteal lesions. Radiology. 1988 Jul;168(1):121–125. doi: 10.1148/radiology.168.1.2967985. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Seeger J. M., Abela G. S., Silverman S. H., Jablonski S. K. Initial results of laser recanalization in lower extremity arterial reconstruction. J Vasc Surg. 1989 Jan;9(1):10–17. doi: 10.1067/mva.1989.vs0090010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Sigwart U., Puel J., Mirkovitch V., Joffre F., Kappenberger L. Intravascular stents to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty. N Engl J Med. 1987 Mar 19;316(12):701–706. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198703193161201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Snyder S. O., Jr, Wheeler J. R., Gregory R. T., Gayle R. G., Mariner D. R. The Kensey catheter: preliminary results with a transluminal atherectomy tool. J Vasc Surg. 1988 Oct;8(4):541–543. doi: 10.1067/mva.1988.avs0080541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Spokojny A. M., Serur J. R., Skillman J., Spears J. R. Uptake of hematoporphyrin derivative by atheromatous plaques: studies in human in vitro and rabbit in vivo. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986 Dec;8(6):1387–1392. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80312-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Sutton C. S., Oku T., Harasaki H., Kambic H. E., Sugita Y., Murabayashi S., Shirey E., Nosè Y. Titanium-nickel intravascular endoprosthesis: a 2-year study in dogs. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988 Sep;151(3):597–601. doi: 10.2214/ajr.151.3.597. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Sutton C. S., Tominaga R., Harasaki H., Emoto H., Oku T., Kambic H. E., Skibinski C., Beck G., Hollman J. Vascular stenting in normal and atherosclerotic rabbits. Studies of the intravascular endoprosthesis of titanium-nickel-alloy. Circulation. 1990 Feb;81(2):667–683. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.81.2.667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Thompson J. F., McShane M. D., Gazzard V., Clifford P. C., Chant A. D. Limitations of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the treatment of femoro-distal graft stenoses. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1989 Jun;3(3):209–211. doi: 10.1016/s0950-821x(89)80084-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Trent M. S., Parsonnet V., Shoenfeld R., Brener B. J., Eisenbud D. E., Novick A. S., Campbell A. Y., Ferrara-Ryan M., Villanueva A. A balloon-expandable intravascular stent for obliterating experimental aortic dissection. J Vasc Surg. 1990 May;11(5):707–717. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. White R. A., White G. H., Mehringer M. C., Chaing F. L., Wilson S. E. A clinical trial of laser thermal angioplasty in patients with advanced peripheral vascular disease. Ann Surg. 1990 Sep;212(3):257–265. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199009000-00004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Wholey M. H., Jarmolowski C. R. New reperfusion devices: the Kensey catheter, the atherolytic reperfusion wire device, and the transluminal extraction catheter. Radiology. 1989 Sep;172(3 Pt 2):947–952. doi: 10.1148/172.3.947. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Woelfle K. D., Loeprecht H., Weber H., Zinkl K. Intraoperative assessment of in situ saphenous vein bypass grafts by vascular endoscopy. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1988 Aug;2(4):257–262. doi: 10.1016/s0950-821x(88)80035-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Wright J. G., Belkin M., Greenfield A. J., Guben J. K., Sanborn T. A., Menzoian J. O. Laser angioplasty for limb salvage: observations on early results. J Vasc Surg. 1989 Jul;10(1):29–38. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Yock P. G., Linker D. T., White N. W., Rowe M. H., Selmon M. R., Robertson G. C., Hinohara T., Simpson J. B. Clinical applications of intravascular ultrasound imaging in atherectomy. Int J Card Imaging. 1989;4(2-4):117–125. doi: 10.1007/BF01745141. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Zacca N. M., Raizner A. E., Noon G. P., Short D., 3rd, Weilbaecher D., Gotto A., Jr, Roberts R. Treatment of symptomatic peripheral atherosclerotic disease with a rotational atherectomy device. Am J Cardiol. 1989 Jan 1;63(1):77–80. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)91079-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Zeitler E., Richter E. I., Roth F. J., Schoop W. Results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Radiology. 1983 Jan;146(1):57–60. doi: 10.1148/radiology.146.1.6217485. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. van Andel G. J., van Erp W. F., Krepel V. M., Breslau P. J. Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of the iliac artery: long-term results. Radiology. 1985 Aug;156(2):321–323. doi: 10.1148/radiology.156.2.3160060. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. von Pölnitz A., Nerlich A., Berger H., Höfling B. Percutaneous peripheral atherectomy: angiographic and clinical follow-up of 60 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Mar 1;15(3):682–688. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90646-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Annals of Surgery are provided here courtesy ofLippincott, Williams, and Wilkins

ACTIONS

RESOURCES

[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp