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The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy organizes scholars from around the world in philosophy and related disciplines to create and maintain an up-to-date reference work.

Current Operations Are Supported By:

• The Offices of the Provost, the Dean of Humanities and Sciences, and the Dean of Research, Stanford University
• The SEP Library Fund: containing contributions from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the membership dues ofacademic libraries that have joined SEPIA.
• The O.C. Tanner SEP Fund: containing a gift from the O.C. Tanner Company.
• The John Perry Fund and The SEP Fund: containing contributions from individual donors.
• The Friends of the SEP Society Fund: containing membership dues from individuals who have joined theFriends of the SEP Society to obtain such member benefits as nicely formatted PDF versions of SEP entries.

The SEP gratefully acknowledges founding support from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Science Foundation, The American Philosophical Association/Pacific Division, The Canadian Philosophical Association, and the Philosophy Documentation Center. Fundraising efforts were supported by a grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy iscopyright © 2025 byThe Metaphysics Research Lab, Department of Philosophy, Stanford University

Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054