Astring is a series of characters, where a character is the same as a byte. This means that PHP only supports a 256-character set, and hence does not offer native Unicode support. Seedetails of the string type.
Note: On 32-bit builds, astring can be as large as up to 2GB (2147483647 bytes maximum)
Astring literal can be specified in four different ways:
The simplest way to specify astring is to enclose it in single quotes (the character').
To specify a literal single quote, escape it with a backslash (\). To specify a literal backslash, double it (\\). All other instances of backslash will be treated as a literal backslash: this means that the other escape sequences you might be used to, such as\r or\n, will be output literally as specified rather than having any special meaning.
Note: Unlike thedouble-quoted andheredoc syntaxes,variables and escape sequences for special characters willnot be expanded when they occur in single quotedstrings.
Example #1 Syntax Variants
<?php
echo'this is a simple string',PHP_EOL;
echo'You can also have embedded newlines in
strings this way as it is
okay to do',PHP_EOL;
// Outputs: Arnold once said: "I'll be back"
echo'Arnold once said: "I\'ll be back"',PHP_EOL;
// Outputs: You deleted C:\*.*?
echo'You deleted C:\\*.*?',PHP_EOL;
// Outputs: You deleted C:\*.*?
echo'You deleted C:\*.*?',PHP_EOL;
// Outputs: This will not expand: \n a newline
echo'This will not expand: \n a newline',PHP_EOL;
// Outputs: Variables do not $expand $either
echo'Variables do not $expand $either',PHP_EOL;
?> If thestring is enclosed in double-quotes ("), PHP will interpret the following escape sequences for special characters:
| Sequence | Meaning |
|---|---|
\n | linefeed (LF or 0x0A (10) in ASCII) |
\r | carriage return (CR or 0x0D (13) in ASCII) |
\t | horizontal tab (HT or 0x09 (9) in ASCII) |
\v | vertical tab (VT or 0x0B (11) in ASCII) |
\e | escape (ESC or 0x1B (27) in ASCII) |
\f | form feed (FF or 0x0C (12) in ASCII) |
\\ | backslash |
\$ | dollar sign |
\" | double-quote |
\[0-7]{1,3} | Octal: the sequence of characters matching the regular expression[0-7]{1,3} is a character in octal notation (e.g."\101" === "A"), which silently overflows to fit in a byte (e.g."\400" === "\000") |
\x[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2} | Hexadecimal: the sequence of characters matching the regular expression[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2} is a character in hexadecimal notation (e.g."\x41" === "A") |
\u{[0-9A-Fa-f]+} | Unicode: the sequence of characters matching the regular expression[0-9A-Fa-f]+ is a Unicode codepoint, which will be output to the string as that codepoint's UTF-8 representation. The braces are required in the sequence. E.g."\u{41}" === "A" |
As in single quotedstrings, escaping any other character will result in the backslash being printed too.
The most important feature of double-quotedstrings is the fact that variable names will be expanded. Seestring interpolation for details.
A third way to delimitstrings is the heredoc syntax:<<<. After this operator, an identifier is provided, then a newline. Thestring itself follows, and then the same identifier again to close the quotation.
The closing identifier may be indented by space or tab, in which case the indentation will be stripped from all lines in the doc string. Prior to PHP 7.3.0, the closing identifiermust begin in the first column of the line.
Also, the closing identifier must follow the same naming rules as any other label in PHP: it must contain only alphanumeric characters and underscores, and must start with a non-digit character or underscore.
Example #2 Basic Heredoc example as of PHP 7.3.0
<?php
// no indentation
echo <<<END
a
b
c
\n
END;
// 4 spaces of indentation
echo <<<END
a
b
c
END;Output of the above example in PHP 7.3:
a b c a bc
If the closing identifier is indented further than any lines of the body, then aParseError will be thrown:
Example #3 Closing identifier must not be indented further than any lines of the body
<?php
echo <<<END
a
b
c
END;Output of the above example in PHP 7.3:
Parse error: Invalid body indentation level (expecting an indentation level of at least 3) in example.php on line 4
If the closing identifier is indented, tabs can be used as well, however, tabs and spacesmust not be intermixed regarding the indentation of the closing identifier and the indentation of the body (up to the closing identifier). In any of these cases, aParseError will be thrown. These whitespace constraints have been included because mixing tabs and spaces for indentation is harmful to legibility.
Example #4 Different indentation for body (spaces) closing identifier
<?php
// All the following code do not work.
// different indentation for body (spaces) ending marker (tabs)
{
echo <<<END
a
END;
}
// mixing spaces and tabs in body
{
echo <<<END
a
END;
}
// mixing spaces and tabs in ending marker
{
echo <<<END
a
END;
}Output of the above example in PHP 7.3:
Parse error: Invalid indentation - tabs and spaces cannot be mixed in example.php line 8
The closing identifier for the body string is not required to be followed by a semicolon or newline. For example, the following code is allowed as of PHP 7.3.0:
Example #5 Continuing an expression after a closing identifier
<?php
$values= [<<<END
a
b
c
END,'d e f'];
var_dump($values);Output of the above example in PHP 7.3:
array(2) { [0] => string(11) "a b c" [1] => string(5) "d e f"}If the closing identifier was found at the start of a line, then regardless of whether it was a part of another word, it may be considered as the closing identifier and causes aParseError.
Example #6 Closing identifier in body of the string tends to cause ParseError
<?php
$values= [<<<END
a
b
ENDING
END,'d e f'];Output of the above example in PHP 7.3:
Parse error: syntax error, unexpected identifier "ING", expecting "]" in example.php on line 5
To avoid this problem, it is safe to follow the simple rule:do not choose a word that appears in the body of the text as a closing identifier.
Prior to PHP 7.3.0, it is very important to note that the line with the closing identifier must contain no other characters, except a semicolon (;). That means especially that the identifiermay not be indented, and there may not be any spaces or tabs before or after the semicolon. It's also important to realize that the first character before the closing identifier must be a newline as defined by the local operating system. This is\n on UNIX systems, including macOS. The closing delimiter must also be followed by a newline.
If this rule is broken and the closing identifier is not "clean", it will not be considered a closing identifier, and PHP will continue looking for one. If a proper closing identifier is not found before the end of the current file, a parse error will result at the last line.
Example #7 Invalid example, prior to PHP 7.3.0
<?php
classfoo{
public$bar= <<<EOT
bar
EOT;
}
// Identifier must not be indented
?>Example #8 Valid example, even prior to PHP 7.3.0
<?php
classfoo{
public$bar= <<<EOT
bar
EOT;
}
?>Heredocs containing variables can not be used for initializing class properties.
Heredoc text behaves just like a double-quotedstring, without the double quotes. This means that quotes in a heredoc do not need to be escaped, but the escape codes listed above can still be used. Variables are expanded, but the same care must be taken when expressing complex variables inside a heredoc as withstrings.
Example #9 Heredoc string quoting example
<?php
$str= <<<EOD
Example of string
spanning multiple lines
using heredoc syntax.
EOD;
/* More complex example, with variables. */
classfoo
{
var$foo;
var$bar;
function__construct()
{
$this->foo='Foo';
$this->bar= array('Bar1','Bar2','Bar3');
}
}
$foo= newfoo();
$name='MyName';
echo <<<EOT
My name is "$name". I am printing some$foo->foo.
Now, I am printing some{$foo->bar[1]}.
This should print a capital 'A': \x41
EOT;
?>The above example will output:
My name is "MyName". I am printing some Foo.Now, I am printing some Bar2.This should print a capital 'A': A
It is also possible to use the Heredoc syntax to pass data to function arguments:
Example #10 Heredoc in arguments example
<?php
var_dump(array(<<<EOD
foobar!
EOD
));
?>It's possible to initialize static variables and class properties/constants using the Heredoc syntax:
Example #11 Using Heredoc to initialize static values
<?php
// Static variables
functionfoo()
{
static$bar= <<<LABEL
Nothing in here...
LABEL;
}
// Class properties/constants
classfoo
{
constBAR= <<<FOOBAR
Constant example
FOOBAR;
public$baz= <<<FOOBAR
Property example
FOOBAR;
}
?>The opening Heredoc identifier may optionally be enclosed in double quotes:
Example #12 Using double quotes in Heredoc
<?php
echo <<<"FOOBAR"
Hello World!
FOOBAR;
?> Nowdocs are to single-quoted strings what heredocs are to double-quoted strings. A nowdoc is specified similarly to a heredoc, butno String interpolation is done inside a nowdoc. The construct is ideal for embedding PHP code or other large blocks of text without the need for escaping. It shares some features in common with the SGML<![CDATA[ ]]> construct, in that it declares a block of text which is not for parsing.
A nowdoc is identified with the same<<< sequence used for heredocs, but the identifier which follows is enclosed in single quotes, e.g.<<<'EOT'. All the rules for heredoc identifiers also apply to nowdoc identifiers, especially those regarding the appearance of the closing identifier.
Example #13 Nowdoc string quoting example
<?php
echo <<<'EOD'
Example of string spanning multiple lines
using nowdoc syntax. Backslashes are always treated literally,
e.g. \\ and \'.
EOD;The above example will output:
Example of string spanning multiple linesusing nowdoc syntax. Backslashes are always treated literally,e.g. \\ and \'.
Example #14 Nowdoc string quoting example with variables
<?php
classfoo
{
public$foo;
public$bar;
function__construct()
{
$this->foo='Foo';
$this->bar= array('Bar1','Bar2','Bar3');
}
}
$foo= newfoo();
$name='MyName';
echo <<<'EOT'
My name is "$name". I am printing some $foo->foo.
Now, I am printing some {$foo->bar[1]}.
This should not print a capital 'A': \x41
EOT;
?>The above example will output:
My name is "$name". I am printing some $foo->foo.Now, I am printing some {$foo->bar[1]}.This should not print a capital 'A': \x41Example #15 Static data example
<?php
classfoo{
public$bar= <<<'EOT'
bar
EOT;
}
?>When astring is specified in double quotes or with heredoc,variables can be substituted within it.
There are two types of syntax: abasic one and anadvanced one. The basic syntax is the most common and convenient. It provides a way to embed a variable, anarray value, or anobject property in astring with a minimum of effort.
If a dollar sign ($) is encountered, the characters that follow it which can be used in a variable name will be interpreted as such and substituted.
Example #16 String Interpolation
<?php
$juice="apple";
echo"He drank some$juice juice.".PHP_EOL;
?>The above example will output:
He drank some apple juice.
Formally, the structure for the basic variable substitution syntax is as follows:
string-variable:: variable-name (offset-or-property)? | ${ expression }offset-or-property:: offset-in-string | property-in-stringoffset-in-string:: [ name ] | [ variable-name ] | [ integer-literal ]property-in-string:: -> namevariable-name:: $ namename:: [a-zA-Z_\x80-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x80-\xff]* The${ expression } syntax is deprecated as of PHP 8.2.0, as it can be interpreted asvariable variables:
<?php
constfoo='bar';
$foo='foo';
$bar='bar';
var_dump("${foo}");
var_dump("${(foo)}");
?>Output of the above example in PHP 8.2:
Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in file on line 6Deprecated: Using ${expr} (variable variables) in strings is deprecated, use {${expr}} instead in file on line 9string(3) "foo"string(3) "bar"The above example will output:
string(3) "foo"string(3) "bar"
Note: If it is not possible to form a valid name the dollar sign remains as verbatim in the string:
<?php
echo"No interpolation $ has happened\n";
echo"No interpolation $\n has happened\n";
echo"No interpolation $2 has happened\n";
?>The above example will output:
No interpolation $ has happenedNo interpolation $ has happenedNo interpolation $2 has happened
Example #17 Interpolating the value of the first dimension of an array or property
<?php
$juices= array("apple","orange","string_key"=>"purple");
echo"He drank some$juices[0] juice.";
echoPHP_EOL;
echo"He drank some$juices[1] juice.";
echoPHP_EOL;
echo"He drank some$juices[string_key] juice.";
echoPHP_EOL;
classA{
public$s="string";
}
$o= newA();
echo"Object value:$o->s.";
?>The above example will output:
He drank some apple juice.He drank some orange juice.He drank some purple juice.Object value: string.
Note: The array key must be unquoted, and it is therefore not possible to refer to a constant as a key with the basic syntax. Use theadvanced syntax instead.
As of PHP 7.1.0 alsonegative numeric indices are supported.
Example #18 Negative numeric indices
<?php
$string='string';
echo"The character at index -2 is$string[-2].",PHP_EOL;
$string[-3] ='o';
echo"Changing the character at index -3 to o gives$string.",PHP_EOL;
?>The above example will output:
The character at index -2 is n.Changing the character at index -3 to o gives strong.
For anything more complex, theadvanced syntax must be used.
The advanced syntax permits the interpolation ofvariables with arbitrary accessors.
Any scalar variable, array element or object property (static or not) with astring representation can be included via this syntax. The expression is written the same way as it would appear outside thestring, and then wrapped in{ and}. Since{ can not be escaped, this syntax will only be recognised when the$ immediately follows the{. Use{\$ to get a literal{$. Some examples to make it clear:
Example #19 Curly Syntax
<?php
constDATA_KEY='const-key';
$great='fantastic';
$arr= [
'1',
'2',
'3',
[41,42,43],
'key'=>'Indexed value',
'const-key'=>'Key with minus sign',
'foo'=> ['foo1','foo2','foo3']
];
// Won't work, outputs: This is { fantastic}
echo"This is {$great}";
// Works, outputs: This is fantastic
echo"This is{$great}";
classSquare{
public$width;
public function__construct(int $width) {$this->width=$width; }
}
$square= newSquare(5);
// Works
echo"This square is{$square->width}00 centimeters wide.";
// Works, quoted keys only work using the curly brace syntax
echo"This works:{$arr['key']}";
// Works
echo"This works:{$arr[3][2]}";
echo"This works:{$arr[DATA_KEY]}";
// When using multidimensional arrays, always use braces around arrays
// when inside of strings
echo"This works:{$arr['foo'][2]}";
echo"This works:{$obj->values[3]->name}";
echo"This works:{$obj->$staticProp}";
// Won't work, outputs: C:\directory\{fantastic}.txt
echo"C:\directory\{$great}.txt";
// Works, outputs: C:\directory\fantastic.txt
echo"C:\\directory\\{$great}.txt";
?>Note: As this syntax allows arbitrary expressions it is possible to usevariable variables within the advanced syntax.
Characters withinstrings may be accessed and modified by specifying the zero-based offset of the desired character after thestring using squarearray brackets, as in$str[42]. Think of astring as anarray of characters for this purpose. The functionssubstr() andsubstr_replace() can be used when you want to extract or replace more than 1 character.
Note: As of PHP 7.1.0, negative string offsets are also supported. These specify the offset from the end of the string. Formerly, negative offsets emitted
E_NOTICEfor reading (yielding an empty string) andE_WARNINGfor writing (leaving the string untouched).
Note: Prior to PHP 8.0.0,strings could also be accessed using braces, as in$str{42}, for the same purpose. This curly brace syntax was deprecated as of PHP 7.4.0 and no longer supported as of PHP 8.0.0.
Writing to an out of range offset pads the string with spaces. Non-integer types are converted to integer. Illegal offset type emitsE_WARNING. Only the first character of an assigned string is used. As of PHP 7.1.0, assigning an empty string throws a fatal error. Formerly, it assigned a NULL byte.
Internally, PHP strings are byte arrays. As a result, accessing or modifying a string using array brackets is not multi-byte safe, and should only be done with strings that are in a single-byte encoding such as ISO-8859-1.
Note: As of PHP 7.1.0, applying the empty index operator on an empty string throws a fatal error. Formerly, the empty string was silently converted to an array.
Example #20 Some string examples
<?php
// Get the first character of a string
$str='This is a test.';
$first=$str[0];
var_dump($first);
// Get the third character of a string
$third=$str[2];
var_dump($third);
// Get the last character of a string.
$str='This is still a test.';
$last=$str[strlen($str)-1];
var_dump($last);
// Modify the last character of a string
$str='Look at the sea';
$str[strlen($str)-1] ='e';
var_dump($str);
?>String offsets have to either be integers or integer-like strings, otherwise a warning will be thrown.
Example #21 Example of Illegal String Offsets
<?php
$str='abc';
$keys= ['1','1.0','x','1x'];
foreach ($keysas$keyToTry) {
var_dump(isset($str[$keyToTry]));
try {
var_dump($str[$keyToTry]);
} catch (TypeError $e) {
echo$e->getMessage(),PHP_EOL;
}
echoPHP_EOL;
}
?>The above example will output:
bool(true)string(1) "b"bool(false)Cannot access offset of type string on stringbool(false)Cannot access offset of type string on stringbool(false)Warning: Illegal string offset "1x" in Standard input code on line 10string(1) "b"
Note:
Accessing variables of other types (not including arrays or objects implementing the appropriate interfaces) using
[]or{}silently returnsnull.
Note:
Characters within string literals can be accessed using
[]or{}.
Note:
Accessing characters within string literals using the
{}syntax has been deprecated in PHP 7.4. This has been removed in PHP 8.0.
Strings may be concatenated using the '.' (dot) operator. Note that the '+' (addition) operator willnot work for this. SeeString operators for more information.
There are a number of useful functions forstring manipulation.
See thestring functions section for general functions, and thePerl-compatible regular expression functions for advanced find & replace functionality.
There are alsofunctions for URL strings, and functions to encrypt/decrypt strings (Sodium andHash).
Finally, see also thecharacter type functions.
A value can be converted to astring using the(string) cast or thestrval() function.String conversion is automatically done in the scope of an expression where astring is needed. This happens when using theecho orprint functions, or when a variable is compared to astring. The sections onTypes andType Juggling will make the following clearer. See also thesettype() function.
Abooltrue value is converted to thestring"1".boolfalse is converted to"" (the empty string). This allows conversion back and forth betweenbool andstring values.
Anint orfloat is converted to astring representing the number textually (including the exponent part forfloats). Floating point numbers can be converted using exponential notation (4.1E+6).
Note:
As of PHP 8.0.0, the decimal point character is always a period ("
."). Prior to PHP 8.0.0, the decimal point character is defined in the script's locale (category LC_NUMERIC). See thesetlocale() function.
Arrays are always converted to thestring"Array"; because of this,echo andprint can not by themselves show the contents of anarray. To view a single element, use a construction such asecho $arr['foo']. See below for tips on viewing the entire contents.
In order to convertobjects tostring, the magic method__toString must be used.
Resources are always converted tostrings with the structure"Resource id #1", where1 is the resource number assigned to theresource by PHP at runtime. While the exact structure of this string should not be relied on and is subject to change, it will always be unique for a given resource within the lifetime of a script being executed (ie a Web request or CLI process) and won't be reused. To get aresource's type, use theget_resource_type() function.
null is always converted to an empty string.
As stated above, directly converting anarray,object, orresource to astring does not provide any useful information about the value beyond its type. See the functionsprint_r() andvar_dump() for more effective means of inspecting the contents of these types.
Most PHP values can also be converted tostrings for permanent storage. This method is called serialization, and is performed by theserialize() function.
Thestring in PHP is implemented as an array of bytes and an integer indicating the length of the buffer. It has no information about how those bytes translate to characters, leaving that task to the programmer. There are no limitations on the values the string can be composed of; in particular, bytes with value0 (“NUL bytes”) are allowed anywhere in the string (however, a few functions, said in this manual not to be “binary safe”, may hand off the strings to libraries that ignore data after a NUL byte.)
This nature of the string type explains why there is no separate “byte” type in PHP – strings take this role. Functions that return no textual data – for instance, arbitrary data read from a network socket – will still return strings.
Given that PHP does not dictate a specific encoding for strings, one might wonder how string literals are encoded. For instance, is the string"á" equivalent to"\xE1" (ISO-8859-1),"\xC3\xA1" (UTF-8, C form),"\x61\xCC\x81" (UTF-8, D form) or any other possible representation? The answer is that string will be encoded in whatever fashion it is encoded in the script file. Thus, if the script is written in ISO-8859-1, the string will be encoded in ISO-8859-1 and so on. However, this does not apply if Zend Multibyte is enabled; in that case, the script may be written in an arbitrary encoding (which is explicitly declared or is detected) and then converted to a certain internal encoding, which is then the encoding that will be used for the string literals. Note that there are some constraints on the encoding of the script (or on the internal encoding, should Zend Multibyte be enabled) – this almost always means that this encoding should be a compatible superset of ASCII, such as UTF-8 or ISO-8859-1. Note, however, that state-dependent encodings where the same byte values can be used in initial and non-initial shift states may be problematic.
Of course, in order to be useful, functions that operate on text may have to make some assumptions about how the string is encoded. Unfortunately, there is much variation on this matter throughout PHP’s functions:
u modifier is used).Ultimately, this means writing correct programs using Unicode depends on carefully avoiding functions that will not work and that most likely will corrupt the data and using instead the functions that do behave correctly, generally from theintl andmbstring extensions. However, using functions that can handle Unicode encodings is just the beginning. No matter the functions the language provides, it is essential to know the Unicode specification. For instance, a program that assumes there is only uppercase and lowercase is making a wrong assumption.
The documentation does not mention, but a closing semicolon at the end of the heredoc is actually interpreted as a real semicolon, and as such, sometimes leads to syntax errors.
This works:
<?php
$foo= <<<END
abcd
END;
?>
This does not:
<?php
foo(<<<END
abcd
END;
);
// syntax error, unexpected ';'
?>
Without semicolon, it works fine:
<?php
foo(<<<END
abcd
END
);
?>In PHP 8.2 using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead:
<?php
$juice="apple";
// Valid. Explicitly specify the end of the variable name by enclosing it in braces:
echo"He drank some juice made of{$juice}s.";
?>You can use the complex syntax to put the value of both object properties AND object methods inside a string. For example...
<?php
classTest{
public$one=1;
public functiontwo() {
return2;
}
}
$test= newTest();
echo"foo{$test->one} bar{$test->two()}";
?>
Will output "foo 1 bar 2".
However, you cannot do this for all values in your namespace. Class constants and static properties/methods will not work because the complex syntax looks for the '$'.
<?php
classTest{
constONE=1;
}
echo"foo {Test::ONE} bar";
?>
This will output "foo {Test::one} bar". Constants and static properties require you to break up the string.md5('240610708') == md5('QNKCDZO')
This comparison is true because both md5() hashes start '0e' so PHP type juggling understands these strings to be scientific notation. By definition, zero raised to any power is zero.easy transparent solution for using constants in the heredoc format:
DEFINE('TEST','TEST STRING');
$const = get_defined_constants();
echo <<<END
{$const['TEST']}
END;
Result:
TEST STRING<?php
\\Example# 10 Simple Syntax - Solution for the last "echo" line.
classpeople{
public$john="John Smith";
public$jane="Jane Smith";
public$robert="Robert Paulsen";
public$smith="Smith";
}
$people= newpeople();
echo"$people->john then said hello to$people->jane.".PHP_EOL;
echo"$people->john's wife greeted$people->robert.".PHP_EOL;
echo"$people->robert greeted the two$people->smiths";
\\Won't work
\\Outputs: Robert Paulsen greeted the two
/**Solution:**\
echo "$people->robert greeted the two $people->smith\x08s";
\\Will work
\\Outputs: Robert Paulsen greeted the two Smiths
?>Here is a possible gotcha related to oddness involved with accessing strings by character past the end of the string:
$string = 'a';
var_dump($string[2]); // string(0) ""
var_dump($string[7]); // string(0) ""
$string[7] === ''; // TRUE
It appears that anything past the end of the string gives an empty string.. However, when E_NOTICE is on, the above examples will throw the message:
Notice: Uninitialized string offset: N in FILE on line LINE
This message cannot be specifically masked with @$string[7], as is possible when $string itself is unset.
isset($string[7]); // FALSE
$string[7] === NULL; // FALSE
Even though it seems like a not-NULL value of type string, it is still considered unset.Leading zeroes in strings are (least-surprise) not treated as octal.
Consider:
$x = "0123" + 0;
$y = 0123 + 0;
echo "x is $x, y is $y"; //prints "x is 123, y is 83"
in other words:
* leading zeros in numeric literals in the source-code are interpreted as "octal", c.f. strtol().
* leading zeros in strings (eg user-submitted data), when cast (implicitly or explicitly) to integer are ignored, and considered as decimal, c.f. strtod().Simple function to create human-readably escaped double-quoted strings for use in source code or when debugging strings with newlines/tabs/etc.
<?php
functiondoubleQuote($str) {
$ret='"';
for ($i=0,$l=strlen($str);$i<$l; ++$i) {
$o=ord($str[$i]);
if ($o<31||$o>126) {
switch ($o) {
case9:$ret.='\t'; break;
case10:$ret.='\n'; break;
case11:$ret.='\v'; break;
case12:$ret.='\f'; break;
case13:$ret.='\r'; break;
default:$ret.='\x'.str_pad(dechex($o),2,'0',STR_PAD_LEFT);
}
} else {
switch ($o) {
case36:$ret.='\$'; break;
case34:$ret.='\"'; break;
case92:$ret.='\\\\'; break;
default:$ret.=$str[$i];
}
}
}
return$ret.'"';
}
?>To save Your mind don't read previous comments about dates ;)
When both strings can be converted to the numerics (in ("$a" > "$b") test) then resulted numerics are used, else FULL strings are compared char-by-char:
<?php
var_dump('1.22'>'01.23');// bool(false)
var_dump('1.22.00'>'01.23.00');// bool(true)
var_dump('1-22-00'>'01-23-00');// bool(true)
var_dump((float)'1.22.00'> (float)'01.23.00');// bool(false)
?>Here is an easy hack to allow double-quoted strings and heredocs to contain arbitrary expressions in curly braces syntax, including constants and other function calls:
<?php
// Hack declaration
function_expr($v) { return$v; }
$_expr='_expr';
// Our playground
define('qwe','asd');
define('zxc',5);
$a=3;
$b=4;
functionc($a,$b) { return$a+$b; }
// Usage
echo"pre{$_expr(1+2)} post\n";// outputs 'pre 3 post'
echo"pre{$_expr(qwe)} post\n";// outputs 'pre asd post'
echo"pre{$_expr(c($a,$b)+zxc*2)} post\n";// outputs 'pre 17 post'
// General syntax is {$_expr(...)}
?>