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Results for 'mass communications'

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  1.  33
    Mass communication and nationalism: the politics of belonging and exclusion in contemporary Greece'.Roza Tsagarousianou -1997 -Res Publica 39 (2):271-280.
    This article focuses on the ways in which the prevalence of nationalist discourse in the communication process has affected political and cultural life in Greece after the end of the Cold War. It is argued that through the emergence of scientific nationalism, the enactment of public rituals, and the creation of moral panics based on media representations of ethnic/religious difference, the 'political' is simplified allowing no room for diversity and difference within the framework of national politics. The Greekmass (...) media have been sustaining 'official' representations of 'Greece' as a nation under threat which have been crucial in the formation and maintenance of public attitudes regarding both ethno-religious minorities within Greece, and ethnic and religious groups in neighbouring countries and have undermined the formation and maintenance of public spaces for representation and identity negotiation, independent from state institutions or the party system. (shrink)
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  2.  16
    Mass Communication and the 'Nationalisation' of the Public Sphere in Former Yugoslavia.Spyros A. Walgrave -1997 -Res Publica 39 (2):259-270.
    Although the quasi-confederal character of Yugoslavia, especially after the introduction of its 1974 constitution did not encourage the development of a genuine Yugoslavian public sphere wherepublic debate could transcend ethnic and republic divisions, it nevertheless allowed the formation of what could be called Yugoslav cultural space, a space within which social and political actors forged their identities regardless of the ethnic or national diversity that characterised their membership. However, the existence of this 'space' had a limited impact in Yugoslav politics (...) partly due to the breakdown of inter-republic communication and the fragmentation of the Yugoslavianmass media. This paper traces the process of disintegration of the Yugoslav cultural space and the emergence of national 'public spheres' in the republics and provinces of former Yugoslavia and attempts to assess the role of themass media and cultural institutions in these developments by identifying the key strategies of representation employed in the process of the fragmentation and 'nationalisation' of the public sphere of former Yugoslavia. (shrink)
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  3.  340
    Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future.Stanley J. Baran &Dennis K. Davis -1995 - Wadsworth Publishing Company.
    This new edition of Baran and Davis's successful text provides a comprehensive, historically based, introduction tomass communication theory. Clearly written with examples, graphics, and other materials to illustrate key theories, this edition traces the emergence of two main bodies ofmass communication theory: social, behavioral and critical, cultural. The authors emphasize that media theories are human creations that typically are intended to address specific problems or issues.
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  4.  83
    Ethical considerations inmasscommunications research.Gina M. Garramone &J. David Kennamer -1989 -Journal of Mass Media Ethics 4 (2):174 – 185.
    Mass communication researchers face ethical dilemmas during the course of their work, and those dilemmas are more than the trilogy of informed consent, deception, and privacy. As part of a project for the Association for Education in Journalism andMass Communication, we surveyed members of the association's Communication Theory and Methodology Division. Researchers, in an open?ended question at the end of the survey, said their concerns about ethics in research ranged from journal publication practices to proprietary research.
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  5.  102
    Mass Communication: Dilemmas for Sociology.Rolf Meyersohn -1969 -Diogenes 17 (68):138-155.
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  6.  45
    Mass Communication and the Culture of Death.William Oddie -2006 -The Chesterton Review 32 (3/4):365-371.
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  7. Mass Communication and 'Nationalisation'of the Public Sphere in Former Yugoslavia.S. A. Sofos -1997 -Res Publica 39 (2).
  8.  13
    Theory and Research inMass Communication: Contexts and Consequences.David K. Perry -1996 - Routledge.
    This book is a product of the cultural, economic, political, and social environments during the early and mid-1990s in the United States. Designed for media consumers as well as future practitioners, it illustrates the actual and potential social consequences of the media, and media theory and research. Today, somemass communication programs are offering advanced undergraduate classes in an effort to appeal to the widespread interest inmass communication issues among students in all majors. This text, with its (...) emphasis on research concerning topics such as public opinion and the impact of media violence, is intended to fit in well with those efforts. (shrink)
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  9.  19
    Habermas,mass communication technology and the future of the public sphere.Mark Jacob Amiradakis -2019 -South African Journal of Philosophy 38 (2):149-165.
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  10.  116
    The Play Theory ofMass Communication.William Stephenson -1967 - Transaction Publishers.
    The literature onmass communication is now dominated by "objective sociological "approaches. What makes the work of Stephenson so unusual is his starting points: his frank willingness to adopt a "subjective "and "psychological "approach to the study ofmass communication. In short, this is an internal analysis of how communication processes are absorbed by individuals. The theory of play is not a doctrine of frivolity, but rather a way in which Stephenson gets at such sensitive areas of communication (...) theory as what is screened out and why. Without a notion of the play element in communication one would be led to imagine that every televised docudrama would be immediately lived out by every adolescent. Clearly, this is not the case. People can distinguish quite well between imaginary and real events inmass communication contexts. "The Play Theory ofMass Communication "is a work that studies subjective play, how communication serves the cause of self-enhancement and personal pleasure, and the role of entertainment as an end in itself. In short, for those who are tired of cliche-ridden volumes on the political hidden messages and meanings of communication, or the economic management of media decisions, this volume will come as a refreshment, a piece of entertainment as well as instruction. But with all the emphasis "on "aspects, Stephenson's volume is shrewdly political. He takes up themes ranging from the reduction! of international tensions to the happily alienated worker to such pedestrian events as the reporting of foreign Soviet dignitaries in their visits to democratic cultures. This is, in short, an urbane, wise book--sophisticated in its methodology and critical in its theorizing. (shrink)
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  11.  19
    Experiments onMass Communication.A. A. Lumsdaine &C. I. Hovland -2017 - Princeton University Press.
    Volume III in the series Studies in Social Psychology in World War II. The Army proved to be a worldwide laboratory for film research and research on other means of getting across both technical information and indoctrination. Findings are of direct importance to film-makers, educators. Originally published in 1971. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these (...) important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905. (shrink)
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  12.  42
    What Is Race? UNESCO,mass communication and human genetics in the early 1950s.Jenny Bangham -2015 -History of the Human Sciences 28 (5):80-107.
    What Is Race? Evidence from Scientists (1952) is a picture book for schoolchildren published by UNESCO as part of its high-profile campaign on race. The 87-page, oblong, soft-cover booklet contains bold, semi-abstract, pared-down images accompanied by text, devised (so it declared) to make scientific concepts ‘more easily intelligible to the layman’. Produced by UNESCO’s Department ofMass Communication, the picture book represents the organization’s early-postwar confidence in the power of scientific knowledge as a social remedy and diplomatic tool. In (...) keeping with a significant component of the race campaign, What Is Race? presented genetics as the route to an enlightened, scientific, non-prejudiced understanding of race. This article seeks to explain the book’s management, aesthetics and framing in the context of postwar disciplinary and international politics. Viewing UNESCO’s race campaign as a high point for an internationalist ideology ofmass education, this article also analyses the visual and literary arguments of What Is Race? and proposes that the enduring image of genetics as technical and neutral knowledge was in part shaped by UNESCO’s efforts to communicate scientific authority to an apparently ‘popular’ audience. (shrink)
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  13.  20
    Processes of inclusion inmass communication: A new perspective in media research.Tilmann Sutter -2005 -Communications 30 (4):431-444.
    Concepts of interaction theory play a central role in media research that deals with the relationship between media offerings and media reception. They cover the diverse activities of media users as well as the adaptation strategies utilized ofmass communication. The first part of this article briefly describes where these broad and poorly defined concepts of interaction can be found in different areas of media research. One of the problems is deciding in which cases media communication can be analyzed (...) using interaction models. Another problem is the lack of differentiation between how people deal with media offerings and how media offerings refer to their users. The second part of the article develops a new perspective in media research, which allows the aspects mentioned above to be assigned to processes of media socialization on the one hand, or to the inclusion bymass communication on the other hand. On this basis new research projects can be designed that represent a necessary addition to the established analysis of media reception and media socialization. This research focuses on processes of inclusion as they can be observed inmasscommunications, mainly in television. This new component of a sociological media theory demonstrates howmass communication itself is able to create an image of its addressees and, in this way, adapt to an anonymous public. (shrink)
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  14. RHODES,MassCommunications and the Spirit of Man. [REVIEW]A. J. Long -1959 -Hibbert Journal 58:89.
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  15.  93
    (1 other version)Mass, community, communion.Georges Gurvitch -1941 -Journal of Philosophy 38 (18):485-496.
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  16.  35
    The narrative of parents.MiliMass -1996 -Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 26 (4):423–442.
    A conception of parental experience is proposed to enhance the move of the study of parenting into the interpersonal realm by describing parental subjectivity from the parent's point of view. Explanations are based on that which the parent can be accountable for, on parental dialogues with observers/clinicians about their dialogues with their infants. This conception of parental subjectivity is compared with other conceptions which define parental subjectivity as the mental apparatus of the parent and not as representing the evolving relation (...) of the parent with the infant, and with explanations which consider parental reports in terms of the parent's psychodynamics and cognitive abilities rather than in terms of the on-going dialogues between themselves and their infants. The paper introduces a typology of parental dialogues with observers/clinicians about their dialogues with their infants, within the context of the non-verbal nature of the infant's communication. The findings from empirical examinations of this typology are presented, and their implications for the proposal that the study of parental relations with their infants should consider the parent's accountability are discussed. (shrink)
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  17.  26
    Introduction: Mobile phones andmasscommunications.Peter Glotz,Stefan Bertschi &Chris Locke -2006 -Knowledge, Technology & Policy 19 (2):3-6.
  18.  12
    An Interactive Model ofMass Communication Systems.Thomas L. McPhail -1976 -Communications 2 (1):55-62.
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  19.  38
    Social representations andmass communication research.Michel-Louis Rouquette -1996 -Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 26 (2):221–231.
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  20.  27
    Culture,Mass Communication and Social Agency.Andrew Tudor -1995 -Theory, Culture and Society 12 (1):81-107.
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  21.  75
    The Effects ofMass Communication on Political Behavior.Sidney Kraus -1976 - Pennsylvania State University Press.
    The work is based on a two-year analytic review of the literature followed by a one-year synthesis of the findings. The one-year synthesis of the findings. The result, in the words of a pre-publication reviewer, "is an attempt to redirect research in this whole area by examining the demonstrated utility of various approaches, urging that we discard some and adopt others as promising." _The Effects ofMass Communication on Political Behavior_ will be indispensable for all students of communication, political (...) behavior, speech, journalism, political sociology, and social psychology. (shrink)
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  22.  54
    Proximity and distance: Moral education andmass communication.Andrew Stables -1998 -Journal of Philosophy of Education 32 (3):399–407.
    The renewed interest in moral education in Britain has taken only limited cognisance of contemporary social conditions, particularly regardingmasscommunications and the revolution in information technology. These have had the effect of reducing distance to proximity and have left individuals with choices in areas where no choice formerly existed. It can, however, be argued that moral issues have always been concerned with choices concerning proximity and distance. Thus the proximity/distance polarity serves as a useful conceptual framework for (...) many aspects of moral education in schools, though one which is problematised by both poststructuralist thinking and developments inmass communication. (shrink)
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  23.  59
    “Presentation” and “representation” of contents as principles of media convergence: A model of rhetorical narrativity of interactive multimedia design inmass communication with a case study of the digital edition of the New York Times.Fee-Alexandra Haase -2019 -Semiotica 2019 (226):89-106.
    This article presents a model and a case study of the narrative structures that are present in the interactive media design of multimedia applications in themass media. As basic categories for the history and structure of media, we employ the model of the modes of the physical, analog, and digital presentation/representation. In this case study of the online edition of the New York Times, we have the case of a newspaper that in the digital edition employs multi-media applications. (...) Contrasting the traditional concept of “narrativity” with the current status quo of the digital media outlets, we will examine the specific conditions of the multimedia applications in themass media with this sample case of the New York Times. As narrative structure of interactive design in multimedia formass communication, we analyze the types of narrative media and general narrativity in the New York Times with the background of its processes of interactivity and media convergence. (shrink)
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  24.  33
    Marsh, Mesa, and mountain: Evolution of the contemporary study of ethics of journalism andmass communication in north America.Edmund B. Lambeth -1988 -Journal of Mass Media Ethics 3 (2):20 – 25.
    In summarizing key developments in the study of ethics in journalism andmass communication, problems and opportunities for the future are identified. Major activities contributing to the ethics study trend include a succession of specialized books, a journal, workshops, courses, and student writing contests. These achievements have pulled journalism ethics from the marsh of neglect to a flatland of consciousness, with a four?tiered mountain remaining to be scaled that will propel mainstream communication ethicists into the arena with a growing (...) number of critical theorists and a thrust of critical scholarship. (shrink)
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  25.  13
    The “empirical vocation” of the semiotics of Umberto Eco in his works on the media andmass communication.Stefano Traini -2022 -Semiotica 2022 (245):175-192.
    In this article, I attempt to set out and discuss the main trajectories of Umberto Eco’s thinking on the media andmass communication, based on a review of the author’s writings on these subjects. What emerges from the study is Eco’s attention to the public and to forms of reception; his attention to the relationship between media communication and reality, which involves investigating the concept of “truth” in an area such as that ofmass communication; his cross-media view (...) of information, seen from a pluralistic and polyphonic viewpoint; the ethical tension that is always present in Eco’s work; his unfailing propensity for teaching. What emerges above all is the way in which the theoretical and practical tools used by Eco were developed in the context of reflections on the media andmass communication: an indication that alongside its “philosophical vocation,” Eco’s semiotics was always characterized also by an essential “empirical vocation.”. (shrink)
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  26.  35
    Theories ofMass Communication.Thomas H. Guback &Melvin L. DeFleur -1968 -Journal of Aesthetic Education 2 (2):135.
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  27.  11
    The Role ofMassCommunications in Economic and Educational Exchange in the Caribbean.Linda D. Quander -1989 -Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 9 (2-3):150-152.
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  28.  13
    The Command Post Point of View in LocalMassCommunications Systems.E. L. Quarantelli -1981 -Communications 7 (1):57-74.
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  29. Implications of Audience Ethics for theMass communicator.James Aucoin -1996 -Journal of Mass Media Ethics 11:69-81.
     
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  30.  16
    Identity in the Context of Spectacular Forms ofMass Communication.Т Шелупахіна -2024 -Philosophical Horizons 48:40-48.
    The modern era is characterised by global changes based on the acceleration and continuous «incitement» of civilisational processes. The complex collisions of life were reflected in the public consciousness by the actualisation of the identity problem, which acquired special significance. Therefore, many reasons can be given, but we will emphasise only such. First, the existing anthropological situation is marked by all the signs of novelty and unusualness; social life reveals a steady tendency to weaken individual identifications with traditional (ethnos) and (...) modern (nation) communities. Secondly, in a situation where ethnic and national factors of identification are blurred, society becomes quite fragmented; under such conditions, a person exists at the intersection of local cultures, in an open cultural space, surrounded by a multitude of cultural forms, lifestyles, and traditions; all these forms become significant for a person at the same time and require ordering. Thirdly, the cultural self-determination of a modern person requires the interpretation of those models of cultural existence that represent other communities and the establishment of an individual relationship with them. Thus, identification processes in modern society, on the one hand, become problematic; on the other hand, they act as a driving force of cultural development. The purpose and task of the article are to study identity issues in the context of spectacular forms ofmass communication. The research task is to analyse specific forms ofmass visual production, ready-made visual images (images, brands, lifestyles) associated with the production of the phenomenon of «partial» identity. Research methodology. The application of the phenomenological method for revealing the content of human identity and the specificity of the phenomenon of human identification in modern society was important for this article. The theoretical basis of the article is also made up of approaches that emphasise the ontological openness of human existence, the universal significance of communicative interaction about human subjectivity, and the influence of spectacular forms on the construction of human identity. The results.In modern scientific discourse, the key term «identity» denotes a set of phenomena that cannot be reduced exclusively to psychological or socio-psychological forms; therefore, the following components are inherent in the phenomena of identity: a). – complex cognitive and figurative content; b). – a variable cultural component that changes due to many life factors, such as ethnic, speech, religious, political, professional, informational, gender, and virtual differences. We propose to consider «hyper-real reality» from the point of view of a special spectacular form ofmass communication; the entire set of modern media resources is aimed at creating this form. In the conditions of the spread of spectacular forms ofmass communication to all spheres of human life, popular images, lifestyles, and well-known brands become effective identification factors. At the same time, these factors are closely related. For example, acquiring a popular image and desired lifestyle by a person requires the consumption of positional goods and services. The production of such positional goods and services is aimed at meeting the needs of those groups of consumers who strive to be different from others in terms of level and quality of life.Many positional goods and services offered by global manufacturers and actively promoted on the market with the help of brands are created to meet urgent life needs and satisfy a certain human dream. Modern marketing strategies, represented in brands, contain certain signs of spectacular models ofmass communication.Appealing to human feelings and inciting imagination, brands present the worlds of high fashion, entertainment and leisure as those that imitate the signs of the real world, creating the illusion of fulfilling desires. Therefore, the task of well-known brands as identification factors consists of the unification of personal meanings, goals, and desires, with the further transformation into one artificially narrowed meaning and one general need for material consumption. Conclusions.The article analyses specific forms ofmass visual production, visual images, such as images, lifestyles, brands; in the conditions of the spread of spectacular forms ofmass communication to all spheres of human life, these images become effective factors of «partial» identification; their task consists in the unification of personal meanings, goals and desires, followed by their transformation into one artificially narrowed meaning, into one general need for material consumption; it is believed that the conducted research on identity issues in the context of spectacular forms ofmass communication will contribute to the development of scientific strategies and concepts of identity formation, will help to work out philosophical problems related to personal existence, creativity, and self-development. (shrink)
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  31.  23
    Beyond the Moral Panic: Aids, theMass Media andMass Communication Research.Roger Dickinson -1990 -Communications 15 (1-2):21-36.
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  32.  8
    An Alternative Approach to the Study of Source Effects inMASS Communication.Alex S. Edelstein -1978 -Communications 4 (1):71-90.
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  33.  11
    ‘Voice of the People’: documentary andmass communication.David Chaney -1980 -Communications 6 (1):3-16.
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  34.  21
    Communication Policy and Theory: Current Perspectives onMass Communication Research.Dudley D. Cahn &Carl R. Bybee -1985 -Communications 11 (2):7-24.
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  35. DL LeMahieu, A Culture for Democracy:mass communication and the cultivated mind in Britain between the wars, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988,£ 35.00, x+ 396 pp. [REVIEW]Mark Yount -1991 -History of the Human Sciences 4 (1):145.
     
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  36.  27
    Man and Media. The History ofMass Communication. Vol. I. [REVIEW]Hans-Martin Kirchner -1986 -Philosophy and History 19 (2):162-162.
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  37.  14
    The Process and Effects ofMass Communication. [REVIEW]John K. Worden -1974 -Journal of Aesthetic Education 8 (1):122.
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  38.  15
    Communicative and Cognitive Dimensions of Discourse on Science in the FrenchMass Media.Sophie Moirand -2003 -Discourse Studies 5 (2):175-206.
    The emergence of a `new' discourse on science in connection with events to do with the environment, food safety or public health has caused questions to be raised concerning the suitability of the triangular communication model generally applied to scientific popularization, i.e. in which there is an `intermediary' discourse plying between science and the general public. This `traditional' discourse would appear, then, to co-exist alongside the new discourse. The pragmatic functions of these two separate discourses on science are compared here (...) by looking at the linguistic and discursive variations which characterize their communicative and cognitive dimensions. In the new discourse on science, which has come to light over the past few years, the strict task of `popularizing' appears to have been dropped in favour of explaining the social stakes of the issues in question: thus the typically didactic and scientific nature of the cognitivo-discursive category, explanation can be seen to make way for a different type of explanation, which uses an interdiscursive memory bank built upon the productions of themass media destined for the general public. (shrink)
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  39.  126
    Reviews : D. L. LeMahieu, A Culture for Democracy:mass communication and the cultivated mind in Britain between the wars, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, £35.00, x + 396 pp. [REVIEW]Paddy Scannell -1991 -History of the Human Sciences 4 (1):145-148.
  40.  45
    Transparency,mass media, ideology and community.Roger Cotterrell -1999 -Cultural Values 3 (4):414-426.
    The claim that media ‘simulate’ political transparency is misleading. It suggests that the ‘simulated’ exists in opposition to the ‘real’ or ‘true’ and, in turn, that transparency should give access to a political reality or ‘truth’ otherwise distorted. This truth or reality is, however, illusory. Transparency should be seen as a process of requiring persons in relations of community with others to account for their actions, understandings and commitments as regards matters directly relevant to those relations. Such an approach denies (...) any simple public‐private divide, emphasises breach of trust in relations of community as the justification for publicising personal conduct and circumstances, and treats scandal as the public revelation of these breaches of trust. (shrink)
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  41.  18
    Communication, presse etmass media dans l’entreprise.Dimitri Weiss -1978 -Communications 4 (3):319-338.
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  42. Communication de masse et rythmes de prose dans Luc/Actes.F. Siegert -1994 -Revue D'Histoire Et de Philosophie Religieuses 74 (2):113-127.
     
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  43.  40
    McQuail, D. & Deuze, M. (2020). McQuail’s Media &Mass Communication Theory (seventh edition). London: SAGE. 672 pp. [REVIEW]Stijn Joye -2023 -Communications 48 (2):342-343.
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  44.  3
    Digital era: frommass media towards amass of media.Žygintas Pečiulis -2016 -Filosofija. Sociologija 27 (3).
    We live in a digital era, which can be described in various aspects: the digitalization of analogue information storage, the emergence of web society, the replacement of the verticalmass communication model with horizontal social networks, the decrease in the influence of traditional media. The article deals with the main characteristics of the digital era: interactivity, momentariness, hypertextuality, and convergence. The discussion of social network phenomenon and traditional media crisis serves in revealing the following relevant issues of the information (...) space: the information content creation, dissemination, economic models, and changes in consumer behaviour. The oppositions between information reliability, freedom of speech, sociability and individuality are highlighted. (shrink)
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  45.  77
    Toward a critique of systematically distorting communication technology: Habermas, baudrillard, andmass media.Drew Pierce -2006 -Social Philosophy Today 22:89-102.
    Since seminal essays like Adorno’s ‘The Culture Industry’ and Benjamin’s ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,’ themass media has been of central concern for Critical Theory. Yet Critical Theorists have produced relatively little in the way of systematic analysis of the concrete institutions ofmass communication. Early on, Habermas seemed to be headed in this direction, especially with the publication of The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. However, in Habermas’s later years, this (...) concern is eclipsed, on the one hand by an ideal theory of communication which says relatively little about non-ideal institutions that “systematically distort” communication, and on the other hand by an increasing focus on properly “political” institutions and the formal structure of law, exemplified by his later work Between Facts and Norms. In this essay, I will show how the colonization of public space by private interests, via technological media, remains sorely under-theorized in Habermas’s work, and that this is not just a peripheral oversight but a central problem that Habermas fails to resolve. I will then give some preliminary suggestions as to how one might expand and develop the critique of systematically distorted communication in more fruitful directions by developing the idea of a politics of meaning. My argument is located within the extensive discussion generated by the relatively recent translation of The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere into English, which has produced many useful and important criticisms. (shrink)
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  46.  20
    Science, Politics, and theMass Media: On Biased Communication of Environmental Issues.Nils Roll-Hansen -1994 -Science, Technology and Human Values 19 (3):324-341.
    When environmental science acts by enlightenment rather than instrumental use, that is, by changing the aims and values of politics rather than its means, adequate communi cation to the general public is crucially important. Based on the study of two issues, forest death from acid rain and the size of whale stocks, this article shows how the "constraints" of commercialmass media can be contrary to the task of enlightenment. It is also argued that skeptical and relativist views of (...) science contribute indirectly to bias by undermining criticism. (shrink)
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  47.  16
    Les formes de la communication. De l’échange confidentiel à la communication de masse.Francis Balle -1987 -Communications 13 (1):71-82.
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  48. Personalisation inMass Media Communication: British Online News between Public and Private.[author unknown] -2014
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  49.  14
    Mass Media and Communication.Thomas H. Guback &Charles S. Steinberg -1969 -Journal of Aesthetic Education 3 (1):131.
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  50.  53
    The Community-Level Consequences ofMass Incarceration. Clear -2011 -Journal of Catholic Social Thought 8 (1):61-76.
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