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- A Homeric metaphor cluster describing teeth, tongue, and words.R. D. Griffith -1995 -American Journal of Philology 116 (1):1-5.
- Post‐Trial Access to Antiretrovirals: Who Owes What to Whom?Joseph Millum -2011 -Bioethics 25 (3):145-154.ABSTRACT Many recent articles argue that participants who seroconvert during HIV prevention trials deserve treatment when they develop AIDS, and there is a general consensus that the participants in HIV/aids treatment trials should have continuing post‐trial access. As a result, the primary concern of many ethicists and activists has shifted from justifying an obligation to treat trial participants, to working out mechanisms through which treatment could be provided. In this paper I argue that this shift frequently conceals an important assumption: (...) that if there is an obligation to supply treatment, then any party who could provide it may be prevailed upon to discharge the obligation. This assumption is false. The reasons why trial participants should get ART affect who has the duty to provide it. We should not burden governments with the obligations of sponsors, nor researchers with the obligations of the international community. And we should not deprive a group of treatment because their need is less salient than that of research participants. Insisting otherwise may lead to people being wrongfully deprived of access to antiretrovirals. (shrink)
- Age at onset and causes of disease.Barton Childs &Charles R. Scriver -1985 -Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 29 (3 Pt 1):437-460.
- [Physical exercises and the curing of the mind during the 18th and 19th centuries].S. Fauché -1998 -Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 52 (2):285-305.No categories
- How IRBs make decisions: should we worry if they disagree?Sharon Kaur -2013 -Journal of Medical Ethics 39 (4):230-230.There is at present, far too little empirical research into the actual decision-making process of Institutional Review Boards and it is sobering to be reminded by Robert Klitzman's article that while theoretical debates might rage and prove fertile ground for new theories and better ways of approaching research ethics; ethics committee members must try to make sense of these concepts and apply them in very practical situations.1 Klitzman provides important insights into the ….
- Pseudo-Ammonius and the soul/body problem in some Platonic texts of late antiquity.J. M. Rist -1988 -American Journal of Philology 109 (3):402-415.
- Parkinsonian Rigidity: The First Hundred-and-One Years 1817-1918.Francis Schiller -1986 -History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 8 (2):221 - 236.Between James Parkinson's 'shaking palsy' and the first report of the post-encephalitic manifestation — initially not recognizable as a complication of that incipient 'Spanish flu' epidemic — it took over a hundred years to arrive at a clear appreciation and differentiation of its most disabling feature: rigidity. This paper traces the development, step by hesitant or bold step, of the pertinent ideas and terms regarding muscle tone before and after Parkinson, their basis in neuropathological advances as they were made for (...) related syndromes of basal ganglia disorders, toward the eventual clinical correlation. Chief credits, after Sauvages, must go to Charcot for emphasizing the increase in muscle tone, and to Kinnier Wilson for establishing the extrapyramidal connection. (shrink)
- How IRBs view and make decisions about coercion and undue influence: Table 1.Robert Klitzman -2013 -Journal of Medical Ethics 39 (4):224.Introduction Scholars have debated how to define coercion and undue influence, but how institutional review boards (IRBs) view and make decisions about these issues in actual cases has not been explored. Methods I contacted the leadership of 60 US IRBs (every fourth one in the list of the top 240 institutions by National Institutes of Health funding), and interviewed 39 IRB leaders or administrators from 34 of these institutions (response rate=55%), and 7 members. Results IRBs wrestled with defining of ‘coercion’ (...) and ‘undue inducement’, most notably in deciding about participant compensation. IRBs often use these terms synonymously and define undue inducement in varying ways, often wrestling with these issues, relying on ‘gut feelings’, and seeking compromises. Ambiguities arose, partly reflecting underlying tensions: whether subjects should ‘get paid’ versus ‘volunteer’ (ie, whether subjects should be motivated by compensation vs altruism), and whether subjects should be paid differently based on income, given possible resultant selection bias. Lack of consistent standards emerged between and even on single IRBs. Questions arose concerning certain aspects and types of studies; for example, how to view and weigh providing free care in research, whether and how recruitment flyers should mention compensation, and how to avoid coercion in paediatric, developing world, or students research. Conclusions These data, the first to probe qualitatively how IRBs view and approach questions about coercion, undue influence and participant compensation, and to examine how IRBs have reviewed actual cases, reveal several critical ambiguities and dilemmas, and have vital implications for future practice, education, policy and research. (shrink)
- Awareness of action: Inference and prediction.James Moore -2008 -Consciousness and Cognition 17 (1):136-144.This study investigates whether the conscious awareness of action is based on predictive motor control processes, or on inferential “sense-making” process that occur after the action itself. We investigated whether the temporal binding between perceptual estimates of operant actions and their effects depends on the occurrence of the effect (inferential processes) or on the prediction that the effect will occur (predictive processes). By varying the probability with which a simple manual action produced an auditory effect, we showed that both the (...) actual and the predicted occurrence of the effect played a role. When predictability of the effect of action was low, temporal binding was found only on those trials where the auditory effect occurred. In contrast, when predictability of the effect of action was high, temporal binding occurred even on trials where the action produced no effect. Further analysis showed that the predictive process is modulated by recent experience of the action-effect relation. We conclude that the experience of action depends on a dynamic combination of predictive and inferential processes. (shrink)
- Biomedical ethics in Europe--a need for the POBS?R. Gillon -1993 -Journal of Medical Ethics 19 (1):3-4.
- The donor doctor's dilemma.Bryan Jennett -1975 -Journal of Medical Ethics 1 (2):63-66.Professor Jennett first defines the term `brain death' and the problems arising from a diagnosis of death, some the result of recent technological advances. The diagnosis is not necessarily connected with donor transplants, although in the popular mind this is still so. The criteria for establishing brain death and the sources of potential error in this diagnosis are outlined. The diagnosis of brain death can be made confidently, as is already common practice, and this should become standard good medical practice.
- (1 other version)Finder's fees may compromise the provider-patient relationship.Helen McGough -1990 -IRB: Ethics & Human Research 13 (1-2):23-23.
- Diagnosis as narrative in ancient literature.L. T. Pearcy -1992 -American Journal of Philology 113 (4):595-616.
- In defence of academic freedom: bioethics journals under siege.Udo Schüklenk -2013 -Journal of Medical Ethics 39 (5):303-306.This article analyses, from a bioethics journal editor's perspective, the threats to academic freedom and freedom of expression that academic bioethicists and academic bioethics journals are subjected to by political activists applying pressure from outside of the academy. I defend bioethicists’ academic freedom to reach and defend conclusions many find offensive and ‘wrong’. However, I also support the view that academics arguing controversial matters such as, for instance, the moral legitimacy of infanticide should take clear responsibility for the views they (...) defend and should not try to hide behind analytical philosophers’ rationales such as wanting to test an argument for the sake of testing an argument. This article proposes that bioethics journals establish higher-quality requirements and more stringent mechanisms of peer review than usual for iconoclastic articles. (shrink)
- The body and its representations in Aristophanes' thesmophoriazousai: Where does the costume end?Eva Stehle -2002 -American Journal of Philology 123 (3):369-406.In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:American Journal of Philology 123.3 (2002) 369-406 [Access article in PDF] The Body And Its Representations In Aristophanes' Thesmophoriazousai:Where Does The Costume End? Eva Stehle Aristophanes' Thesmophoriazousaiis a rich and funny play, but it gives the impression of lacking a sustained point. Theater directors can happily stage it, subverting Aristophanes by casting women and recasting the text to speak to modern disputes over gender, sex, and politics, as Mary-Kay (...) Gamel has done so wonderfully (see her article in this volume). But the student of comedy who wishes to study the play in the context of its original production in 411, probably at the City Dionysia, has a harder time. Because it has no overt political theme it was for long passed over as a paignion, an escape from relevance in the tense atmosphere of that spring. As a "woman play" it seems less satisfactory than Lysistrata or Ekklesiazousai because it has no female lead character and Euripides' nameless kinsman (whom I call "Inlaw") upstages the women and their concerns. 1 With the current interest in performance and the metatheatrical aspects of comedy, Thesmophoriazousai has finally come into its own as a sly dialogue on theater and ritual, comedy versus tragedy, and gender. 2 But the older view remains in effect that the play has no politics. At the same time, it is assimilated to Aristophanes' other plays in its thematics, while its striking anomalies go unremarked. As a result, it still does not quite come into focus. [End Page 369]As a play about ritual and theater, Thesmophoriazousai is said to absorb women's ritual and restage it within its own festival setting at the City Dionysia. Yet this is the only one of Aristophanes' surviving plays in which the principal male characters exit the stage before the end of the play. Here they flee, in female dress to boot, leaving the chorus to play out the final scene with the Scythian slave. 3 Euripides and Inlaw do not share in the fun of sending the slave running in one wrong direction then another. And the play ends as it began, on Nesteia, the day of fasting for the women performing the Thesmophoria. 4 No revelry brings on the transition to feast and renewal that the audience probably expected. No procession points the way to a new instauration created by the comedy. 5 Given the importance of processions in Athenian life as an expression of community revival, this is a speaking absence. 6As a play about tragedy and comedy, Thesmophoriazousai is said to show the triumph of comedy over tragedy as the more encompassing and flexible art form. The plots of tragedy fail to rescue Inlaw, while a comic plot succeeds: Euripides brings on a dancing girl, Elaphion, who seduces the Scythian slave away for sex while Euripides frees Inlaw. But Euripides' final trick is no comic plot. In the Aristophanic comic plot the [End Page 370] hero wins a desirable young woman, often one whose name promises new fertility, peace, or power; he does not give one away to the blocking figure. 7 Euripides also capitulates to the women, promising never to speak ill of them again. Only by relinquishing both triumph and sex (and thereby also festivity) does he salvage his poor kinsman's life. Euripides' plot fit for a "barbarian nature" (1129) is rather a farcical version of his own rescue-play plot: like Helen and Andromeda it involves deceiving the blocking figure, which allows the principals to escape while leaving others (chorus or a god) to thwart the chase. But its success is based on abandoning pure representation and giving the "real" (within the world of the play) woman away to the internal audience in order to rescue a pseudo-woman.As for gender representation in the play, most analysis holds that men prevail. Different commentators take Aristophanes to be revealing that women on stage are all really men, or questioning what a woman really is since she is the very figure of mimesis, or showing that women deserve... (shrink)
- "He got his last wishes": ways of knowing a loved one's end-of-life preferences and whether those preferences were honored.A. R. Wittich,B. R. Williams,F. A. Bailey,L. L. Woodby &K. L. Burgio -2013 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 24 (2):113-124.As a patient approaches death, family members often are asked about their loved one’s preferences regarding treatment at the end of life. Advance care directives may provide information for families and surrogate decision makers; however, less than one-third of Americans have completed such documents. As the U.S. population continues to age, many surrogate decision makers likely will rely on other means to discern or interpret a loved one’s preferences. While many surrogates indicate that they have some knowledge of their loved (...) one’s preferences, how surrogates obtain such knowledge is not well understood. Additionally, although research indicates that the emotional burden of end-of-life decision making is diminished when surrogates have knowledge that a loved one’s preferences are honored, it remains unclear how surrogates come to know these preferences were carried out. The current study examined the ways that next of kin knew veterans’ end-of-life preferences, and their ways of knowing whether those preferences were honored in Veteran Affairs Medical Center inpatient settings. (shrink)
- The best place for bare-knuckled ethics.Edmund G. Howe -2013 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 24 (1):3-10.In the documentary Boston Med, patients, their family members, and their careproviders agree to be filmed in real medical situations. Why would they do this? The possible answers to this question may help us to make sense of the paradoxical results of a recent study, in which patients with terminal illness ranked their careproviders highly for communication, even though the patients had failed to learn that they had a fatal illness. Based on this analysis, I offer careproviders a practical approach (...) they can use to improve communication with patients, particularly to help patients to feel less alone. This same approach can also be applied in bioethics consultation. (shrink)
- Repetitive foreign body ingestion: ethical considerations.S. Lytle,S. J. Stagno &B. Daly -2013 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 24 (2):91-97.The treatment of persons who frequently present to the healthcare system following repetitive foreign body ingestion has been addressed in the psychiatric literature. However, there has been little exploration of the ethical considerations regarding the treatment of these patients. The complexity of their medical and psychiatric presentation raises fundamental ethical questions regarding the duty to treat, patient autonomy, justice, and futility. Careful ethical analysis is particularly important in this context, since the frustration that medical professionals may feel in response may (...) lead to false assumptions that can negatively impact patient care. A careful exploration of these questions can increase awareness and understanding, which in turn can lead to improved treatment of patients who repetitively ingest foreign bodies. Care for patients who inflict self-harm, particularly by repetitive foreign body ingestion, is not futile. The patients have a right to treatment and are entitled to resources. Efforts should be made to provide a more comprehensive treatment approach to these patients. (shrink)
- Research biopsies in phase I studies: views and perspectives of participants and investigators.R. D. Pentz,R. D. Harvey,M. White,Z. L. Farmer,O. Dashevskaya,Z. Chen,C. Lewis,T. K. Owonikoko &F. R. Khuri -2012 -IRB: Ethics & Human Research 34 (2):1-8.In many research studies, tumor biopsies are an unavoidable requirement for achieving key scientific aims. Yet some commentators view mandatory research biopsies as coercive and suggest they should be optional, or at least optional until further data are obtained regarding their scientific usefulness. Further complicating the ethical picture is the fact that some research biopsies offer a potential for clinical benefit to trial participants. We interviewed and surveyed a convenience sample of participants in phase I clinical trials at a single (...) institution. Our primary aim was to describe phase I participants’ understanding of whether a research biopsy offered them the prospect of medical benefit. We also endeavored to describe participants’ views about biopsies—specifically, the benefits of biopsies, if any, and whether biopsies were acceptable, risky, or discouraged trial participation. Finally, we collected data on demographics and attitudes to see if any strong correlations with misunderstanding, acceptability, or riskiness existed. Overall, the respondents tended to view research biopsies as acceptable, though they did not succeed in identifying the lack of benefit of a research biopsy. These findings call for renewed efforts in consent conversations and documents to carefully describe the benefits, or lack thereof, of research biopsies. (shrink)
- The Fear of Forgetfulness: A Grassroots Approach to an Ethics of Alzheimer’s Disease.Stephen G. Post -1998 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 9 (1):71-80.
- Self-projection and the brain.Randy L. Buckner &Daniel C. Carroll -2007 -Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11 (2):49-57.
- Commentary on Bergman: “Yes … But”.Nancy Neveloff Dubler -2013 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 24 (1):25-31.In “Surmounting Elusive Barriers: The Case for Bioethics Mediation,” Bergman argues that professionals trained in bioethics, reluctant to acquire the skills of mediation, would better be replaced by a cadre of mediators with some bioethics knowledge, to which I respond, “yes … but.”.
- Top-down versus bottom-up attentional control: a failed theoretical dichotomy.Edward Awh,Artem V. Belopolsky &Jan Theeuwes -2012 -Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16 (8):437.Prominent models of attentional control assert a dichotomy between top-down and bottom-up control, with the former determined by current selection goals and the latter determined by physical salience. This theoretical dichotomy, however, fails to explain a growing number of cases in which neither current goals nor physical salience can account for strong selection biases. For example, equally salient stimuli associated with reward can capture attention, even when this contradicts current selection goals. Thus, although 'top-down' sources of bias are sometimes defined (...) as those that are not due to physical salience, this conception conflates distinct - and sometimes contradictory - sources of selection bias. We describe an alternative framework, in which past selection history is integrated with current goals and physical salience to shape an integrated priority map. (shrink)
- From Nollet to Volta: Lavoisier and electricity.Marco Beretta -2000 -Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 54 (1):29-52.Throughout his scientific career, Lavoisier paid particular attention to the study of electricity. In the early 1760s, the French chemist was deeply influenced by Abbé Nollet's lectures as part of one of his private courses in experimental physics. Subsequently, Lavoisier always tried to apply to chemistry experiments the precision standards of physics instruments, including electrical ones. He often collaborated with Jacques-Mathurin Brisson, became friends with Benjamin Franklin, did electrical experiments with Alessandro Volta, was favorably impressed by the work of Charles-Augustin (...) Coulomb and the Academy of Sciences asked him for reports on the work on electricity of Jean-Paul Marat and other works concerning electrical phenomena. It is therefore surprising to note that, despite all this, Lavoisier published very little on electricity and that he tried to avoid discussing in detail both the coherence of electrical theories and their usefulness for research in chemistry. Faced with electricity, Lavoisier actually became hesitant and contradictory. For reasons that will be analyzed throughout my study, Lavoisier thought that electricity was a notion that could not provide much help in explaining pneumatic phenomena and, more generally, not very useful for research in chemistry. The study of electricity had been at the center of Lavoisier's attention throughout his scientific career. In the early 1760s, the French chemist was deeply influenced by the lectures delivered by the abbé Nollet in one of his private courses in experimental physics. Thereafter, Lavoisier constantly tried to apply the standards of precision of physical instruments, including electrical ones, to chemical experimentation. He frequently collaborated with Jacques-Mathurin Brisson; he became a friend of Benjamin Franklin; he did electrical experiments with Alessandro Volta; he was impressed by Charles-Augustin Coulomb's works; and he was asked by the Académie des sciences to report on Jean-Paul Marat's work on electricity, as well as on other works dealing with electrical phenomena. Against this background it is rather surprising that Lavoisier published very little on electricity, and he tried to avoid discussing in detail either the consistency of electrical theories or their utility for chemical research. When dealing with electricity, Lavoisier in fact became hesitant and contradictory. For reasons that I will discuss at some length, Lavoisier thought that electricity was a notion of little help for the explanation of pneumatic phenomena and, more generally, for chemical research. -/- . (shrink)
- What is the moral basis of the authority of family members to act as surrogates for incompetent patients?Dan W. Brock -1991 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 3 (2):121-123.
- Should careproviders go ethically "off label"?Edmund G. Howe -2008 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 20 (4):291-298.
- Using quality indicators to assess human research protection programs at the Department of Veterans Affairs.M. F. Tsan,Y. Nguyen &R. Brooks -2013 -IRB: Ethics & Human Research 35 (1):10-14.
- The threshold moment: ethical tensions surrounding decision making on tracheostomy for patients in the intensive care unit.Arvind Venkat -2013 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 24 (2):135-143.With the aging of the general population and the ability of intensivists to support patients using ventilator support, tracheostomy has become a vital tool in the medical management of critically ill patients. While much of the medical literature on tracheostomy has focused on the optimal timing of and indications for performing this procedure, little is written on the ethical tensions that can revolve around decisions by patients, surrogates, and physicians on its use. This article will elucidate the ethical dilemmas that (...) can arise surrounding the use of tracheostomy in critically ill patients and how ethics consultants and committees can approach these cases to allow resolution. (shrink)
- Developing model language for disclosing financial interests to potential clinical research participants.K. P. Weinfurt,J. S. Allsbrook,J. Y. Friedman,M. A. Dinan,M. A. Hall,K. A. Schulman &J. Sugarman -2006 -IRB: Ethics & Human Research 29 (1):1-5.As part of a larger research study, we present model language for disclosing financial interests in clinical research to potential research participants, and we describe the empirical basis and theoretical assumptions used in developing the language. The empirical process for creating appropriate disclosure language resulted in a generic disclosure statement for cases in which no risk to participants’ welfare or the scientific integrity of the research is expected, and nine more specific disclosure statements for cases in which some risk is (...) expected. The disclosure statements are not meant to be canonical, but were instead designed to reflect the typical situations in which disclosure of financial interest might be considered by an institutional review board or conflict of interest committee. Individual institutions could modify key phrases to suit their purposes, and others could use the language in future empirical work on informed consent to better refine the options for disclosing financial interests in clinical research. (shrink)
- Mental visualization of objects from cross-sectional images.Bing Wu,Roberta L. Klatzky &George D. Stetten -2012 -Cognition 123 (1):33.
- Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data?Russell A. Poldrack -2006 -Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10 (2):59-63.
- Motor Action and Emotional Memory.Daniel Casasanto &Katinka Dijkstra -2010 -Cognition 115 (1):179.
- Cognitive contributions of the ventral parietal cortex: an integrative theoretical account.Roberto Cabeza,Elisa Ciaramelli &Morris Moscovitch -2012 -Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16 (6):338-352.
- Farting for dollars: a note on Agyrrhios in Aristophanes Wealth 176.Wilfred Major -2002 -American Journal of Philology 123 (4):549-557.In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Farting for Dollars:A Note on Agyrrhios in Aristophanes Wealth 176Wilfred E. MajorEarly in aristophanes wealth,1 Khremylos and his slave, Karion, are trying to persuade the blind god of Wealth that he is the mightiest of all divinities. Men sacrifice to Zeus but for wealth. All professions exist for the pursuit of wealth. The mighty King of Persia grooms himself because of it. Karion next focuses on Athens in particular:(171)Doesn't (...) the Assembly meet because of it (wealth)?Karion follows with examples of money supporting military efforts and then returns to the formula:(174)Won't Pamphilos suffer because of it?Scholia explain that Pamphilos had a reputation, at least in comedy, for demagoguery and embezzlement. Around this time, he was facing a trial. Karion's next example is more enigmatic:(176)Doesn't Agyrrhios fart because of it?Precisely why Agyrrhios should fart on account of wealth has eluded critics and commentators. While modern scholars have long recognized that the scholia to this line contain no reliable information, interpretations still rely on the scholiasts' best guesses. Comparison with other comic [End Page 549] references to farting, however, and to Agyrrhios and his philoi, suggest that farting here refers not directly to his excessive wealth, as is generally supposed, but to his activity as a corrupt orator.Agyrrhios (PA 179, PAA 107660) is known for several key events in his political career, including his role in instituting pay for attending the Ekklesia and his generalship of 389.2 His skill in tax farming made him wealthy, but his financial dealings also landed him in prison for a time (Dem. 24.135). Why he should be associated with the troubles of wealth is clear enough, but not why he should fart on its account. The scholiasts clearly had no more context for the line than we possess now. Older scholia offer two categories of explanations for Agyrrhios' incontinence. It may have resulted from Agyrrhios' extravagant living, perhaps from the overeating characteristic of the rich. On the other hand, it may refer to Agyrrhios' sexual perversions.3 Later scholia expand on the latter explanation, probably by comparing this line with the reference to Agyrrhios' sexuality at Ecc. 102.4 In no case, however, do the scholiasts seem to operate on information unavailable to us. Indeed, modern scholars have rightly dismissed the scholia altogether but have tended to fall back on the older scholia's suggestion of farting as a mark of extravagant living.5 Confidence in this interpretation erodes in the face of comparisons with other instances of farting in Greek comedy.This explanation can appear logical enough, and it is often assumed that the reference thus fits an established typology of the overstuffed rich man farting from excess, but, in fact, there is no parallel in ancient Greek comedy for farting in this context. Forms and variations on occupy a wide semantic range in Greek comedy, but some groups and trends can be usefully demarcated. For example, the similarity [End Page 550] in sound of snoring and farting means sleeping people fart (an equation explicit at Kn. 115 and implied at Cl. 9). Farting can come as a surprise substitute in a mock religious ritual (as part of an oath at Wa. 394; as a good omen in place of a sneeze at Kn. 639). Although religious fear leads Strepsiades to fart at Cl. 293, more properly covers semantic ranges associated with fear.6 The frightening bogey Lamia, however, is associated with (Ecc. 78, 1177). Collapse from physical pain can also result in farting (Fr. 10 and 1097). Farting can accompany idleness and boredom (Ach. 30; Ecc. 464). More often, however, someone farts as part of a triumphal celebration, which may include aggressively farting on or at one's opponent (Wa. 1305; Pc. 335, 547; We. 618; Cratinus fr. 6.3; Epicrates fr. 10.29; Sosipater fr. 1.12). Isolated jokes specific to context also occur (a joke about conditions for rowers at Fr. 1074; a homely example of physics at Cl. 392; a feed for a joke about physicians at We. 699). All of these instances showcase a lower class, rustic, or foolish individual farting... (shrink)
- Payment for research participation: a coercive offer?A. Wertheimer &F. G. Miller -2008 -Journal of Medical Ethics 34 (5):389-392.Payment for research participation has raised ethical concerns, especially with respect to its potential for coercion. We argue that characterising payment for research participation as coercive is misguided, because offers of benefit cannot constitute coercion. In this article we analyse the concept of coercion, refute mistaken conceptions of coercion and explain why the offer of payment for research participation is never coercive but in some cases may produce undue inducement.
- [Natural limits versus administrative limits: when botanical geography meets politics].P. Matagne -2000 -Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 54 (4):523-541.
- Computational psychiatry.P. Read Montague,Raymond J. Dolan,Karl J. Friston &Peter Dayan -2012 -Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16 (1):72-80.
- Menstruation, Perimenopause, and Chaos Theory.Paula S. Derry &Gregory N. Derry -2012 -Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 55 (1):26-42.Theoretical paradigms, the frameworks within which thinking occurs, never capture the complexity of reality and are necessarily selective. Factors most important to understanding the phenomenon in question will be included and explained in a coherent, meaningful manner. But facts and ideas inconsistent with underlying assumptions may then appear less plausible, and, indeed, may be systematically overlooked or ignored. Health-related paradigms have practical importance because they influence what counts as a fact, what theories appear plausible and important, what research questions should (...) be pursued, and, therefore, what health-care interventions make sense. They also contain implicit underlying ideas about .. (shrink)
- The Presidential Bioethics Commission's database of human subjects research.M. Groman &J. Sugarman -2013 -IRB: Ethics & Human Research 35 (2):18-19.
- Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model.Vinod Menon -2011 -Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15 (10):483-506.
- (1 other version)[Centrifugation and the cell: the deconstruction of protoplasm between 1880 and 1910].D. Ghesquier -2001 -Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 55 (3):323-377.
- "Third generation" ethics: what careproviders should do before they do ethics.Edmund G. Howe -2010 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 21 (1):3-13.The author suggests that a “first generation” task in bioethics is to give patients the information they need; a “second generation” task is to do this in the most effective way; and a “third generation” task is to avoid harming patients by imposing value biases. The author discusses ways to pursue this third generation task.
- Finding fault: causality and counterfactuals in group attributions.Ro’I. Zultan,Tobias Gerstenberg &David A. Lagnado -2012 -Cognition 125 (3):429-440.
- Minds at rest? Social cognition as the default mode of cognizing and its putative relationship to the "default system" of the brain.Leo Schilbach,Simon B. Eickhoff,Anna Rotarska-Jagiela,Gereon R. Fink &Kai Vogeley -2008 -Consciousness and Cognition 17 (2):457--467.The “default system” of the brain has been described as a set of regions which are ‘activated’ during rest and ‘deactivated’ during cognitively effortful tasks. To investigate the reliability of task-related deactivations, we performed a meta-analysis across 12 fMRI studies. Our results replicate previous findings by implicating medial frontal and parietal brain regions as part of the “default system”.However, the cognitive correlates of these deactivations remain unclear. In light of the importance of social cognitive abilities for human beings and their (...) propensity to engage in such activities, we relate our results to findings from neuroimaging studies of social cognition. This demonstrates a remarkable overlap between the brain regions typically involved in social cognitive processes and the “default system”.We, henceforth, suggest that the physiological ‘baseline’ of the brain is intimately linked to a psychological ‘baseline’: human beings have a predisposition for social cognition as the default mode of cognizing which is implemented in the robust pattern of intrinsic brain activity known as the “default system”. (shrink)
- On the influence of causal beliefs on the feeling of agency.Andrea Desantis,Cédric Roussel &Florian Waszak -2011 -Consciousness and Cognition 20 (4):1211-1220.The sense of agency is the experience of being the origin of a sensory consequence. This study investigates whether contextual beliefs modulate low-level sensorimotor processes which contribute to the emergence of the sense of agency. We looked at the influence of causal beliefs on ‘intentional binding’, a phenomenon which accompanies self-agency. Participants judged the onset-time of either an action or a sound which followed the action. They were induced to believe that the tone was either triggered by themselves or by (...) somebody else, although, in reality, the sound was always triggered by the participants. We found that intentional binding was stronger when participants believed that they triggered the tone, compared to when they believed that another person triggered the tone. These results suggest that high-level contextual information influences sensorimotor processes responsible for generating intentional binding. (shrink)
- Sex selection and the procreative liberty framework.I. Melo-Martín -2013 -Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 23 (1):1-18.Export citation
Bookmark - Watching Boston Med.Walter M. Robinson -2013 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 24 (1):67-69.The author reflects on the ABC news documentary series Boston Med—both what it achieved, and what it could have achieved.
- How do emotion and motivation direct executive control?Luiz Pessoa -2009 -Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13 (4):160-166.
- The biological landscape of polyploidy: chromosomes under glass in the 1950s.María Jesús Santesmases -2012 -History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 35 (1):91-97.
- Hans-Jorg Rheinberger: temporality in the life sciences and beyond.S. Müller-Wille -2012 -History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 35 (1):5-7.
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General Editors:
David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Area Editors:
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Gwen Bradford
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David Chalmers
James Chase
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Jonathan Ichikawa
Monte Johnson
Michelle Kosch
Øystein Linnebo
Paul Livingston
Brandon Look
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Matthew McGrath
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