CognitiveLinguistics’ seven deadly sins.Ewa Dąbrowska -2016 -Cognitive Linguistics 27 (4):479-491.detailsName der Zeitschrift:CognitiveLinguistics Jahrgang: 27 Heft: 4 Seiten: 479-491.
Cognitive-Linguistic Difficulties in COVID-19.Louise Cummings -2023 - In Alessandro Capone & Assunta Penna,Exploring Contextualism and Performativity: The Environment Matters. Springer Verlag. pp. 141-161.detailsThe COVID-19 pandemic has brought considerable death and economic hardship to populations around the world. Yet, its legacy may be in the form of Long COVID, a condition in which individuals who have had COVID infection continue to experience symptoms often for many months after their acute illness. One group of symptoms is described by sufferers as “brain fog”. This expression captures a constellation of complaints that arecognitive-linguistic in nature, with affected individuals reporting a significant impact of these (...) problems on their occupational functioning and daily lives. This chapter reports the findings of case studies of two adults with Long COVID. Both adults enjoyed good health prior to their COVID infection. Neither was judged to be unwell enough to require hospitalization during the acute phase of their illness. Yet, they each reported an incomplete recovery and the persistence of debilitating symptoms over many months. The case studies provide a detailed account of their pre-morbid functioning and lifestyle, the onset and progression of their COVID illness, and a comprehensive analysis of their language skills. Both adults had intact structural language skills in the presence of high-level discourse difficulties. Specifically, they struggled to harness their strong skills in structural language to produce informative discourse, the transmission of which is an important pragmatic function of communication. The language profile associated with these cases of Long COVID is discussed in relation to other conditions that are assessed and treated by speech-language pathologists. (shrink)
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CLIPS (CognitiveLinguistics in Publications) Survey of collective volumes, monographs, MA, doctoral and post-doctoral theses, articles, papers and book reviews. A selected and annotated bibliography of recent publications with acognitive perspective.Rainer Schulze -1991 -Cognitive Linguistics 2 (4):369-398.detailsArticle CLIPS (CognitiveLinguistics in Publications) Survey of collective volumes, monographs, MA, doctoral and post-doctoral theses, articles, papers and book reviews. A selected and annotated bibliography of recent publications with acognitive perspective was published on January 1, 1991 in the journalCognitiveLinguistics (volume 2, issue 4).
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“CognitiveLinguistics: Looking back, looking forward”.Dagmar Divjak,Natalia Levshina &Jane Klavan -2016 -Cognitive Linguistics 27 (4):447-463.detailsName der Zeitschrift:CognitiveLinguistics Jahrgang: 27 Heft: 4 Seiten: 447-463.
What cancognitivelinguistics tell us about language-image relations? A multidimensional approach to intersemiotic convergence in multimodal texts.Javier Marmol Queralto &Christopher Hart -2021 -Cognitive Linguistics 32 (4):529-562.detailsIn contrast to symbol-manipulation approaches,CognitiveLinguistics offers a modal rather than an amodal account of meaning in language. From this perspective, the meanings attached to linguistic expressions, in the form of conceptualisations, have various properties in common with visual forms of representation. This makesCognitiveLinguistics a potentially useful framework for identifying and analysing language-image relations in multimodal texts. In this paper, we investigate language-image relations with a specific focus on intersemiotic convergence. Analogous with research (...) on gesture, we extend the notion of co-text images and argue that images and language usages which are proximal to one another in a multimodal text can be expected to exhibit the same or consistent construals of the target scene. We outline some of the dimensions of conceptualisation along which intersemiotic convergence may be enacted in texts, including event-structure, viewpoint, distribution of attention and metaphor. We take as illustrative data photographs and their captions in online news texts covering a range of topics including immigration, political protests, and inter-state conflict. Our analysis suggests the utility ofCognitiveLinguistics in allowing new potential sites of intersemiotic convergence to be identified and in proffering an account of language-image relations that is based in language cognition. (shrink)
WhyCognitiveLinguistics must embrace the social and pragmatic dimensions of language and how it could do so more seriously.Hans-Jörg Schmid -2016 -Cognitive Linguistics 27 (4):543-557.detailsI will argue that thecognitive-linguistic enterprise should step up its efforts to embrace the social and pragmatic dimensions of language. This claim will be derived from a survey of the premises and promise of thecognitive-linguistic approach to the study of language and be defended in more detail on logical and empirical grounds. Key elements of a usage-based emergentist socio-cognitive approach known as Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model (Schmid 2014, 2015) will be presented in order to demonstrate how social (...) and pragmatic aspects can be integrated and operationalized in acognitive-linguistic framework. (shrink)
CognitiveLinguistics, gesture studies, and multimodal communication.Alan Cienki -2016 -Cognitive Linguistics 27 (4):603-618.detailsName der Zeitschrift:CognitiveLinguistics Jahrgang: 27 Heft: 4 Seiten: 603-618.
The Theory of Nigrahasthāna in Vādanyāya of Dharmakīrti.Cognitive Science Gan Wei Chen Zhixi A. College of National Culture,AppliedLinguistics People'S. Republic of Chinab Center forLinguistics &People'S. Republic of China -forthcoming -History and Philosophy of Logic:1-15.detailsVādanyāya is one of the representative works of Dharmakīrti. It is concerned with debate logic and deals with win-or-lose reasoning rules in the broad sense of logic. In this paper, we will concentrate our discussion on Dharmakīrti’s theory of nigrahasthāna (fault) in his debate logic, a key issue in Vādanyāya. First, we point out that the justification of three logical reasons as proof conditions of debate constitutes the rational point of departure for Dharmakīrti’s debate logic. Second, we analyze the differences (...) between Dharmakīrti’s and the Naiyāyika’s notion of debate and point out that Dharmakīrti’s ‘debate’ involves two parties (the disputant and the opponent) attempting to rationally refute the other’s opinion to persuade the other to change their wrong ideas. Last, based on the discussion of Dharmakīrti’s concept of debate logic, we identify seven types of nigrahasthāna in Vādanyāya with regard to the two parties of a debate (the disputant and the opponent). (shrink)
CognitiveLinguistics and the Concept of Number.Rafael Núñez &Tyler Marghetis -2015 - In Roi Cohen Kadosh & Ann Dowker,The Oxford Handbook of Numerical Cognition. Oxford University Press UK.detailsWhat is a ‘number,’ as studied within numerical cognition? The term is highly polysemous, and can refer to numerals, numerosity, and a diverse collection of mathematical objects, from natural numbers to infinitesimals. However, numerical cognition has focused primarily on prototypical counting numbers – numbers used regularly to count small collections of objects. Even these simple numbers are far more complex than apparent pre-conditions for numerical abilities like subitizing and approximate discrimination of large numerosity, which we share with other animals. We (...) argue that the leap to number concepts proper relies, in part, on two embodied, domain-generalcognitive mechanisms: conceptual metaphor and fictive motion. These mechanisms were first investigated withincognitivelinguistics, a subdiscipline ofcognitive science, but are now thought to subserve cognition more generally. We review the proposal that these mechanisms structure numerical cognition – including PCNs, but also the positive integers and arithmetic – and survey the supporting empirical evidence. (shrink)
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ACognitive-Linguistic Approach to Complexity in Irony: Dissecting the Ironic Echo.Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez &Inés Lozano-Palacio -2019 -Metaphor and Symbol 34 (2):127-138.detailsABSTRACTThis article discusses the complexity in ironic echoic mention from the perspective ofCognitiveLinguistics. It builds on the scenario-based approach to irony where ironic meaning is treat...
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What corpus-basedCognitiveLinguistics can and cannot expect from neurolinguistics.Alice Blumenthal-Dramé -2016 -Cognitive Linguistics 27 (4):493-505.detailsThis paper argues that neurolinguistics has the potential to yield insights that can feed back into corpus-basedCognitiveLinguistics. It starts by discussing how far thecognitive realism of probabilistic statements derived from corpus data currently goes. Against this background, it argues that thecognitive realism of usage-based models could be further enhanced through deeper engagement with neurolinguistics, but also highlights a number of common misconceptions about what neurolinguistics can and cannot do for linguistic theorizing.
CLiPs (CognitiveLinguistics in Publications) Survey of collective volumes, monographs, MA, doctoral and post-doctoral theses, articles, papers and book reviews A selected and annotated bibliography of recent publications with acognitive perspective.Rainer Schulze -1993 -Cognitive Linguistics 4 (1):75-88.detailsArticle CLiPs (CognitiveLinguistics in Publications) Survey of collective volumes, monographs, MA, doctoral and post-doctoral theses, articles, papers and book reviews A selected and annotated bibliography of recent publications with acognitive perspective was published on January 1, 1993 in the journalCognitiveLinguistics (volume 4, issue 1).
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Cognitive–Linguistic and Constructivist Mnemonic Triggers in Teaching Based on Jerome Bruner’s Thinking.Jari Metsämuuronen &Pekka Räsänen -2018 -Frontiers in Psychology 9.detailsEffective teachers use mnemonic tools or mnemonic triggers to improve the students’ retention of the study material. This article discusses mnemonic triggers from a theoretical viewpoint based on Jerome S. Bruner’s writings. Fifty small linguistic–cognitive, constructive-, rhetorical-, and phonological mnemonic triggers are detected. These triggers may be the elements our brain use when “constructing the realities” in a Brunerian sense when ordering, differentiating, comparing, and handling information, stories and experiences in our brain. Many of these are small, hidden linguistic (...) elements in speech. This article discusses their usage in the educational talk and textbooks. (shrink)
Cognitivelinguistics and philosophy of mind.Pavel Baryshnikov -2016 -Epistemology and Philosophy of Science 50 (4):119-134.detailsThis paper is aimed to analyze some grounds bridging the explanatory gap in philosophy of mind and linguistic sign theory. It's noted that the etymological ties between the notions of “consciousness", “cognition", “sign" are emphasized in the works oncognitivelinguistics. This connection rises from the understanding of the symbolic nature of consciousness and the sign of semiosis as the keycognitive process. On the one hand, it is impossible to realize the communication procedures, knowledge, understanding, decisionmaking, (...) orientation and even navigation without the process of signification. On the other hand, the human mind has its unique ability to produce the meaning apart from the “signal markings" available to other living beings. The ontology of this ability should be considered as a part of the complex problem of consciousness which includes the mind-body problem, the free will problem, image memory, narrative worlds, introspection, etc. In this paper, special attention is paid to the ontological and epistemological aspects of linguistic sign within the context of the bio-semiotic approach. The author argues that the linguistic nature of consciousness is inseparably connected with the ontological properties of consciousness. The author makes an attempt to prove the link between the mind-body problem and the problem of the explanatory gap in the ontology of linguistic sign. The analysis is focused on the following question: Is it possible that the rank of random names could cause the behavior of the organism in changing environment? (shrink)
Law andcognitivelinguistics: a prototype theory approach to legal categorisation.Mateusz Zeifert -2024 - New York, NY: Routledge.detailsThis book advances the prototype theory of categorisation within a legal context. The work adopts a multidisciplinary approach and draws on insights fromcognitive psychology,cognitivelinguistics and analytic philosophy to discuss semantic problems present in law. Designed as a bridge betweencognitivelinguistics and legal theory, it argues that categorisation is a crucialcognitive operation for the application of law and that theories of categorisation are relevant to legal theory. It makes the case (...) that the prototype approach is better suited than more formal approaches usually utilised in jurisprudence to explaining many familiar linguistic problems found in law, such as vagueness, polysemy, the flexibility of meaning, the generality of language, context-dependence of meaning, linguistic indeterminacy, and so on. The book focuses on problems of semantic analysis in law, both in concrete cases, that is, particular cases before courts, and, at the theoretical level, on methods of statutory interpretation. It will be a valuable resource for academics and researchers working in the areas of Law and Language, Legal Theory, Legal Philosophy and LegalLinguistics. (shrink)
ACognitive Linguistic Analysis of the Concept TEMPERATURE in English and Arabic.Hicham Lahlou &Hajar Rahim -2013 -Arab World English Journal 2 (Special issue):118-128.detailsFor various historical, political as well as economic reasons, the English language is favoured as the universal language of science over other languages including French and German (Tardy, 2004). This naturally entails that students who are conversant in English have an advantage over those who are not in the acquisition of scientific knowledge. In relation to this, research on the misunderstanding of scientific terms in different languages shows that students who are speakers of non-western languages in particular face difficulties in (...) conceptualising scientific concepts. There is evidence to suggest that these students’ pre-existing knowledge about scientific terms and the polysemous nature of such terms are factors that influence their conceptualisation of the terms. This finding is the motivation behind the presentcognitive linguistic study of the term temperature and its equivalent in Arabic, the compound دَرَجَةُ الحَرَارَة (darajatu al-ḥarara). Using acognitive framework, namely Lakoff’s IdealisedCognitive Models (ICMs), the study analyses the conceptual similarities as well as differences between the terms. The study also analyses the English term heat as the second free morpheme of the compound دَرَجَةُ الحَرَارَة is الحَرَارَة which is the Arabic rendering of heat. The meanings and different uses of the terms are examined to analyse the ICMs that are evoked in each language. The results of the analysis reveal that the ICMs of English and Arabic terms under study overlap, and interestingly, also differ. (shrink)
Turning back to experience inCognitiveLinguistics via phenomenology.Jordan Zlatev -2016 -Cognitive Linguistics 27 (4):559-572.detailsName der Zeitschrift:CognitiveLinguistics Jahrgang: 27 Heft: 4 Seiten: 559-572.
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CognitiveLinguistics.Michael Tomasello -1998 - In George Graham & William Bechtel,A Companion to Cognitive Science. Blackwell. pp. 477–487.detailsA central goal ofcognitive science is to understand how human beings comprehend, produce, and acquire natural languages. Throughout the brief history of moderncognitive science, the linguistic theory that has been most prominent in this endeavor is generative grammar as espoused by Noam Chomsky and colleagues. Generative grammar is a theoretical approach that seeks to describe and explain natural language in terms of its mathematical form, using formal languages such as propositional logic and automata theory. The most (...) fundamental distinction in generative grammar is therefore the formal distinction between semantics and syntax. The semantics of a linguistic proposition are the objective conditions under which it may truthfully be stated, and the syntax of that proposition is the mathematical structure of its linguistic elements and relations irrespective of their semantics. (shrink)
Ten Lectures inCognitiveLinguistics:Cognitive Critical Discourse Analysis.Yanmin Zhang -forthcoming -Critical Discourse Studies.detailsCognitive approach to critical discourse analysis (Cognitive CDA), or CriticalCognitiveLinguistics (thereafter CCL), is an emerging interdisciplinary research area, which demonstrates the ‘social...
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Typology and the future ofCognitiveLinguistics.William Croft -2016 -Cognitive Linguistics 27 (4):587-602.detailsThe relationship between typology andCognitiveLinguistics was first posed in the 1980s, in terms of the relationship between Greenbergian universals and the knowledge of the individual speaker. An answer to this question emerges from understanding the role of linguistic variation in language, from occasions of language use to typological diversity. This in turn requires the contribution of discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and evolutionary historicallinguistics as well as typology andCognitiveLinguistics. WhileCognitive (...) class='Hi'>Linguistics is part of this enterprise, a theory of language that integrates all of these approaches is necessary. (shrink)
Crossing the boundaries of time: Merleau-ponty's phenomenology andcognitive linguistic theories.Margaret H. Freeman -unknowndetailsAccording to currentcognitive linguistic theory, the abstract notion of TIME in many languages of the world is expressed through a metonymic relation involving direc-tion, irreversibility, continuity, segmentation, and measurability and one of two possible versions of the TIME AS ORIENTATION IN SPACE metaphor: either the observer moves or time does. In Phenomenology of Perception (1945), Merleau-Ponty argues for the possibility of understanding what he calls 'our primordial experience'of time through an exploration, analysis, comparison, and evaluation of the different (...) metaphors for time, not as they exist in themselves but as they are grounded in what othercognitive linguists have explored with respect to subjectivity, concept formation, and conceptual integration. This 'primordial experience' of time is possible because of the embodiment of ourselves in the world and gives rise to Merleau-Ponty’s theory of an ontology of the flesh; the fact that we are 'of' rather than 'in' the world gives rise to his theory of time as depth. In this paper, I show how Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of time might 1) clarify the picture Lakoff and Johnson give of the existence of time and 2) provide a philosophical foundation that integrates various contemporarycognitive linguistic theories. (shrink)
Verb and the Paragraph in Biblical Hebrew: ACognitive-Linguistic Approach. By Elizabeth Robar.Tania Notarius -2021 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 138 (4).detailsThe Verb and the Paragraph in Biblical Hebrew: ACognitive-Linguistic Approach. By Elizabeth Robar. Studies in Semitic Languages andLinguistics, vol. 78. Leiden: Brill, 2014. Pp. xii + 220. $142.
What Is `Cognitive' AboutCognitiveLinguistics?Steven Fesmire -1994 -Metaphor and Symbol 9 (2):149-154.detailsClarifies the nature of acognitive approach to human understanding and experience, and forestalls objections thatcognitivelinguistics is either too intellectualistic and subjectivistic, or too physicalistic in its treatment of understanding and meaning. The objection is addressed that conceptual metaphors are overly conceptual, that they are mentalistic to the detriment of a full-blooded account of the bodily, practical, and social dimensions of meaning and symbolic interaction.
A view fromcognitivelinguistics.Ronald W. Langacker -1999 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (4):625-625.detailsBarsalou's contribution converges with basic ideas and empirical findings ofcognitivelinguistics. They posit the same general architecture. The perceptual grounding of conceptual structure is a central tenet ofcognitivelinguistics. Our capacity to construe the same situation in alternate ways is fundamental tocognitive semantics, and numerous parallels are discernible between conceptual construal and visual perception. Grammar is meaningful, consisting of schematized patterns for the pairing of semantic and phonological structures. The meanings of grammatical (...) elements reside primarily in the construal they impose on conceptual content. This view of linguistic structure appears to be compatible with Barsalou's proposals. (shrink)
Journey planning: a cartography of practical reasoning.Conicet Mariela Aguilera Institute Of Humanities,Argentinamariela Aguilera Is An AssociAte Researcher at Conicet Córdoba,Unc An AssociAte Professor at The Ffyh,Philosophy Of Mind ArgentIna)she Works in The Fields Of Philosophy OfCognitive Science,Such as Inferences Focuses Specifically on the Non-Linguistic Forms of Thinking,Images Maps &Animals’ Reasoning -forthcoming -Philosophical Explorations:1-23.detailsDifferent researchers from psychology and neuroscience state that navigation involves the manipulation ofcognitive maps and graphs. In this paper, I will argue that navigating – specifically, journey planning – can be conceived as a process of practical reasoning. First, I will argue that journey planning constitutes a case of means-end reasoning involving inferences with cartographic representations. Then, I will argue that the output of journey planning functions as an instrumental belief in means-end reasoning. More specifically, journey planning can (...) deliver an instrumental rule that plays a normative role in spatial cognition. This approach motivates a pluralist conception of practical reasoning, stating that inferences might run through different representational formats and processes. (shrink)
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Laura A. Janda:Cognitivelinguistics: The quantitative turn.Rachel Ramsey -2017 -Cognitive Linguistics 28 (1):193-202.detailsJournal Name:CognitiveLinguistics Issue: Ahead of print.
Sacramental Efficacy in Karl Rahner andCognitiveLinguistics.Eugene R. Schlesinger -2013 -Philosophy and Theology 25 (2):337-360.detailsAn examination of Rahner’s theology andcognitivelinguistics shows that the two are basically in accord concerning sacramental efficacy. This article also putscognitivelinguistics into conversation with Rahner’s theologies of expression. In Rahner’s theology of the symbol, he argues that all beings express themselves in that which is not themselves. Furthermore, Rahner noted the existence of uniquely powerful “primordial words” , which mediate the reality to which they point.Cognitivelinguistics sees all human (...) knowing as mediated by the “embodied mind,” and characterized by concept integration, wherein a given thing comes to be known in terms of another. This understanding of embodied mind, poses a significant challenge to the Christian tradition. This challenge is answered, though, by Rahner’s distinctive anthropology and christology. (shrink)
Parallelism in conversation: resonance, schematization, and extension from the perspective of dialogic syntax andcognitivelinguistics.Tomoko I. Sakita -2006 -Pragmatics and Cognition 14 (3):467-501.detailsSpeakers often construct their utterances based on the immediately co-present utterances of dialogue partners. They array their linguistic resources parallel to their partners¿ and activate resonance. Based on the theories of dialogic syntax andcognitivelinguistics, this study undertakes to explain how speakers activate resonance and how parallelism contributes to constructing linguistic forms as well as to shaping the ongoing flow of conversation. Three phases of resonance activation are illustrated in relation tocognitive processes: (a) parallelism constituted (...) with extension of multiple categories in synthesis; (b) parallelism meeting or failing the previous speaker¿s intention due to schematization; and (c) parallelism achieved as a consequence of priming through schematization and extension. It is concluded that linguistic forms develop in the ongoing flow of socially coordinated cognition, where patterns emerge through activation of mapping relations between linguistic elements. This process is anchored in speakers¿ concepts of grammatical equivalences, ability of categorization, and grasp of linguistic conventions. (shrink)
The cup as metaphor and symbol: Acognitivelinguistics perspective.Nerina Bosman -2019 -HTS Theological Studies 75 (3):8.detailsAlthough the Afrikaans word beker carries strong religious and other connotations, among them references to the Eucharist cup, the contribution of this article is to highlight, within acognitive semantics framework, the role thatcognitive mechanisms such as metaphor and metonymy played in the creation of this symbol. The article aims to illustrate the following: that the two signs of the Christian Eucharist, the bread and the wine, are grounded in conceptual metaphors of eating and drinking; that two (...) conceptual drink metaphors are present when the symbol of the cup is analysed; that a related concept, that of metonymy, acts as acognitive trigger, thus enabling the realisation of the symbol; and that other factors such as culture and religious symbolism played a significant role in the whole process. A corpuslinguistics methodology is used to identify expressions containing the word beker. In analysing the expressions, Conceptual Metaphor Theory is used as a theoretical framework. It is found that conceptual metaphors such as nourishment is drinking and suffering is drinking underlie metaphoric expressions with beker. The metonymy container [the cup] for contained [the wine or blood] plays an important role in enabling the metaphors. In the images of the Eucharist cup and the broken bread, powerful metaphors arising from our bodily experience, denoting suffering and death on the one hand, and joy, nourishment and life on the other hand, are united to form the symbol. (shrink)
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Theory of names andcognitivelinguistics: The case of the metaphor.Nikola Dobric -2010 -Filozofija I Društvo 21 (1):135-147.detailsFilozofska i, u manjem opsegu, lingvisticka debata oko problema imena traje vec duze vreme. Procesi iza imenovanja su predstavljani i objasnjavani na razlicite nacine. Rad ce pokusati da pruzi novi uvid u motivaciju za stvaranje novih imena vidjenu iz jezicke perspektive. Metafora, kao jedan od najvaznijih izvora motivacije u jeziku kako je vidi kognitivna lingvistika je jedna od osnovnih formi ljudske konceptualizacije. Prvi deo rada predstavlja pregled najvaznije teorije o imenu. Drugi deo rada opisuje osnovne principe kognitivne lingvistike i odnosa (...) prema metafori. Treci deo predstavlja prikaz ucesca metafore u originalnom nastajanju licnih imena, dok poslednji deo rada daje primere metafore u imenima u srpskom jeziku. (shrink)
How do Language and Thought Influence Each Other? A Reconsideration of Their Relationship with Parallel References to the History of Philosophy andCognitiveLinguistics.Ljudevit Fran Ježić -2017 -Synthesis Philosophica 32 (2):349-369.detailsThe paper explores the relationship of language and thought with respect to their mutual determination or influence. Two questions are considered crucial: how do we learn the meanings of conventional linguistic signs, including those for abstract concepts, and how do we express our original insights, thoughts and feelings through not-yet-conventional linguistic means. These are followed by succinct answers and extensive elaborations referring to opposite views and linguistic examples from the history of philosophy andcognitivelinguistics. It is argued (...) that linguistic expressions, including metaphors, mostly incorporate how people represent (or once represented) the world to themselves through imagination and present (or once presented) the world to others through language. Hence language neither directly shows how we conceive and understand the world nor how we construct it in our thoughts. On the other hand, symbolization through metaphor and metonymy, as well as innovative verbalization, enable our cognition to communicate novel as well as abstract and philosophically demanding meanings. (shrink)
A new look at metaphorical creativity incognitivelinguistics.Zoltán Kövecses -2010 -Cognitive Linguistics 21 (4):663-697.detailsWhere do we recruit novel and unconventional conceptual materials from when we speak, think and act metaphorically, and why? This question has been partially answered in thecognitive linguistic literature but, in my view, a crucial aspect of it has been left out of consideration or not dealt with in the depth it deserves: it is the effect of various kinds of context on metaphorical conceptualization. Of these, I examine the following: (1) the immediate physical setting, (2) what we (...) know about the major entities participating in the discourse, (3) the immediate cultural context, (4) the immediate social setting, and (5) the immediate linguistic context itself. I suggest that we recruit conceptual materials for metaphorical purposes not only from bodily experience but also from all of these various contexts. Since the contexts can be highly variable, the metaphors used will often be variable, novel, and unconventional. The phenomenon can be observed in both everyday forms of language and literary texts. (shrink)