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In this volume, Stephen M. Gardiner and David A. Weisbach present arguments for and against the relevance ofethics to globalclimate policy. Gardiner argues thatclimate change is fundamentally an ethical issue, since it is an early instance of a distinctive challenge to ethical action, and ethical concerns are at the heart of many of the decisions that need to be made. Consequently,climate policy that ignoresethics is at risk of.

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A critical study of two recent books inclimateethics by Dale Jamieson (Reason in a Dark Time, Oxford 2014), and Darrel Moellendorf (The Moral and Political Challenges ofClimate Change, Cambridge 2014).

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ABSTRACT In DebatingClimateEthics, David Weisbach and I offer contrasting views of the importance ofethics and justice forclimate policy. I argue thatethics is central. Weisbach advocates forclimate policy based purely on narrow forms of self-interest. For this symposium, I summarize the major themes, and extend my basic argument. I claim thatethics gets the problem right, whereas dismissingethics risks getting the problem dangerously wrong, and perpetuating profound (...) injustices. One consequence is that we should reject the alleged “feasibility constraint” of short-term, economic self-interest. (shrink)

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In this article, I use case studies from some African countries to determine whether or not Africanclimate management policies have been guided by ethical principles. I argue that althoughclimate change is fundamentally an ethical issue, African policymakers have not paid sufficient attention to ethical principles in this regard. I argue that the major ethical principles embodied in different African traditions can assist African and non-African countries to address the challenges occasioned byclimate change. Finally, I (...) suggest that technological societies whose current emissions most exceed their fair share of emissions ought to give attention to justice, and play their respective roles in averting the most extreme effects ofclimate change. (shrink)

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What responsibilities does each of us have to reduce or limit our greenhouse gas emissions? Advocates of individual emissions reductions acknowledge that there are limits to what we can reasonably demand from individuals.Climateethics has not yet systematically explored those limits. Instead, it has become popular to suggest that such judgements should be ‘context-sensitive’ but this does not tell us what role different contextual factors should play in our moral thinking. The current approach to theory development in (...)climateethics is not likely to be the most effective way to fill this gap. In existing work,climate ethicists use hypothetical cases to consider what can be reasonably demanded of individuals in particular situations. In contrast, ‘climateethics with an ethnographic sensibility’ uses qualitative social science methods to collect original data in which real individuals describe their own situations. These real-life cases are more realistic, more detailed and cover a broader range of circumstances than hypothetical cases. Normative analysis of real-life cases can help us to develop a more systematic understanding of the role that different contextual factors should play in determining individualclimate responsibilities. It can also help us to avoid the twin dangers of ‘idealization’ and ‘special pleading’. (shrink)

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[Blog Post] This blog post (1) introduces a fundamental debate inclimateethics (polluter pays v beneficiary pays v ability to pay principles) while (2) arguing for a new principle (polluter pays, then receives, or PPTR/"Peter", principle).

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According to the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change, human population growth is one of the two primary causes of increased greenhouse gas emissions and accelerating globalclimate change. Slowing or ending population growth could be a cost effective, environmentally advantageous means to mitigateclimate change, providing important benefits to both human and natural communities. Yet population policy has attracted relatively little attention from ethicists, policy analysts, or policy makers dealing with this issue. In part, this is because (...) addressing population matters means wading into a host of contentious ethical issues, including family planning, abortion, and immigration. This article reviews the scientific literature regarding voluntary population control's potential contribution toclimate change mitigation. It considers possible reasons for the failure ofclimate ethicists, analysts, and policy makers to adequately assess that contribution or implement policies that take advantage of it, with particular reference to the resistance to accepting limits to growth. It explores some of the ethical issues at stake, considering arguments for and against noncoercive population control and asking whether coercive population policies are ever morally justified. It also argues that three consensus positions in theclimateethics literature regarding acceptable levels of risk, unacceptable harms, and a putative right to economic development, necessarily imply support for voluntary population control. (shrink)

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This collection gathers a set of central papers from the emerging area ofethics andclimate change.

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In this article the claim of normativeethics to be the main philosophical access to the problems raised byclimate change is contested and instead it is suggested that these problems be addressed from a different perspective: that of a political philosophy that escapes its own reduction to a theory of justice. Part I shows several incidences of how mainstreamclimateethics fails with regard to its intention to shape an effectiveclimate policy. Part II (...) argues that ‘politics for the future’ as required by man-made lethal challenges has to complement the adversarial politics-as-usual. Included here is a redefinition of what the relationship of politics and morality means in the new circumstances – not only with regard toclimate change. (shrink)

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_ Source: _Page Count 28 Recent debates overclimate change policy have made it clear that the choice of a social discount rate has enormous consequences for the amount of mitigation that will be recommended. The social discount rate determines how future costs are to be compared to present costs. Philosophers, however, have been almost unanimous in endorsing the view that the only acceptable social rate of time preference is zero, a view that, taken literally, has either absurd or (...) extremely radical implications. The first goal of this paper is to show that the standard arguments against temporal preference are much less persuasive than they are usually taken to be. The second goal is to explore two different avenues of argument that could be adopted, in order to show that temporal discounting of welfare may be permissible. The first involves simply an application of the method of reflective equilibrium, while the second involves consideration of the way that our abstract moral commitments are institutionalized. (shrink)

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Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 29, Issue 4, Page 539-563, December 2021.

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Stephen Gardiner and David Weisbach's recent DebatingClimateEthics takes up an urgent and important question: isethics relevant toclimate policy? Or rather, the book takes up several, closely related versions of that question we do well to distinguish clearly: 1 Are ethical considerations relevant toclimate policy? 2 Do ethical theories philosophers defend have implications regardingclimate policy? 3 Doesclimateethics provide policy analysts any useful guidance? Or, in other (...) words, shouldclimate policy analysts pay any attention toclimateethics? Weisbach's remarks about the role ofethics inclimate policy in §5.4 and about distributive and corrective justice in Chapter 7 suggest he actually... (shrink)

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Most ethicists agree that at least some nonhumans have interests that are of direct moral importance. Yet with very few exceptions, bothclimateethics andclimate policy have operated as though only human interests should be considered in formulating and evaluatingclimate policy. In this paper I argue that the anthropocentrism of currentclimateethics and policy cannot be justified. I first describe the ethical claims upon which my analysis rests, arguing that they are (...) no longer controversial within contemporaryethics. Next, I review work inclimateethics and policy, demonstrating the absence of consideration of nonhuman interests in both domains. Finally, I consider five possible justifications for omitting nonhuman interests in the evaluationclimate policy options, arguing that none of these arguments succeeds. (shrink)

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This paper discusses two approaches toclimateethics for practical reflection and decision-making in concrete localclimate change governance. After a brief review of the main conceptual frameworks inclimateethics research, we show that none of these leading approaches is sufficiently context specific and pluralistic to provide guidance appropriate for concrete localclimate governance. As alternatives, we present principlism as a methodology of mid-level principles and environmental pragmatism as an ethical approach. We argue (...) that the two methodologies of principlism and pragmatism offer a new pluralistic framework that allows real-world conditions and contexts to be properly integrated into ethical analysis and decision-making inclimate governance. (shrink)

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Mainstream ethical debates concerning responsibility forclimate change tend to overemphasise emissions and consumption while ignoring or downplaying the structural drivers ofclimate change and vulnerability. Failure to examine the political-economic dynamics that have producedclimate change and made certain people more susceptible to its harms results in inapposite accounts of responsibility. Recognition of the structural character of the problem suggests duties beyond emissions reduction and redistribution – including, potentially, a responsibility to fundamentally restructure our political and (...) economic institutions. (shrink)

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Anthropogenicclimate change (ACC) has been described as a tragedy of the commons (T of C) by Baylor Johnson. Johnson argues that solutions to T of C scenarios reside in collective action rather than individual action, and that our moral obligation is to advocate for collective solutions to ACC. Marion Hourdequin argues that individual action can serve to promote collective action and in doing so it can also serve as an ethical obligation. I contend that individual action holds intrinsic (...) value in lieu of its ability to counteract our susceptibility to the kind of moral corruption espoused by Stephen Gardiner. (shrink)

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Kant’sethics provides surprising resources for addressing duties with respect toclimate change. First, I show how Kant’s moral metaphysics, according to which the self is a phenomenon, provides a distinctive ground to mitigate the harm ofclimate change for future generations. In short, the physical appearances of our actions are grounded in an atemporal existence from which our intrinsic moral value derives. As such, the a priori basis for addressingclimate duties to the present is (...) no different from that of duties to addressclimate duties to the future, though we must consider present circumstances in order to act effectively. Second, I show that recent helpful contributions towards understanding the resources of Kantianethics for addressingclimate face the following prima facie dilemma: perfect duties to reduce emissions are overly demanding because it requires reduction below subsistence levels, while imperfect duties to reduce emissions are not demanding enough to address theclimate crisis. Without ruling out the existence of perfect duties to addressclimate, I analyze the latter horn of the dilemma and show how imperfect duties can be more demanding than one might have thought, given that we are in aclimate emergency. Recent work on the role of emergency in Kant’sethics has shown that there are resources for making sense of the prioritization of some concerns as more pressing. Overall, the aim of this contribution is to highlight some of the prospects and problems that face Kantian approaches toclimateethics. (shrink)

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In DebatingClimateEthics, Stephen Gardiner and I offer our views on howethics or theories of justice more generally apply toclimate change and possibly help informclimate change policy. It is...

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This paper offers a structural diagnosis of the globalclimate inaction paradox: why, despite overwhelming scientific consensus and public awareness, meaningful action onclimate change remains elusive. Drawing from Judgemental Philosophy, we argue thatclimate judgement is structurally undermined due to the failure of the Judgemental Triad: constructibility, coherence, and especially resonance. We demonstrate how temporal, spatial, and affective disconnects renderclimate scenarios experientially unownable. This disjunction leads to a collapse of judgement—not of information or will. (...) As a remedy, we propose a new framework forclimateethics based on restoring resonance with the planetary future, redefiningclimate responsibility not as a burden of facts, but as a structure of return. (shrink)

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This research aimed to assess the potential of alternatives to extrinsic pecuniary rewards for cultivating employees’ commitment in denominational higher education institutions in Indonesia. Twoethics-related variables, namely ethical climates and ethical ideologies, were chosen as possible predictors. A model delineating the nexus between ethical climates types, ethical ideologies, and various forms of organisational commitment was developed and tested. A two-step structural equation modelling procedure was used as the primary means in testing the hypothesised relationships. The research involved staff (...) of nine Catholic higher education institutions in Indonesia and comprised 642 respondents. Results of the research revealed a negative relationship between egoistic climates and affective commitment. Benevolenceclimate was shown to have potential for generating not only affective, but also continuance commitment. However, our results suggested those climates that cultivate continuance commitment needed further examination. Principle-based climates were found to positively influence staff’s affective commitment through their positive impacts on staff’s idealistic ethical ideology. As expected, the principle-cosmopolitan was shown to have a negative influence on relativism. A number of managerial and scholarly implications are discussed. (shrink)

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One of the first things President Obama did after coming to office was the establishment of the Office of Public Engagement. As described on its Web site, this office "is the embodiment of the President's goal of making government inclusive, transparent, accountable and responsible." The Office of Public Engagement is supposed to "create and coordinate opportunities for direct dialogue between the Obama Administration and the American public, while bringing new voices to the table and ensuring that everyone can participate and (...) inform the work of the President."1As the president explained in his memorandum on transparency and open government, "Public engagement enhances the Government's effectiveness and improves .. (shrink)

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Anthropogenicclimate change has become a hot button issue in the scientific, economic, political, and ethical sectors. While the science behindclimate change is clear, responses in the economic and political realms have been unfulfilling. On the economic front, companies have marketed themselves as pioneers in the quest to go green while simultaneously engaging in environmentally destructive practices and on the political front, politicians have failed to make any significant global progress. I argue thatclimate change needs (...) to be framed as an ethical issue to make serious progress towards the path to a sustainable human civilization. In an effort to motivate the urgency needed to confrontclimate change, I argue thatclimate change seriously affects human beings living here and now, and if one cares about unnecessarily harming fellow innocent living human beings, then one should care about one’s own environmental impact related toclimate change. Since this argument does not depend upon any specific philosophical, religious, or ethical tradition but applies regardless of one’s particular background, I hope to induce genuine concern among all human beings regarding this issue. (shrink)

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The aim of the article is to give an outline of a value theory suitable forclimateethics, based on a perfectionist account on the convergence between prudential values and moral responsibility. I claim that such a convergence may generate a system of values that specify norms and obligations and attribute responsibility towards future generations, and thereby provides us with a measure of acceptable political action.

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A collection of seminal articles inclimateethics andclimate justice.

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Climate change presents unprecedented challenges for the ethical community and society at large. The harms ofclimate change—real and projected—are well documented. Rising s...

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An environmental,climate mitigation rationale for research and development on liquid transportation fuels derived from plants emerged among many scientists and engineers during the last decade. However, between 2006 and 2010, thisclimate ethic for pursuing biofuel became politically entangled and conceptually confused with rationales for encouraging greater use of plant-based ethanol that were both unconnected toclimateethics and potentially in conflict with the value-commitments providing a mitigation-oriented reason to promote and develop new and expanded (...) sources of biofuel. I argue that the conceptual construct of technological trajectories provides a fecund approach to the ethical evaluation of R&D strategies in the case of plant-based liquid transportation fuels. The idea of a trajectory has a current use in the literature of science studies and aptly summarizes a number of themes that are critical to the evaluation of tools and techniques whose future shape, design, applications and potential consequences are necessarily somewhat speculative. In the case of biofuels, it is the imagined future trajectory that provides the basis for resistance to an emerging technology, rather than the present-day technical capabilities and the unexpected consequences of biofuel development. (shrink)

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Ethicists regularly turn to virtue in order to negotiate features ofclimate change that seem to overwhelm moral agency. Appeals to virtue inclimateethics differ by how they connect individual flourishing with collective responsibilities and by how they interpret Anthropocene relations. Differences between accounts ofclimate virtue help critique proposals to reframe global ecological problems in terms of resilience and planetary stewardship, the intelligibility of which depends on connecting what would be good for the species (...) with what would be good for an individual life. A pragmatic way of establishing that connection may need a strong role for respect of nature. (shrink)

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Climate change confronts us with our most pressing challenges today. The global consensus is clear that human activity is mostly to blame for its harmful effects, but there is disagreement about what should be done. While no shortage of proposals from ecological footprints and the polluter pays principle to adaptation technology and economic reforms, each offers a solution – but isclimate change a problem we can solve? In this provocative new book, these popular proposals for ending or (...) overcoming the threat ofclimate change are shown to offer no easy escape and each rest on an important mistake. Thom Brooks argues that a future environmental catastrophe is an event we can only delay or endure, but not avoid. This raises new ethical questions about how we should think aboutclimate change. How should we reconceive sustainability without a status quo? Why is action more urgent and necessary than previously thought? What can we do to motivate and inspire hope? Many have misunderstood the kind of problem thatclimate change presents – as well as the daunting challenges we must face and overcome.Climate ChangeEthics for an Endangered World is a critical guide on how we can better understand the fragile world around us before it is too late. This innovative book will be of great interest to students and scholars ofclimate change,climate justice, environmental policy and environmentalethics. "This book offers a rare combination of tough-mindedness, analytic rigor, and passion as it tackles the greatest challenge of our time―climate change. For Brooks, it’s past time to acknowledge thatclimate change cannot be solved though the careful selection of good polices.Climate change is an unavoidable tragedy that we must endure but may be able to survive. Offering a program that emphasizes flexibility and adaptation, Brooks brings original insights to a debate that too long has been bogged down in wishful thinking and empty scholasticism." Professor Eric Posner, Kirkland & Ellis Distinguished Service Professor of Law at the University of Chicago's Law School. (shrink)

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Esteemed philosopher John Broome avoids the familiar ideological stances onclimate change policy and examines the issue through an invigorating new lens. As he considers the moral dimensions ofclimate change, he reasons clearly through what universal standards of goodness and justice require of us, both as citizens and as governments. His conclusions—some as demanding as they are logical—will challenge and enlighten. Eco-conscious readers may be surprised to hear they have a duty to offset all their carbon emissions, (...) while policy makers will grapple with Broome’s analysis of what if anything is owed to future generations. From the science of greenhouse gases to the intricate logic of cap and trade, Broome reveals how the principles that underlie everyday decision making also provide simple and effective ideas for confrontingclimate change.Climate Matters is an essential contribution to one of the paramount issues of our time. (shrink)

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Name der Zeitschrift: Jahrbuch für Wissenschaft und Ethik Jahrgang: 16 Heft: 1 Seiten: 95-114.

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There are benefits to organizing an introductoryethics course around the ethical, social, and political questions related toclimate change. One topic such a course may fruitfully explore is the issue of whether, when, and howclimate scientists should advocate forclimate policy. When is scientific advocacy a failure of scientific objectivity, and what are the ethical consequences of scientists attempting to influence policy objectives? This paper lays out a method for using illustrative case studies that (...) helps students understand, first, how scientists interact with policy-makers and the public and, second, the reasons why such activity can—in many actual cases—be seen as ethically unproblematic. (shrink)

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ABSTRACT Ethical leaders can influence followers’ ethical behaviors by establishing an ethicalclimate. However, followers’ responses to an ethicalclimate may also differ according to the amount of attention they devote to moral questions. This study analyzes whether moral attentiveness augments the positive effect of an ethicalclimate on employees’ ethical behaviors, as well as the indirect effect of ethical leadership on employee ethical behavior through an ethicalclimate. Data from 270 employees in the Malaysian manufacturing (...) industry indicate that the positive impact of an ethicalclimate on ethical behavior is greater among employees who exhibit high rather than low moral attentiveness; this moderating role also applies to the relationship between ethical leadership and employee ethical behavior through the ethicalclimate. This study thus sheds new light on the notable role of moral attentiveness in ensuring that ethical leadership and ethicalclimate enhance ethical behavior in the workplace. (shrink)

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The extent of our duties to mitigateclimate change is commonly conceptualized in terms of temperature goals like the 1.5°C and the 2°C target and corresponding emissions budgets. While I do acknowledge the political advantages of any framework that is relatively easy to understand, I argue that this particular framework does not capture the true extent of our mitigation duties. Instead I argue for a more differentiated approach that is based on the well-known distinction between subsistence and luxury emissions. (...) At the heart of this approach lies the argument that we have no budget of substantial, net-positive luxury emissions left. In a world in which dangerousclimate change has begun, we must expect all further substantial, net-positive luxury emissions to cause harm. Since they lack the kind of justification needed for them to be nevertheless permissible, I conclude that we must stop emitting them with immediate effect. I also briefly discuss the difficult case of subsistence emissions and offer some first thoughts on the morality of a third category of emissions, what I call ‘transition emissions’. (shrink)

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This chapter lays out what we take to be the main types of justice and ethical challenges concerning those adverse effects ofclimate change leading toclimate-related Loss and Damage (L&D). We argue that it is essential to clearly differentiate between the challenges concerning mitigation and adaptation and those ethical issues exclusively relevant for L&D in order to address the ethical aspects pertaining to L&D in internationalclimate policy. First, we show that depending on how mitigation and (...) adaptation are distinguished from L&D, the primary focus of policy measures and their ethical implications will vary. Second, we distinguish between a distributive justice framework and a compensatory justice scheme for delivering L&D measures. Third, in order to understand the differentiated remedial responsibilities concerning L&D, we categorise the measures and policy approaches available. Fourth, depending on the kind of L&D and which remedies are possible, we explain the difference between remedial and outcome responsibilities of different actors. [Open access]. (shrink)

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Globalclimate change is one of the most daunting ethical and political challenges confronting humanity in the twenty-first century. The intergenerational and transnational ethical issues raised byclimate change have been the focus of a significant body of scholarship. In this new collection of essays, leading scholars engage and respond to first-generation scholarship and argue for new ways of thinking about our ethical obligations to present and future generations. Topics addressed in these essays include moral accountability for energy (...) consumption and emissions, egalitarian and libertarian perspectives on mitigation, justice in relation to cap and trade schemes, theethics of adaptation and the ethical dimensions of the impact ofclimate change on nature. (shrink)

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This article justifies and restates the non-identity problem in relation toclimate change. First and briefly, I argue that while there is often good reason to set the NIP aside in practical politics, there can be areas where aclimate NIP will have practical implications. An instructive example concernsclimate change litigation. Second, I argue that there are three particular circumstances of aclimate NIP that may set it apart from the more established NIP in bioethics. (...) These differences regard interaction, numbers, and agency respectively. Third, I discuss the premises and conclusion of aclimate NIP, modifying an account in bioethics by David Boonin. (shrink)

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In the first decade of the twenty-first century, biofuels were recognized as an important element in the overall strategy to reduceclimate-forcing greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. Yet scientific research to more fully realize the potential of agricultural crops for liquid transportation fuel requires the coordination of many separate projects housed in different disciplines. Studies predicting and documenting adverse social impacts of plant-based ethanol and biodiesel led to the inclusion of social science components within research teams seeking to develop (...) biofuels. A 2008 rise in global food prices became a centerpiece of this research, leading to a search for non-food crops that could serve as energy feedstocks. Although coordinated scientific research teams have made significant strides toward incorporating social dimensions and broader impacts into what was originally a purely biophysical research effort, a simplistic diagnosis of the tension between agricultural production for food use and agricultural production intended for energy production continues to prevail. Some of the hard questions in the global development of the agricultural sector have been obscured as a result. (shrink)

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In this commentary, I respond to the core question of Ruddick’s paper: How does the theoretical dethroning of humanity force us to reinventethics? In so doing, I expand on Spinoza’s profound contribution to the radical rethinking of the subject at the level of ontology. Although Ruddick invokes Spinoza, first and foremost, as a potential resource forethics in light ofclimate disruption, I conclude that those resources offer only a glimmer of how to live differently. The (...) work of re-imagination at the level of metaphysics is flourishing, but we have yet to develop its implications forethics and politics. (shrink)

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Climate change is a pressing phenomenon with huge potential ethical, legal and social policy implications.Climate change gives rise to intricate moral and policy issues as it involves contested science, uncertainty and risk. In order to come to scientifically and morally justified, as well as feasible, policies, targetingclimate change requires an interdisciplinary approach. This special issue will identify the main challenges thatclimate change poses from social, economic, methodological and ethical perspectives by focusing on the (...) complex interrelations between uncertainty, values and policy in this context. This special issue brings together scholars from economics, social sciences and philosophy in order to address these challenges. (shrink)

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A major collection of innovative new work by emerging and established scholars on the critical topic ofethics forclimate governance, offering a wholly original proposal for reform toclimate governance.

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This chapter qualitatively lays out some of the ways thatclimate change impacts are evaluated in integrated assessment models (IAMs). Putting aside the physical representations of these models, it first discusses some key social or structural assumptions, such as the damage functions and the way growth is modeled. Second, it turns to the moral assumptions, including parameters associated with intertemporal evaluation and interpersonal inequality aversion, but also assumptions in populationethics about how different-sized populations are compared and how (...) we think about distributing goods across or within times. The intention is to survey the morally important assumptions that go into estimates of the social cost of carbon, the marginal cost of an additional tonne of carbon dioxide to society. (shrink)

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This article reports the findings from a study that investigates the relationship between ethical climates and police whistle-blowing on five forms of misconduct in the State of Georgia. The results indicate that a friendship or teamclimate generally explains willingness to blow the whistle, but not the actual frequency of blowing the whistle. Instead, supervisory status, a control variable investigated in previous studies, is the most consistent predictor of both willingness to blow the whistle and frequency of blowing the (...) whistle. Contrary to popular belief, the results also generally indicate that police are more inclined than civilian employees to blow the whistle in Georgia - in other words, they are less inclined to maintain a code of silence. (shrink)

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