Moral distress and its influencing factors: A cross-sectional study in China.Zhang Wenwen,Wu Xiaoyan,Zhan Yufang,Ci Lifeng &Sun Congcong -2018 -Nursing Ethics 25 (4):470-480.detailsObjective:The purpose of this study was to describe the current situation of moral distress and to explore its influencing factors among Chinese nurses.Methods:This is an exploratory, descriptive design study. A total of 465 clinical nurses from different departments in three Grade-III, Level-A hospitals in Jinan, Shandong Province, completed the questionnaires, including demographics questionnaire, Chinese version of Moral Distress Scale–Revised, and Job Diagnostic Survey.Ethical considerations:The study was approved by the university ethics board and the local health service director.Results:The total score of (...) Moral Distress Scale–Revised was 36.01 ± 24.02 points. The mean frequency and intensity scores of moral distress were 1.13 ± 0.49 and 1.09 ± 0.58, respectively. The level of moral distress among Chinese clinical nurses was low, and the frequency and intensity of moral distress were on low to moderate level. The level of moral distress experienced by clinical nurses is associated with demographics features and job characteristics, including age, education degree, department, task significance, autonomy, and dealing with others.Conclusion:Our conclusion suggests that hospital and organizational administrations should attach much importance to the moral distress experienced by clinical nurses in China. Further studies should focus on interventions about how to reduce the levels of the frequency and intensity of moral distress among clinical nurses. (shrink)
Artificial intelligence in support of the circular economy: ethical considerations and a path forward.Huw Roberts,JoyceZhang,Ben Bariach,Josh Cowls,Ben Gilburt,Prathm Juneja,Andreas Tsamados,Marta Ziosi,Mariarosaria Taddeo &Luciano Floridi -forthcoming -AI and Society:1-14.detailsThe world’s current model for economic development is unsustainable. It encourages high levels of resource extraction, consumption, and waste that undermine positive environmental outcomes. Transitioning to a circular economy (CE) model of development has been proposed as a sustainable alternative. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a crucial enabler for CE. It can aid in designing robust and sustainable products, facilitate new circular business models, and support the broader infrastructures needed to scale circularity. However, to date, considerations of the ethical implications of (...) using AI to achieve a transition to CE have been limited. This article addresses this gap. It outlines how AI is and can be used to transition towards CE, analyzes the ethical risks associated with using AI for this purpose, and supports some recommendations to policymakers and industry on how to minimise these risks. (shrink)
Why do funders support social welfare crowdfunding platforms? An elaboration likelihood perspective.Aqsa Sajjad,QingyuZhang,Ghadah Alarifi,Enrico Battisti &Elisa Arrigo -2024 -Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility 34 (1):231-245.detailsCrowdfunding entails small funds or contributions collected from the public to support and develop certain services or products. It has been widely adopted as an alternative method to fund social, cultural, and technological projects. Crowdfunding platforms can capitalize the social and digital networks, making them more efficient in targeting funders with minimum operational costs. The emergence of crowdfunding platforms as social information systems attracts researchers and academicians to study their increasing acceptance. In complement to qualitative and big-data analyses, behavioral models (...) can offer robust insights into why individuals like to participate in the activities generated on these platforms. Prior research focuses on the user's acceptance of these platforms, but less attention has been given to users' engagement in crowdfunding-based social welfare projects. The study highlights people's crowdfunding intentions to fund social welfare projects based on the elaboration likelihood model. The study hypothesizes argument quality and technical advantage as central signals and shared value and reputation as peripheral signals, where outcome efficacy and social consciousness directly affect intentions to participate and moderate the relationship between signals and intentions. We collect data from 467 potential donors from China's 30 online crowdfunding platforms. The results indicate a more significant peripheral route effect on donation participation in social welfare crowdfunding. Social consciousness significantly predicts donation intentions where outcome efficacy and social consciousness strengthen the relationship between argument quality, shared values, and donation intentions to participate in socially responsible crowdfunding. The study provides implications for social collaboration for welfare projects through these platforms in light of these dynamic factors. (shrink)
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Feng Shui Cosmology and Philosophy in Native Americans’ Worldview.Sergii Rudenko,Yaroslav Sobolievskyi &ChangmingZhang -2021 -Философия И Космология 27:196-205.detailsIn studying the characteristics of cultures, literature and philosophies of different civilisations, scholars inevitably wish to search for similar and different features inherent in particular societies. When this desire is completely justified, then certain questions remain that require additional reflection. For instance, studying the cosmological and natural-philosophical ideas inherent in Ancient China and among Native Americans, scholars face the difficult task of logically substantiating the possibility of studying these two diametrically opposed cultures together. This article is based on a general (...) overview of cosmological and philosophical views in Ancient China and among Native Americans. The authors reveal an important principle that significantly distinguishes “non-Western” cultures and manifests itself in ethnocentrism and harmonization of the relationship between humans and nature. The article gives a logical basis for research and attempts to answer the question of whether Feng shui practice is a science or a religion. To this end, the legacy of Yang Yunsong, one of the founders of the teachings of Feng shui, a Chinese sage of the Tang era from Guangdong province, was studied. The authors suggest that Yang Yunsong’s cosmology, geomancy, and Feng shui practice have much in common with the worldview of indigenous peoples around the world, particularly the Native Americans. (shrink)
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Agreeing to disagree and dilation.JijiZhang,Hailin Liu &Teddy Seidenfeld -unknowndetailsWe consider Geanakoplos and Polemarchakis’s generalization of Aumman’s famous result on “agreeing to disagree", in the context of imprecise probability. The main purpose is to reveal a connection between the possibility of agreeing to disagree and the interesting and anomalous phenomenon known as dilation. We show that for two agents who share the same set of priors and update by conditioning on every prior, it is impossible to agree to disagree on the lower or upper probability of a hypothesis unless (...) a certain dilation occurs. With some common topological assumptions, the result entails that it is impossible to agree not to have the same set of posterior probabilities unless dilation is present. This result may be used to generate sufficient conditions for guaranteed full agreement in the generalized Aumman-setting for some important models of imprecise priors, and we illustrate the potential with an agreement result involving the density ratio classes. We also provide a formulation of our results in terms of “dilation-averse” agents who ignore information about the value of a dilating partition but otherwise update by full Bayesian conditioning. (shrink)
L -effect Algebras.Wolfgang Rump &XiaZhang -2020 -Studia Logica 108 (4):725-750.detailsL-effect algebras are introduced as a class of L-algebras which specialize to all known generalizations of effect algebras with a \-semilattice structure. Moreover, L-effect algebras X arise in connection with quantum sets and Frobenius algebras. The translates of X in the self-similar closure S form a covering, and the structure of X is shown to be equivalent to the compatibility of overlapping translates. A second characterization represents an L-effect algebra in the spirit of closed categories. As an application, it is (...) proved that every lattice effect algebra is an interval in a right \-group, the structure group of the corresponding L-algebra. A block theory for generalized lattice effect algebras, and the existence of a generalized OML as the subalgebra of sharp elements are derived from this description. (shrink)
Causal Reasoning with Ancestral Graphical Models.JijiZhang -2008 -Journal of Machine Learning Research 9:1437-1474.detailsCausal reasoning is primarily concerned with what would happen to a system under external interventions. In particular, we are often interested in predicting the probability distribution of some random variables that would result if some other variables were forced to take certain values. One prominent approach to tackling this problem is based on causal Bayesian networks, using directed acyclic graphs as causal diagrams to relate post-intervention probabilities to pre-intervention probabilities that are estimable from observational data. However, such causal diagrams are (...) seldom fully testable given observational data. In consequence, many causal discovery algorithms based on data-mining can only output an equivalence class of causal diagrams. This paper is concerned with causal reasoning given an equivalence class of causal diagrams, represented by a ancestral graph. We present two main results. The first result extends Pearl 's celebrated do-calculus to the context of ancestral graphs. In the second result, we focus on a key component of Pearl's calculus---the property of invariance under interventions, and give stronger graphical conditions for this property than those implied by the first result. The second result also improves the earlier, similar results due to Spirtes et al. (shrink)
Four Facets of Privacy and Intellectual Freedom in Licensing Contracts for Electronic Journals.Alan Rubel &MeiZhang -2015 -College and Research Libraries 4 (76):427-449.detailsThis is a study of the treatment of library patron privacy in licenses for electronic journals in academic libraries. We begin by distinguishing four facets of privacy and intellectual freedom based on the LIS and philosophical literature. Next, we perform a content analysis of 42 license agreements for electronic journals, focusing on terms for enforcing authorized use and collection and sharing of user data. We compare our findings to model licenses, to recommendations proposed in a recent treatise on licenses, and (...) to our account of the four facets of intellectual freedom. We find important conflicts with each. (shrink)
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A transformational characterization of Markov equivalence for directed acyclic graphs with latent variables.JijiZhang &Peter Spirtes -unknowndetailsDifferent directed acyclic graphs may be Markov equivalent in the sense that they entail the same conditional independence relations among the observed variables. Chickering provided a transformational characterization of Markov equivalence for DAGs, which is useful in deriving properties shared by Markov equivalent DAGs, and, with certain generalization, is needed to prove the asymptotic correctness of a search procedure over Markov equivalence classes, known as the GES algorithm. For DAG models with latent variables, maximal ancestral graphs provide a neat representation (...) that facilitates model search. However, no transformational characterization -- analogous to Chickering's -- of Markov equivalent MAGs is yet available. This paper establishes such a characterization for directed MAGs, which we expect will have similar uses as it does for DAGs. (shrink)
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Wertapriori und Wertsein in der materialen Wertethik Max Schelers.WeiZhang -2010 -Meta: Research in Hermeneutics, Phenomenology, and Practical Philosophy 2 (1):178-194.detailsScheler called “material ethics of value” his own phenomenological ethics. Therefore, to clarify the concept of “value” is the most important step for a good understanding of his phenomenological material ethics of value. In the whole framework of the phenomenological movement, many phenomeno-ogists such as Husserl, Scheler, and N. Hartmann and so on developed their own ethics of value. But we can see the fundamental difference between Husserl’s or Hartmann’s ethics of value and Scheler’s one. The reason for this is (...) that they prescribed “value” differently. In Scheler’s phenomenological material ethics of value, there are two basic formulations of value: the former is the value a priori as material a priori , and the latter, the value being as a ultimately basic form of being . On the one hand, in contrast with Husserl, Scheler regarded value a priori as primal-phenomenon; On the other hand, unlike N. Hartmann, Scheler prescribed value-being as “the relative being of act”. In this sense, Scheler’s phenomenological material ethics of value is founded neither merely on the value a priori in the sense of thing-phenomenology, nor merely on emotional a priori in the sense of the act-phenomenology, but on a “material apriorism”. There are three kinds of a priori in such a “material apriorism”: value a priori, emotional a priori and the relevant a priori between fact and act. (shrink)
Xian dai xing li lun de jian ce yu fang yu.ZhiyangZhang -2000 - Beijing: She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she.details本书包括四大部分:甲部,哲学史前提的不完备性;乙部,语言的权限;丙部,记忆的承诺;丁部,偶在论。.
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Xi fang ren xue fa zhan shi gang.BurenZhang -1993 - Nanjing: Jing xiao Jiangsu sheng xin hua shu dian.details本书阐述了西方人学思想、理论和观点的发生、发展及其演变过程,剖析了历代西方人学思想、理论和观点的价值和作用。.
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Chinese Philosophy as a Kind of Field Philosophy.Zhang Wei -2020 -Social Epistemology 35 (4):416-425.detailsChinese philosophy is practical in orientation. This practical orientation is consistent with field philosophy, which aims to break the disciplinary mode of knowledge production and establish inter...
(1 other version)Mao Zedong's Critical Continuation of China's Fine Philosophical Inheritance.Zhang Wenru -1992 -Contemporary Chinese Thought 23 (3):117-125.detailsIn studying and researching Mao Zedong's philosophical thought, it is necessary not only to study the relationship between it and Marxist philosophy, but also to study its relationship to China's traditional philosophy.
Lady Xian’s Cosmology and Philosophy as a Masterplot of Modern Chinese Culture.Sergii Rudenko &ChangmingZhang -2022 -Философия И Космология 29:116-124.detailsThis article presents the results of the authors’ research on cosmological and philosophical narratives related to the personality of Lady Xian and her cultural heritage, and on their function in the contemporary cultural practices of Guangdong Province and the whole modern Chinese culture. The authors systematise Lady Xian’s corpus of cosmological and philosophical narratives, reconstruct Lady Xian’s main cosmological concepts and philosophical ideas, and reveal their specific features as well as their differences with Western cosmology and with cosmological narratives in (...) Western culture. The authors show that Lady Xian’s philosophical and cosmological ideas function as the masterplot of modern Chinese culture, which comprises such essential components of China’s international cultural policy as cultural identity, cooperative attitudes to other cultures, the dissemination of Chinese traditional culture in the world, peaceful coexistence, and soft power. The authors argue that Lady Xian’s cosmological concepts are an essential component of the implementation of the cultural aspects of China’s Belt and Road Initiative and that they can be used as an effective and helpful tool in the spread of modern Chinese culture in European countries. The article concludes that Lady Xian’s cosmological concepts are an essential method for deepening the understanding of China’s international cultural policy and China’s Belt and Road Initiative in European countries. In addition, Lady Xian’s culture can be used as a counter-narrative in overcoming some negative stereotypes about China’s international cultural policy and China’s Belt and Road Initiative present in the information space of European countries. (shrink)
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Clinical and Objective Cognitive Measures for the Diagnosis of Cognitive Frailty Subtypes: A Comparative Study.Qingwei Ruan,WeibinZhang,Jian Ruan,Jie Chen &Zhuowei Yu -2021 -Frontiers in Psychology 12.detailsBackgroundCognitive frailty includes reversible and potentially reversible subtypes; the former is known as concurrent physical frailty and pre-mild cognitive impairment subjective cognitive decline, whereas the latter is known as concurrent PF and MCI. The diagnoses of pre-MCI SCD and MCI are based on clinical criteria and various subjective cognitive decline questionnaires. Heterogeneous assessment of cognitive impairment results in significant variability of CI, CF, and their subtype prevalence in various population-based studies.ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the classification differences in CI and (...) CF subtypes from PF and normal cognition by applying clinical and objective cognitive criteria. Clinical criteria comprised Fried PF and clinical MCI criteria combined with the SCD questionnaire, whereas objective criteria comprised Fried PF and objective cognitive criteria based on the norm-adjusted six neuropsychological test scores.MethodsOf the 335 volunteers in this study, 191 were diagnosed with CI based on clinical cognitive diagnosis criteria, and 144 were identified as robust normal based on objective cognitive assessment from the community-dwelling older adult cohort. Individuals with clinical CI, including 94 with MCI and 97 with pre-MCI SCD, were reclassified into different z-score-derived MCI, pre-MCI SCD, and normal subgroups based on objective cognitive criteria. The classification diagnostic accuracy of normal cognition, PF, pre-MCI, MCI, CF, and CF subtypes based on clinical and objective criteria was compared before and after adjusting for age, sex, and education level.ResultsThe reclassification of objective assessments indicated better performance than that of clinical assessments in terms of discerning CI severity among different subgroups before adjusting for demographic factors. After covariate adjustment, clinical assessments significantly improved the ability to cognitively discriminate normal individuals from those with pre-MCI SCD and MCI but not the z-score-derived pre-MCI SCD and MCI groups from the robust normal group. Furthermore, the adjustment did not improve the ability to discriminate among individuals with reversible CF from those with potentially reversible CF and pre-MCI only SCD from MCI only SCD.ConclusionsObjective criteria showed better performance than clinical criteria in the diagnosis of individuals with CI or CF subtypes. Rapid clinical cognitive screening in combination with normative z-scores criteria is cost effective and sustainable in clinical practice. (shrink)
Heterogeneous Influence of Frailty Phenotypes in Age-Related Hearing Loss and Tinnitus in Chinese Older Adults: An Explorative Study.Qingwei Ruan,Jie Chen,RuxinZhang,WeibinZhang,Jian Ruan,MinZhang,Chao Han &Zhuowei Yu -2021 -Frontiers in Psychology 11.detailsBackgroundFried physical frailty, with mobility frailty and non-motor frailty phenotypes, is a heterogeneous syndrome. The coexistence of the two phenotypes and cognitive impairment is referred to as cognitive frailty. It remains unknown whether frailty phenotype has a different association with hearing loss and tinnitus.MethodsOf the 5,328 community-dwelling older adults, 429 participants aged ≥58 years were enrolled in the study. The participants were divided into robust, mobility, and non-mobility frailty, mobility and non-mobility CF, and cognitive decline [subdivided into mild cognitive impairment (...) and pre-MCI] groups. The severity and presentations of HL and/or tinnitus were used as dependent variables in the multivariate logistic or nominal regression analyses with forward elimination adjusted for frailty phenotype stratifications and other covariates.ResultsPatients with physical frailty or who are robust were found to have lower probability of developing severe HL and tinnitus, and presented HL and/or tinnitus than those with only cognitive decline, or CF. Patients with RCF and non-mobility RCF had higher probability with less HL and tinnitus, and the presentation of HL and/or tinnitus than those with PRCF and mobility RCF. Other confounders, age, cognitive and social function, cardiovascular disease, depression, and body mass index, independently mediated the severity of HL and tinnitus, and presented HL and/or tinnitus.ConclusionFrailty phenotypes have divergent association with HL and tinnitus. Further research is required to understand the differential mechanisms and the personalized intervention of HL and tinnitus.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT2017K020. (shrink)
Bei li yu hui gui: wan Ming shi ren mei xue tai du de xian dai guan zhao.WeizhaoZhang -2009 - Nanjing Shi: Feng huang chu ban she.details本书包括: 晚明士人的个体生命情怀及其哲学意蕴、晚明士人自我实现的文化透视、晚明士人尚情思潮的美学解读三篇内容.