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Results for 'Yukiko Yoshida'

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  1.  13
    Ubiquitin‐mediated endosomal stress: A novel organelle stress of early endosomes that initiates cellular signaling pathways.Akinori Endo,Masayuki Komada &YukikoYoshida -2024 -Bioessays 46 (11):2400127.
    Cells utilize diverse organelles to maintain homeostasis and to respond to extracellular stimuli. Recently, multifaceted aspects of organelle stress caused by various factors have been emerging. The endosome is an essential organelle, functioning as the central hub for membrane trafficking in cooperation with the ubiquitin system. However, knowledge regarding endosomal stress, which refers to organelle stress of the endosome, is currently limited. We recently revealed ubiquitin‐mediated endosomal stress of early endosomes (EEs) and its responsive signaling pathways. These findings shed light (...) on the relevance of ubiquitin‐mediated endosomal stress to physiological and pathological processes. Here, we present a hypothesis that ubiquitin‐mediated endosomal stress may have significant roles in biological contexts and that ubiquitin‐specific protease 8 is a key regulator of ubiquitin clearance from EEs. (shrink)
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  2.  70
    Cytosolic N‐Glycans: Triggers for Ubiquitination Directing Proteasomal and Autophagic Degradation.YukikoYoshida &Keiji Tanaka -2018 -Bioessays 40 (3):1700215.
    Proteins on the cell surface and secreted proteins are modified with sugar chains that generate and modulate biological complexity and diversity. Sugar chains not only contribute physically to the conformation and solubility of proteins, but also exert various functions via sugar-binding proteins that reside on the cell surface or in organelles of the secretory pathway. However, some glycosidases and lectins are found in the cytosol or nucleus. Recent studies of cytosolic sugar–related molecules have revealed that sugar chains on proteins in (...) the cytosol act as signals of adverse cellular conditions. In this review, we summarize recent reports that cytosolic sugar chains can trigger ubiquitination, followed by proteasomal and autophagic degradation to maintain cellular homeostasis. In addition, we discuss the functions of sugar-binding proteins revealed to date, along with possibilities not yet explored. The cytosolic N-glycans that normally reside on the cell surface or in organelles serves as a signal for the presence of unwanted proteins or organelles. Here, we review the monitoring system for cytosolic glycans including glycosidases and lectin in the cytosol. (shrink)
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  3.  82
    RonaldYoshida's Reduction in the Physical SciencesReduction in the Physical Sciences.Paul Teller &RonaldYoshida -1980 -Noûs 14 (1):136.
  4.  8
    Tetsugaku shigen to shite no Chūgoku shisō:Yoshida Kōhei Kyōju taikyū kinen ronshū.KōheiYoshida (ed.) -2013 - Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Kenbun Shuppan.
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  5.  50
    Is Health Inequality Across Individuals of Moral Concern?Yukiko Asada -2006 -Health Care Analysis 14 (1):25-36.
    The history of the documentation of health inequality is long. The way in which health inequality has customarily been documented is by comparing differences in the average health across groups, for example, by sex or gender, income, education, occupation, or geographic region. In the controversial World Health Report 2000, researchers at the World Health Organization criticized this traditional practice and proposed to measure health inequality across individuals irrespective of individuals’ group affiliation. They defended its proposal on the moral grounds without (...) clear explanation. In this paper I ask: is health inequality across individuals of moral concern, and, if so, why? Clarification of these questions is crucial for meaningful interpretation of health inequality measured across individuals. Only if there was something morally problematic in health inequality across individuals, its reduction would be good news. Specifically, in this paper I provide three arguments for the moral significance of health inequality across individuals: (a) health is special, (b) health equity plays an important and unique role in the general pursuit of justice, and (c) health inequality is an indicator of general injustice in society. I then discuss three key questions to examine the validity of these arguments: (i) how special is health?, (ii) how good is health as an indicator?, and (iii) what do we mean by injustice? I conclude that health inequality across individuals is of moral interest with the arguments (b) and (c). (shrink)
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  6.  22
    JNK‐interacting protein 4 is a central molecule for lysosomal retrograde trafficking.Yukiko Sasazawa,Nobutaka Hattori &Shinji Saiki -2023 -Bioessays 45 (11):2300052.
    Lysosomal positioning is an important factor in regulating cellular responses, including autophagy. Because proteins encoded by disease‐responsible genes are involved in lysosomal trafficking, proper intracellular lysosomal trafficking is thought to be essential for cellular homeostasis. In the past few years, the mechanisms of lysosomal trafficking have been elucidated with a focus on adapter proteins linking motor proteins to lysosomes. Here, we outline recent findings on the mechanisms of lysosomal trafficking by focusing on adapter protein c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase‐interacting protein (JIP) 4, (...) which plays a central role in this process, and other JIP4 functions and JIP family proteins. Additionally, we discuss neuronal diseases associated with aberrance in the JIP family protein. Accumulating evidence suggests that chemical manipulation of lysosomal positioning may be a therapeutic approach for these neuronal diseases. (shrink)
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  7.  90
    Re-politicising Philosophy of Science: A Continuing Challenge for Social Epistemology.KeiYoshida -2012 -Social Epistemology 26 (3-4):365-378.
    The aim of this paper is to investigate how we can reunite social philosophy and philosophy of science to address problems in science and technology. First, referring to Don Howard?s, George Reisch?s, and Philip Mirowski?s works, I shall briefly explain how philosophy of science was depoliticised during the cold war. Second, I shall examine Steve Fuller?s criticism of Thomas Kuhn. Third, I shall scrutinise Philip Kitcher?s view of well-ordered science. Fourth, I shall emphasise the importance of autonomy and argue that (...) philosophy of science needs to cultivate a critical attitude towards authority. Fifth, drawing upon Ian Jarvie?s social reading of Karl Popper, I shall argue that Popper?s philosophy can be a model for reuniting social philosophy and philosophy of science. (shrink)
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  8. Establishment Of High School Bioethics Education Network.Yukiko Asada &Darryl Macer -1997 -Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 7 (3):73-77.
     
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  9. 4.5. High School Bioethics Education Network in Japan.Yukiko Asada &Darryl Macer -forthcoming -Bioethics in Asia: The Proceedings of the Unesco Asian Bioethics Conference (Abc'97) and the Who-Assisted Satellite Symposium on Medical Genetics Services, 3-8 Nov, 1997 in Kobe/Fukui, Japan, 3rd Murs Japan International Symposium, 2nd Congress of the Asi.
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  10.  27
    The ‘way of flowers’ and the care of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan.Yukiko Himeno,Osamu Inoue &Fernando Vidal -2020 -Arxiu D’Etnografia de Catalunya 21:27-68.
    Tracheostomy with invasive ventilation may be required for the survival of patients at advanced stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In Japan it has been shown that a proactive approach toward TIV may prolong the survival of ALS patients by over 10 years by preventing the lethal respiratory failure that generally occurs within 3-5 years of the onset of the disease. Measures to prolong life expectancy without foregoing quality of life have produced better results in Japan than in other developed countries. (...) This ‘Japanese bias’ has been attributed to socio-cultural and religious factors as well as to the availability of material resources in Japan. In this article, we use the concepts of onozukara in kadō and amae to illuminate features of patient care that may contribute to this ‘Japanese bias’. (shrink)
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  11.  13
    Nursing ethics in times of conflict.Yukiko Kusano -2014 -Nursing Ethics 21 (8):859-860.
  12. F27. Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Pre-symptomatic Testing for Cancer.Yukiko Tsunematsu -forthcoming -Bioethics in Asia: The Proceedings of the Unesco Asian Bioethics Conference (Abc'97) and the Who-Assisted Satellite Symposium on Medical Genetics Services, 3-8 Nov, 1997 in Kobe/Fukui, Japan, 3rd Murs Japan International Symposium, 2nd Congress of the Asi.
     
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  13.  20
    Do You Always Choose What You Like? Subtle Social Cues Increase Preference-Choice Consistency among Japanese But Not among Americans.Yukiko Uchida,Krishna Savani,Hidefumi Hitokoto &Koichi Kaino -2017 -Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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  14.  62
    Word-music in English poetry.MinoruYoshida -1952 -Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 11 (2):151-159.
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  15.  53
    The NEET and Hikikomori spectrum: Assessing the risks and consequences of becoming culturally marginalized.Yukiko Uchida &Vinai Norasakkunkit -2015 -Frontiers in Psychology 6.
  16.  53
    Reduction in the physical sciences.Ronald M.Yoshida -1977 - Halifax, N.S.: Published for the Canadian Association for Publishing in Philosophy by Dalhousie University Press.
  17.  54
    Self-report measure as a useful tool to identify prenatal substance use and predict adverse birth outcomes.Yukiko Washio,Neal D. Goldstein,Richard Butler,Stephanie Rogers,David A. Paul,Mishka Terplan &Matthew K. Hoffman -2018 -Clinical Ethics 13 (3):137-142.
    ObjectivesThe purpose of the current study was to examine whether a self-report measure identifies prenatal substance use and predicts resulting adverse birth outcomes in a large cohort using electronic medical records.MethodsPregnant patients who were admitted between 2014 and 2015 at Christiana Care Health System and delivered singleton birth were included in the analyses. Participant demographic information, pregnancy comorbidities, self-reported substance use, and birth outcomes were retrieved from electronic medical records. Detailed descriptive analyses of prenatal substance use were conducted, and logistic (...) models were evaluated for the associations between substance use and each birth outcome.ResultsThe average maternal age was 30 years, 37% receiving Medicaid. Over 58% were White, 26% were Black, and 13% were Hispanic. Cigarette smoking only showed the highest prevalence among substance u... (shrink)
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  18.  28
    Metric Used in the Global Health Impact Project: Implicit Values and Unanswered Questions.Yukiko Asada -2022 -Public Health Ethics 15 (2):124-129.
    The core aims of the Global Health Impact Project include incentivizing pharmaceutical companies for socially conscious production and promoting socially conscious consumption among consumers. Its backbone is a metric that computes the amount of illness burden alleviated by a pharmaceutical drug. This essay aims to assess the connection between values and numbers in the Global Health Impact Project. Specifically, I concentrate on two issues, the anonymity of illness burden and the distribution of health benefits. The former issue asks whether we (...) should treat the illness burden of every person the same. The latter issue asks among whom health benefits should be fairly distributed. Examination of these issues begs for clarification of some of the key concepts of the Global Health Impact Project, such as the definition of essential medicines and the significance of national borders. Although this essay focuses on the two particular metric issues in the Global Health Impact Project, its core argument is applicable to other metrics for ethically motivated initiatives—to construct a metric for an ethically motivated initiative, it is not only important to articulate underlying concepts and values, but it is also important to operationalize them, so they are consistently reflected in the metric. (shrink)
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  19.  97
    Defending scientific study of the social: Against Clifford Geertz (and his critics).KeiYoshida -2007 -Philosophy of the Social Sciences 37 (3):289-314.
    This paper will defend scientific study of the social by scrutinizing Clifford Geertz's interpretive anthropology, and evolutionary psychologists' criticism of it. I shall critically examine Geertz's identification of anthropology with literary criticism, his assumption that a science of society is possible only on a positivist model, his view of the relation between culture and mind, and his anti anti-relativism. Then I shall discuss evolutionary psychologists' criticism of Geertz's view as an exemplar of the so-called "Standard Social Science Model." Finally, I (...) shall claim that both Geertz and evolutionary psychologists misunderstand the aim of the social sciences, which is to explain the unintended consequences of human actions in institutional contexts. Key Words: Clifford Geertz • evolutionary psychology • interpretive anthropology • positivism • Standard Social Science Model (SSSM). (shrink)
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  20.  184
    Exclusion Constraints Facilitate Statistical Word Learning.KatherineYoshida,Mijke Rhemtulla &Athena Vouloumanos -2012 -Cognitive Science 36 (5):933-947.
    The roles of linguistic, cognitive, and social-pragmatic processes in word learning are well established. If statistical mechanisms also contribute to word learning, they must interact with these processes; however, there exists little evidence for such mechanistic synergy. Adults use co-occurrence statistics to encode speech–object pairings with detailed sensitivity in stochastic learning environments (Vouloumanos, 2008). Here, we replicate this statistical work with nonspeech sounds and compare the results with the previous speech studies to examine whether exclusion constraints contribute equally to the (...) statistical learning of speech–object and nonspeech–object associations. In environments in which performance could benefit from exclusion, we find a learning advantage for speech over nonspeech, revealing an interaction between statistical and exclusion processes in associative word learning. (shrink)
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  21.  133
    The development of perceptual grouping biases in infancy: a Japanese-English cross-linguistic study.Katherine A.Yoshida,John R. Iversen,Aniruddh D. Patel,Reiko Mazuka,Hiromi Nito,Judit Gervain &Janet F. Werker -2010 -Cognition 115 (2):356-361.
    Perceptual grouping has traditionally been thought to be governed by innate, universal principles. However, recent work has found differences in Japanese and English speakers' non-linguistic perceptual grouping, implicating language in non-linguistic perceptual processes (Iversen, Patel, & Ohgushi, 2008). Two experiments test Japanese- and English-learning infants of 5-6 and 7-8 months of age to explore the development of grouping preferences. At 5-6 months, neither the Japanese nor the English infants revealed any systematic perceptual biases. However, by 7-8 months, the same age (...) as when linguistic phrasal grouping develops, infants developed non-linguistic grouping preferences consistent with their language's structure (and the grouping biases found in adulthood). These results reveal an early difference in non-linguistic perception between infants growing up in different language environments. The possibility that infants' linguistic phrasal grouping is bootstrapped by abstract perceptual principles is discussed. (shrink)
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  22.  18
    A estrutura da Ética da Compaixão de Schopenhauer em relação à Filosofia Transcendental.Yukiko Hayashi -2018 -Revista de Filosofia Aurora 30 (49).
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  23.  31
    Computability of Reality as an Unfulfilled Dream.Yukiko Okamoto -2008 - In Herbert Hrachovec & Alois Pichler,Wittgenstein and the Philosophy of Information: Proceedings of the 30th International Ludwig Wittgenstein-Symposium in Kirchberg, 2007. De Gruyter. pp. 305-318.
  24.  43
    Fundamental Problem of Digital Interaction.Yukiko Okamoto -2008 -Proceedings of the Xxii World Congress of Philosophy 35:37-42.
    The promised open space of cyber-interaction has its dark side hidden behind its brilliant rhetoric. The danger emerges within the very center of developing this technology (cyber-evolution). That is a more fundamental danger than this dark side seems to have. The possible replacement of our primary reality with virtual reality might erode the significance of our existential reality. This means also that the virtual reality might lose its own ground to be constructed. In order to clarify this fundamental problem at (...) issue I show some results from a questionnaire done on younger generation. The results seem to suggest possible way of facing this problem. (shrink)
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  25.  22
    Japanese Immigrants and their Christian Communities in North America: A Case Study of the Fukuinkai, 1877–1896.Yoshida Ryo -2007 -Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 34 (1):229-244.
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  26.  43
    Variable Handling and Compositionality: Comparing DRT and DTS.Yukiko Yana,Koji Mineshima &Daisuke Bekki -2019 -Journal of Logic, Language and Information 28 (2):261-285.
    This paper provides a detailed comparison between discourse representation theory and dependent type semantics, two frameworks for discourse semantics. Although it is often stated that DRT and those frameworks based on dependent types are mutually exchangeable, we argue that they differ with respect to variable handling, more specifically, how substitution and other operations on variables are defined. This manifests itself in two recalcitrant problems posed for DRT; namely, the overwrite problem and the duplication problem. We will see that these problems (...) still pose a challenge for various extended compositional systems based on DRT, while they do not arise in a framework of DTS where substitution and other operations are defined in the standard type-theoretic manner without stipulating any additional constraints. We also compare the notions of contexts underlying these two kinds of frameworks, namely, contexts represented as assignment functions and contexts represented as proof terms, and see what different predictions they make for some linguistic examples. (shrink)
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  27.  87
    Gender Differences in Moral Sensitivity: A Meta-Analysis.Yukiko di YouMaeda &Muriel J. Bebeau -2011 -Ethics and Behavior 21 (4):263 - 282.
    This meta-analysis synthesizes quantitative findings of the gender differences in moral sensitivity retrieved from 19 primary studies. We found the average effect size of 0.25, favoring women, with a standard deviation of 0.14. The variation in the observed effect sizes could not be attributed to differences in participants' educational level, the utilized measure of moral sensitivity, or the publication format in which the study was reported. This suggests that gender differences in moral sensitivity are consistent across different levels of participants' (...) education regardless of the instrument used to assess moral sensitivity or the format in which the research was reported. (shrink)
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  28.  117
    Japanese Mythology and the Indo-European Trifunctional System.AtsuhikoYoshida -1977 -Diogenes 25 (98):93-116.
    As I have pointed out in a series of papers, which appeared about fifteen years ago in the Revue de l'histoire des religions, there are numerous resemblances between the ancient myths of the Indo-Europeans, on the one hand, and those of Japan, on the other. These resemblances, relating both to the fundamental structures of the two mythological systems and to a number of curious details, constitute an assemblage which seems too conspicuous to be regarded as either accidental or the result (...) of a similitude of human mentalities, manifesting itself, so it seems, through the creation of a great many similar myths and legends throughout the length and breadth of the surface of our planet. (shrink)
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  29.  33
    Salt Production Techniques in Ancient China: The Aobo Tu.Yoshida Tora &Hans Ulrich Vogel -1995 -Philosophy East and West 45 (1):137-138.
  30. Buke no kakun.YutakaYoshida -1972
     
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  31.  9
    Jinsei o fukaku tanoshimu tame ni: shizen to geijutsu to jinsei to.HidekazuYoshida -1992 - Tōkyō: Kairyūsha.
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  32.  9
    Kanseiki Mitogaku no kenkyū: Suiken kara Yūkoku e.ToshizumiYoshida -2011 - Tōkyō: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan.
  33. Puraton zenshū yōsui.TōshūYoshida -1970 - Edited by Plato.
     
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  34. Ronri to tetsugaku no sekai.NatsuhikoYoshida -1977 - Shinchosha.
     
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  35. Shitei chūgaku shūshin kyōkasho.SeichiYoshida -1928 - Tōkyō-shi: Hōbunkan.
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  36. Shisō mondai to gakkō kyōiku.KumajiYoshida -1934
     
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  37. Shōka no kakun.YutakaYoshida -1973
     
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  38. Yuibutsuron to Nihon ideorogi.MasatoshiYoshida -1980
     
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  39.  47
    Personal Responsibility for Health: Exploring Together with Lay Persons.Yukiko Asada,Marion Brown,Mary McNally,Andrea Murphy,Robin Urquhart &Grace Warner -2022 -Public Health Ethics 15 (2):160-174.
    Emerging parallel to long-standing, academic and policy inquiries on personal responsibility for health is the empirical assessment of lay persons’ views. Yet, previous studies rarely explored personal responsibility for health among lay persons as dynamic societal values. We sought to explore lay persons’ views on personal responsibility for health using the Fairness Dialogues, a method for lay persons to deliberate equity issues in health and health care through a small group dialogue using a hypothetical scenario. We conducted two 2-h Fairness (...) Dialogues sessions (n = 15 in total) in Nova Scotia, Canada. We analyzed data using thematic analysis. Our analysis showed that personal choice played an important role in participants’ thinking about health. Underlying the concept of personal choice was considerations of freedom and societal debt. In participants’ minds, personal and social responsibilities co-existed and they were unwilling to determine health care priority based on personal responsibility. The Fairness Dialogues is a promising deliberative method to explore lay persons’ views as dynamic values to be developed through group dialogues as opposed to static, already-formed values waiting to be elicited. (shrink)
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  40.  48
    EvoDevo as a Motley Aggregation: Local Integration and Conflicting Views of Genes During the 1980s.YoshinariYoshida &Hisashi Nakao -2015 -Biological Theory 10 (2):156-166.
    Although there are many historical and philosophical analyses of evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo), its development in the 1980s, when many individual or collective attempts to synthesize evolution and development were made, has not been examined in detail. This article focuses on some interdisciplinary studies during the 1980s and argues that they had important characteristics that previous historical and philosophical work has not recognized. First, we clarify how each set of studies from the 1980s integrated the results or approaches from different (...) biological fields, such as paleontology, developmental genetics, comparative morphology, experimental embryology, theoretical developmental biology, and population genetics. Second, after close examination we show that the interdisciplinary studies during the 1980s adopted different and conflicting views of genes, such as developmental-genetic, epigenetic, or population-genetic ones. We conclude that EvoDevo in the 1980s was a motley aggregation of various kinds of local integration. Finally, we discuss the implications of our analysis by comparing these early EvoDevo studies with those of the Modern Synthesis and with the present state of EvoDevo. (shrink)
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  41.  33
    Der Schatten der Kierkegaard-Renaissance. Eine rezeptionsgeschichtliche Studie über die dezisionistisch-irrationalistischen Kierkegaard-Interpretationen zwischen den Weltkriegen in Deutschland.KeisukeYoshida -2015 -Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook 20 (1).
    Name der Zeitschrift: Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook Jahrgang: 20 Heft: 1 Seiten: 279-300.
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  42. Daidōji, Shigesuke, 1639-1730.Yoshida, Yutaka &[From Old Catalog] (eds.) -1971
     
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  43.  23
    A study of Guinier-Preston zones in aluminium-copper alloys using the weak-beam technique of electron microscopy.H.Yoshida,D. J. H. Cockayne &M. J. Whelan -1976 -Philosophical Magazine 34 (1):89-100.
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  44.  2
    Mechanisms and principles: two approaches to scientific generalization.YoshinariYoshida &Alan C. Love -2025 -European Journal for Philosophy of Science 15 (2):1-19.
    Many philosophers have explored the extensive use of non-universal generalizations in different sciences for inductive and explanatory purposes, analyzing properties such as how widely a generalization holds in space and time. In the present paper, we concentrate on developmental biology to distinguish and characterize two common approaches to scientific generalization—mechanism generalization and principle generalization. The former approach seeks detailed descriptions of causal relationships among specific types of biological entities that produce a characteristic phenomenon across some range of different biological entities; (...) the latter approach abstractly describes relations or interactions that occur during ontogeny and are exemplified in a wide variety of different biological entities. These two approaches to generalization correspond to different investigative aims. Our analysis shows why each approach is sought in a research context, thereby accounting for how practices of inquiry are structured. It also diagnoses problematic assumptions in prior discussions, such as abstraction always being correlated positively with generalizations of wide scope. (shrink)
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  45.  21
    The Khwarezmian Element in the Qunyat al-Munya.Y.Yoshida,D. N. MacKenzie &Hasan Amarat -1992 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 112 (3):535.
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  46.  88
    Health Inequalities and Why They Matter.Daniel M. Hausman,Yukiko Asada &Thomas Hedemann -2002 -Health Care Analysis 10 (2):177-191.
    Health inequalities are of concern both becausestudying them may help one learn how to improvehealth and because health inequalities may beunjust. This paper argues that attending tothese reasons why health inequalities may beimportant undercuts the claims of researchersat the World Health Organization in favor offocusing on individual health variation ratherthan on social group health differences. Inequalities in individual health are of littleinterest unless one goes on to study how theyare related to other factors.
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  47.  55
    Early noun lexicons in English and Japanese.HanakoYoshida &Linda B. Smith -2001 -Cognition 82 (2):63-74.
    Previous research suggests that children learning a variety of languages acquire similar early noun vocabularies and do so by similar and universal processes. We report here results from two studies that show differences in the early noun learning of English- and Japanese-speaking children. Experiment 1 examined the relative numbers of animal names and object names in vocabularies of English-speaking and Japanese-speaking children. English-speaking children's vocabularies were heavily lopsided with many more object than animal names whereas Japanese-speaking children's vocabularies were more (...) evenly balanced. Experiment 2 used a novel noun extension task to examine what young children know about the different organizations of animal and artifact categories. The results suggest that early learners of English but not Japanese over-generalize what they know about object categories to animal categories. The role of culture, input and linguistic structure in early noun acquisitions is discussed. (shrink)
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  48.  24
    Bare nouns and telicity in Japanese.KeikoYoshida -2008 - In Susan Deborah Rothstein,Theoretical and Crosslinguistic Approaches to the Semantics of Aspect. John Benjamins. pp. 421--439.
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  49.  9
    Dejitaru shikō to anarogu shikō.NatsuhikoYoshida -1990 - Tōkyō: Nihon Hōsō Shuppan Kyōkai.
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  50.  22
    Japanese Immigrants and their Christian Communities in North America.RyoYoshida -2007 -Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 34 (1).
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