Results for 'William Mapp'
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- Decisional Value Scores.Gabriella Waters,WilliamMapp &Phillip Honenberger -2024 -AI and Ethics 2024.Research in ethical AI has made strides in quantitative expression of ethical values such as fairness, transparency, and privacy. Here we contribute to this effort by proposing a new family of metrics called “decisional value scores” (DVS). DVSs are scores assigned to a system based on whether the decisions it makes meet or fail to meet a particular standard (either individually, in total, or as a ratio or average over decisions made). Advantages of DVS include greater discrimination capacity between types (...) of ethically relevant decisions and facilitation of ethical comparisons between decisions and decision-making systems, including across different modalities (for instance: human, machine, or coupled human–machine systems). After clarifying ambiguities in the concept of “decision” itself, including the question of how to individuate the decisions made by a system, we discuss the role and meaning of “decision” in common AI and machine learning approaches such as decision trees, neural networks, SVMs, and unsupervised classifiers. We then show how DVSs may be defined for several ethical values of interest, with an extended discussion of transparency. Finally, we explore how such metrics can be applied to real decision-making systems through two case studies: evaluations of LLMs for transparency; and evaluations of criminal risk assessment tools for utility, rights violations, fairness, and transparency. (shrink)No categories
- Analytic theology and the academic study of religion.William Wood -2021 - Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Analytic theology can flourish in the secular academy, and flourish as authentically Christian theology. Analytic Theology and the Academic Study of Religion explains analytic theology to other theologians and scholars of religion, while simultaneously explaining those other fields to analytic theologians.William Wood defends analytic theology from some common criticisms, but also argues that analytic theologians have much to learn from other forms of inquiry. Analytic theology is a legitimate form of theology, and a legitimate form of academic inquiry, (...) and it can be a valuable conversation partner within the wider religious studies academy. Analytic Theology and the Academic Study of Religion articulates an attractive vision of analytic theology, fosters a more fruitful inter-disciplinary conversation, and enables scholars across the religious studies academy to understand one another better. (shrink)No categories
- Philosophy of language.William P. Alston -1964 - Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,: Prentice-Hall.
- Complexity and Organization.William C. Wimsatt -1972 -PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1972:67-86.
- Reductive Explanation: A Functional Account.William C. Wimsatt -1972 -PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1974:671-710.
- (1 other version)On the philosophy of discovery.William Whewell -1860 - New York,: B. Franklin.Reprint of the original, first published in 1860.
- The Units of Selection and the Structure of the Multi-Level Genome.William C. Wimsatt -1980 -PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1980:122 - 183.The reductionistic vision of evolutionary theory, "the gene's eye view of evolution" is the dominant view among evolutionary biologists today. On this view, the gene is the only unit with sufficient stability to act as a unit of selection, with individuals and groups being more ephemeral units of function, but not of selection. This view is argued to be incorrect, on several grounds. The empirical and theoretical bases for the existence of higher-level units of selection are explored, and alternative analyses (...) discussed critically. The success of a multi-level selection theory demands the recognition and development of a multi-level genetics. The way to accomplish this is suggested. The genotype/phenotype distinction also requires further analysis to see how it applies at higher levels of organization. This analysis provides a way of defining genotype and phenotype for cultural evolution, and a treatment of the innate-acquired distinction which are both generalizeable to analyze problems of the nature and focus of scientific change. (shrink)
- Ockham's theory of terms, part I of the Summa logicae.William -1974 - Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.
- The Guardians on Trial: The Reading Order of Plato's Dialogues From Euthyphro to Phaedo.William H. F. Altman -2016 - Lanham: Lexington Books.In this book,William H. F. Altman argues that it is not order of composition but reading order that makes Euthyphro, Apology of Socrates, Crito, and Phaedo “late dialogues,” and shows why Plato’s decision to interpolate the notoriously “late” Sophist and Statesman between Euthyphro and Apology deserves more respect from interpreters.
- Generativity, entrenchment, evolution, and innateness: philosophy, evolutionary biology, and conceptual foundations of science.William C. Wimsatt -1999 - In Valerie Gray Hardcastle,Where Biology Meets Psychology: Philosophical Essays. MIT Press. pp. 137--179.
- Fields of force.William Berkson -1974 - New York,: Wiley.This book tells how a series of very remarkable men tried to get a better understanding of the world. These men are Michael Faraday and those he influenced: ...
- Essays in Philosophical Biology.William Morton Wheeler -1939 - New York: Russell & Russell. Edited by George Howard Parker.William Morton Wheeler -- The anti-colony as an organism -- Jean-Henri Fabre -- On instincts -- The termitodoxa, or biology and society -- The organization of research -- The dry-rot of our academic biology -- Emergent evolution and the development of societies -- Carl Akeley's early work and environment -- Present tendencies in biological theory -- Hopes in the biological sciences -- Some attractions of the field study of ants -- Animal societies.
- Talks to Teachers.William James -1963 -Les Etudes Philosophiques 18 (2):223-223.This is the text available from Emory University.
- Cynics.William Desmond &Steven Gerrard -2008 - University of California Press.Far from being pessimistic or nihilistic, as modern uses of the term "cynic" suggest, the ancient Cynics were astonishingly optimistic regarding human nature. They believed that if one simplified one's life—giving up all unnecessary possessions, desires, and ideas—and lived in the moment as much as possible, one could regain one's natural goodness and happiness. It was a life exemplified most famously by the eccentric Diogenes, nicknamed "the Dog," and his followers, called dog-philosophers, _kunikoi, _or Cynics. Rebellious, self-willed, and ornery but (...) also witty and imaginative, these dog-philosophers are some of the most colorful personalities from antiquity. This engaging introduction to Cynicism considers both the fragmentary ancient evidence on the Cynics and the historical interpretations that have shaped the philosophy over the course of eight centuries—from Diogenes himself to Nietzsche and beyond. Approaching Cynicism from a variety of thematic perspectives as well—their critique of convention, praise of natural simplicity, advocacy of self-sufficiency, defiance of Fortune, and freedom—William Desmond offers a fascinating survey of a school of thought that has had a tremendous influence throughout history and is of continuing interest today. _Copub: Acumen Publishing Limited_. (shrink)
- (1 other version)Taming the Dimensions-Visualizations in Science.William C. Wimsatt -1990 -PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1990:111 - 135.The role of pictures and visual modes of presentation of data in science is a topic of increasing interest to workers in artificial intelligence, problem solving, and scientists in all fields who must deal with large quantities of complex multidimensional data. Drawing on studies of animal motion, aerodynamics, morphological transformations, the history of linkage mapping, and the analysis of deterministic chaos, I focus on the strengths and limitations of our visual system, the analysis of problems particularly suited to visualization-the analysis (...) of similarities and differences between complex objects, and problems making conjoint use of information from several complex images. (shrink)No categories
- God?: a debate between a Christian and an atheist.William Lane Craig -2004 - New York: Oxford University Press. Edited by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.The question of whether or not God exists is endlessly fascinating and profoundly important. Now two articulate spokesmen--one a Christian, the other an atheist--duel over God's existence in a lively and illuminating battle of ideas. In God?,William Lane Craig and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong bring to the printed page two debates they held before live audiences, preserving all the wit, clarity, and immediacy of their public exchanges. With none of the opaque discourse of academic logicians and divinity-school theologians, the authors (...) make claims and comebacks that cut with precision. Their arguments are sharp and humorous, as each philosopher strikes quickly to the heart of his opponent's case. For example, Craig claims that we must believe in God to explain objective moral values, such as why rape is wrong. Sinnott-Armstrong responds that what makes rape wrong is the harm to victims of rape, so rape is immoral even if there is no God. From arguments about the nature of infinity and the Big Bang, to religious experience and divine action, to the resurrection of Jesus and the problem of evil, the authors treat us to a remarkable display of intelligence and insight--a truly thought-provoking exploration of a classic issue that remains relevant to contemporary life. (shrink)
- Cognitive neuroscienec: Relating neural mechanisms and cognition.William P. Bechtel -2001 - In Peter McLaughlin, Peter Machamer & Rick Grush,Theory and Method in the Neurosciences. Pittsburgh University Press.
- Contemporary connectionism: Are the new parallel distributed processing models cognitive or associationist?William P. Bechtel -1985 -Behaviorism 13 (1):53-61.
- The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Volume 1: Founded Upon Their History.William Whewell -2014 - Cambridge University Press.First published in 1840, this two-volume treatise by Cambridge polymathWilliam Whewell remains significant in the philosophy of science. The work was intended as the 'moral' to his three-volume History of the Inductive Sciences, which is also reissued in this series. Building on philosophical foundations laid by Immanuel Kant and Francis Bacon, Whewell opens with the aphorism 'Man is the Interpreter of Nature, Science the right interpretation'. Volume 1 contains the majority of Whewell's section on 'ideas', in which he (...) investigates the philosophy underlying a range of different disciplines, including pure, classificatory and mechanical sciences. Whewell's work upholds throughout his belief that the mind was active and not merely a passive receiver of knowledge from the world. A key text in Victorian epistemological debates, notably challenged by John Stuart Mill and his System of Logic, Whewell's treatise merits continued study and discussion in the present day. (shrink)No categories
- The Guardians in Action: Plato the Teacher and the Post-Republic Dialogues From Timaeus to Theaetetus.William H. F. Altman -2016 - Lanham: Lexington Books.In this book,William H. F. Altman considers the pedagogical connections behind the post-Republic dialogues from Timaeus to Theaetetus in the context of their Reading Order.
- Evolution and the Stability of Functional Architectures.William C. Wimsatt -2013 - In Philippe Huneman,Functions: selection and mechanisms. Springer. pp. 19--41.
- Philosophy of Religion.William I. Rowe -2010 - Oxford University Press USA.
- Can Doctors and Philosophers Work Together?William Ruddick -1981 -Hastings Center Report 11 (2):12.
- Some Problems with the Concept of 'Feedback'.William C. Wimsatt -1970 -PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1970:241 - 256.No categories
- Socrates and the enlightenment path.William Bodri -2001 - Boston: Weiser Books.William Bodri shows that Socrates had attained a spiritual stage called samadhi, satisfying the requirements specified in Buddhist systems of one who had ...
- Lakatos one and Lakatos two: An appreciation.William Berkson -1976 - In R. S. Cohen, P. K. Feyerabend & M. Wartofsky,Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos. Reidel. pp. 39--54.When I was pondering what I should write about Lakatos in this article, I ran into what seemed an insuperable difficulty. On one hand I thought that part of my job should be to give a portrait of Lakatos' personal manner. This would be informative from the point of view of history of thought, as it would help people read his works with greater understanding. And it would be interesting, if I succeeded at all: everyone who knew Lakatos would agree (...) that he was one of the most remarkable people they had met. On the other hand memorial essays tend to give portraits whic are all sweetness and light. But such a portrait of Lakatos would not b a portrait of Lakatos. Everyone has his dark and his light side; sometimes we see one, occasionalley the other. But in Lakatos both were simultaneously and brilliantly displayed at every instant. (shrink)
- (1 other version)Plato’s Later Platonism.William Charlton -1995 -Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 13:113-133.
- Ibn 'Arabī on the Ultimate Model of the Ultimate.William C. Chittick -2013 - In Jeanine Diller & Asa Kasher,Models of God and Alternative Ultimate Realities. Springer. pp. 915--929.No categories
- From Sacred to Profane America: The Role of Religion in American History.William A. Clebsch -1968No categoriesExport citation
Bookmark - International science education section—editorial policy statement.William W. Cobern &Section Coeditor -1994 -Science Education 78 (3):217-220.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Leaving home for graduate science education in the G‐7 countries: To what end?William W. Cobern -1996 -Science Education 80 (1):83-84.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Set Theory and Syntactic Description.William S. Cooper -1964 -Foundations of Language 2 (4):402-404.
- Mitigating potential hazards to humans from the development of intelligent machines.William Daley -2011 -Synesis: A Journal of Science, Technology, Ethics, and Policy 2 (1):G44 - G50.
- Thomas Reid on Moral Epistemology and the Moral Sense.William C. Davis -1992 - Dissertation, University of Notre DameFor Thomas Reid, moral knowledge is a matter of having "good evidence" supplied by a sense-like moral faculty concerning moral reality, and the purpose of this work is to show that such a view can be both consistent and plausible. The first chapter attempts to characterize the state of moral epistemology and the assumptions that were considered uncontroversial when Reid wrote. The second chapter opens with a brief recounting of Reid's central claims about the moral sense and the progress of (...) moral knowledge, and then seeks to describe the various problems that confront those who would explain and defend his views. Three features in particular of his account turn out to be in need clarification: his reasons for using the moral sense analogy, his understanding of the object apprehended by the moral faculty, and his conception of evidence. ;Reid's expectations about moral ontology are handled somewhat briefly in chapter 2, and the rest of the work concentrates on the more purely epistemological issues of evidence and the process of moral belief-formation. Chapter 2 concludes with an explanation of the difficulty Reid's text poses for understanding his doctrine of evidence, and the third chapter lays the foundation for resolving those difficulties by detailing an epistemological conception of evidence which parallels the legal conception of evidence in use in the Scottish courts of Reid's day. Chapter 4 builds on this foundation, developing Reid's general epistemological strategy and showing that Reid's various claims about evidence and self-evidence are best understood in light of the legal model detailed in chapter 3. ;The fifth chapter returns to Reid's claims about moral knowledge, explaining his understanding of the primary task of the moral faculty--practical deliberation--and defending his invocation of the moral sense analogy. With these clarifications secured, chapter 6 characterizes and attempts to make plausible Reid's account of moral knowledge, both concerning individual actions and the truth of moral principles. The final chapter sketches brief responses to twentieth-century worries about "moral sense" constructions, and offers a final assessment of the success of Reid's project. (shrink)Export citation Bookmark
- Books in Review.William A. Dembski -unknownExport citation Bookmark
- Does evolution even have a mechanism?William Dembski -manuscriptEvolutionary biology teaches that all biological complexity is the result of material mechanisms. These include principally the Darwinian mechanism of natural selection and random variation, but also include other mechanisms (symbiosis, gene transfer, genetic drift, the action of regulatory genes in development, self-organizational processes, etc.). These mechanisms are just that: mindless material mechanisms that do what they do irrespective of intelligence. To be sure, mechanisms can be programmed by an intelligence. But any such intelligent programming of evolutionary mechanisms is not (...) properly part of evolutionary biology. (shrink)Export citation Bookmark
- The centrality of truth to the theory of meaning.William Demopolous -1997 - In Dunja Jutronić,The Maribor papers in naturalized semantics. Maribor: Pedagoška fakulteta Maribor. pp. 86--101.
- Ontological commitment by singular terms.William Stirton -unknownExport citation Bookmark
- Commemorative essay.William C. Stokoe -2001 -Semiotica 133 (1/4):1-14.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- The Role of Mind in Peirce's Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Cosmology.William J. Letzkus -2004 - Dissertation, Temple UniversityThis paper examines the meaning and function of the term "mind" as C. S. Peirce uses it, in analogous senses, throughout his writings. Specifically, we will consider the use of this term in three sub-contexts, that of his metaphysic, his epistemology, and his cosmology. The first will deal the reality of mind in relation to Peirce's ontological categories, including the question of his "objective idealism" and its relation to his self-imputed realism. The second will consider how mind functions within Peirce's (...) pragmaticism, and its connection with his theory of abduction as applied by the community of inquirers. The third will investigate the role of mind in the Peircean cosmology, encompassing its relation to his categories, and its function in his theory of the evolution of the cosmos. The third sub-context will examine, in detail, the relation of this evolutionary process to Peirce's categories in their cosmological guise as tychasm, anancasm, and synechism. ;The main thesis propounded will be that Peirce's peculiar brand of objective idealism is compatible with some contemporary forms of realism, if one takes seriously his key distinction between existence as Secondness, and reality as Thirdness. Mind, then, is seen as exhibiting the latter, but not the former. (shrink)Export citation Bookmark
- Althusser on Laws Natural and Juridical.William S. Lewis -2013 - In Laurent De Sutter,Althusser and Law. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Export citation Bookmark
- Pathmarks.William McNeil (ed.) -1998 - Cambridge University Press.This is the first time that a seminal collection of fourteen essays by Martin Heidegger has appeared in English in its complete form. It includes new or first-time translations of seven essays, and thoroughly revised, updated versions of the other seven. Amongst the new translations are such key essays as 'On the Essence of Ground', 'Hegel and the Greeks' and 'On the Question of Being'. Spanning a period from 1919–61, these essays have become established points of reference for all those (...) with a serious interest in Heidegger. Now collected for the first time in translations by an experienced Heidegger translator and scholar, they will prove an essential resource for all students of Heidegger. (shrink)
- On the power of emperors and popes.William of Ockham -1998 - Sterling, Va.: Thoemmes Press. Edited by Annabel S. Brett.The FranciscanWilliam of Ockham (c.1285-c.1347) was the greatest theologian and philosopher of the first half of the fourteenth century. Spurred on by the activities of a papacy which he saw as destroying the very foundations of his Order, he devoted the last part of his life to examining the extent of papal power over Christians and its relationship to the secular government of people. On the Power of Emperors and Popes (1347) is his last work. Short, passionate and (...) lucid, it represents a distillation of his thought on these questions and forms an excellent and accessible introduction to his political thought as a whole. The extensive new annotations to the text bring to light the range of sources on which Ockham drew, while the new introduction places the work in its historical context and relates it to other works of medieval Franciscan political discourse. Translated here into English for the first time, the work will be of interest to all students and researchers in the field of medieval political thought. --the first English translation of Ockham's classic work, plus extensive new introduction, textual annotation, and bibliography --modern editorial apparatus connects the work with the whole body of Ockham's political thought --the new annotation provides historical and intellectual context and translations of Ockham's source references. (shrink)
- Readings in argumentation.William L. Benoit,Dale Hample &Pamela J. Benoit (eds.) -1992 - New York: Foris Publications.Introduction: the Study of Argumentation Although our overall organization of the readings suggests one way of dividing our selected literature, ...
- Deciding on the Data: Epistemological Problems Surrounding Instruments and Research Techniques in Cell Biology.William Bechtel -1994 -PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1994:167 - 178.The question whether research techniques are producing artifacts or data is often a crucial one for scientists. The potential for artifacts results from the fact that generating data often requires numerous procedures that are often brutal, poorly understood, and very sensitive to details of the procedure. Through a case-study of the introduction of electron microscopy as a tool for studying cells, I examine how scientists judge whether new techniques are introducing artifacts. Three factors seem to be most salient in their (...) judgments: determinateness of the results, consilience of different procedures, and ability of the results to fit into emerging theories. (shrink)No categories
- The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Volume 2: Founded Upon Their History.William Whewell -2014 - Cambridge University Press.First published in 1840, this two-volume treatise by Cambridge polymathWilliam Whewell remains significant in the philosophy of science. The work was intended as the 'moral' to his three-volume History of the Inductive Sciences, which is also reissued in this series. Building on philosophical foundations laid by Immanuel Kant and Francis Bacon, Whewell opens with the aphorism 'Man is the Interpreter of Nature, Science the right interpretation'. Volume 2 contains the final sections of Part 1, addressing namely the philosophy (...) of biology and palaetiology. Part 2, 'Of Knowledge', includes a selective review of opinions on the nature of knowledge and the means of seeking it, beginning with Plato. Whewell's work upholds throughout his belief that the mind was active and not merely a passive receiver of knowledge from the world. A key text in Victorian epistemological debates, notably challenged by John Stuart Mill and his System of Logic, Whewell's treatise merits continued study and discussion in the present day. (shrink)No categories
- A History of Science and Its Relations with Philosophy and Religion.William Cecil Dampier -1942 -Philosophy 17 (68):368-369.No categories
- Man and nature.William Taylor -1974 - New York: Regency Press.
- Plato and Christianity; Three Lectures.William Temple -2008 - Coss Press.Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.
- Verse: Spring's Message.William D. Templeman -1950 -Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 31 (2):142.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Area Editors:
David Bourget
Gwen Bradford
Berit Brogaard
Margaret Cameron
David Chalmers
James Chase
Rafael De Clercq
Ezio Di Nucci
Esa Diaz-Leon
Barry Hallen
Hans Halvorson
Jonathan Ichikawa
Monte Johnson
Michelle Kosch
Øystein Linnebo
Paul Livingston
Brandon Look
Manolo Martínez
Matthew McGrath
Michiru Nagatsu
Susana Nuccetelli
Giuseppe Primiero
Jack Alan Reynolds
Darrell P. Rowbottom
Aleksandra Samonek
Constantine Sandis
Howard Sankey
Jonathan Schaffer
Thomas Senor
Daniel Star
Jussi Suikkanen
Aness Kim Webster
Other editors
Contact us
Learn more about PhilPapers
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