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Results for 'Thomas L. Shaffer'

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  1.  16
    Faith and the Professions.Thomas L.Shaffer -1987 - State University of New York Press.
    Thomas L.Shaffer argues that the morals of modern American lawyers and doctors have been corrupted by misguided professionalism and weak philosophy.
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  2.  103
    Rational Use of Cognitive Resources: Levels of Analysis Between the Computational and the Algorithmic.Thomas L. Griffiths,Falk Lieder &Noah D. Goodman -2015 -Topics in Cognitive Science 7 (2):217-229.
    Marr's levels of analysis—computational, algorithmic, and implementation—have served cognitive science well over the last 30 years. But the recent increase in the popularity of the computational level raises a new challenge: How do we begin to relate models at different levels of analysis? We propose that it is possible to define levels of analysis that lie between the computational and the algorithmic, providing a way to build a bridge between computational- and algorithmic-level models. The key idea is to push the (...) notion of rationality, often used in defining computational-level models, deeper toward the algorithmic level. We offer a simple recipe for reverse-engineering the mind's cognitive strategies by deriving optimal algorithms for a series of increasingly more realistic abstract computational architectures, which we call “resource-rational analysis.”. (shrink)
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  3.  49
    Topics in semantic representation.Thomas L. Griffiths,Mark Steyvers &Joshua B. Tenenbaum -2007 -Psychological Review 114 (2):211-244.
  4.  38
    Theory-based causal induction.Thomas L. Griffiths &Joshua B. Tenenbaum -2009 -Psychological Review 116 (4):661-716.
  5.  48
    Two proposals for causal grammars.Thomas L. Griffiths &Joshua B. Tenenbaum -2007 - In Alison Gopnik & Laura Schulz,Causal learning: psychology, philosophy, and computation. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 323--345.
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  6.  27
    Categorization as nonparametric Bayesian density estimation.Thomas L. Griffiths,Adam N. Sanborn,Kevin R. Canini &Daniel J. Navarro -2008 - In Nick Chater & Mike Oaksford,The Probabilistic Mind: Prospects for Bayesian Cognitive Science. Oxford University Press.
  7.  19
    Randomness and Coincidences: Reconciling Intuition and Probability Theory.Thomas L. Griffiths &Joshua B. Tenenbaum -unknown
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  8.  44
    Exploring Human Cognition Using Large Image Databases.Thomas L. Griffiths,Joshua T. Abbott &Anne S. Hsu -2016 -Topics in Cognitive Science 8 (3):569-588.
    Most cognitive psychology experiments evaluate models of human cognition using a relatively small, well-controlled set of stimuli. This approach stands in contrast to current work in neuroscience, perception, and computer vision, which have begun to focus on using large databases of natural images. We argue that natural images provide a powerful tool for characterizing the statistical environment in which people operate, for better evaluating psychological theories, and for bringing the insights of cognitive science closer to real applications. We discuss how (...) some of the challenges of using natural images as stimuli in experiments can be addressed through increased sample sizes, using representations from computer vision, and developing new experimental methods. Finally, we illustrate these points by summarizing recent work using large image databases to explore questions about human cognition in four different domains: modeling subjective randomness, defining a quantitative measure of representativeness, identifying prior knowledge used in word learning, and determining the structure of natural categories. (shrink)
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  9. Rational analysis as a link between human memory and information retrieval.Mark Steyvers & Griffiths &L.Thomas -2008 - In Nick Chater & Mike Oaksford,The Probabilistic Mind: Prospects for Bayesian Cognitive Science. Oxford University Press.
  10.  46
    Sir William Rowan Hamilton.Thomas L. Hankins -1983 -Philosophy of Science 50 (2):348-349.
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  11.  95
    Self–Interest and Business Ethics: Some Lessons of the Recent Corporate Scandals.Thomas L. Carson -2003 -Journal of Business Ethics 43 (4):389 - 394.
    The recent accounting scandals at Enron, WorldCom, and other corporations have helped to fuel a massive loss of confidence in the integrity of American business and have contributed to a very sharp decline in the U.S. stock market. Inasmuch as these events have brought ethical questions about business to the forefront in the media and public consciousness as never before, they are of signal importance for the field of business ethics. I offer some observations and conjectures about the bearing of (...) the recent scandals on the literature on business ethics. I defend the following contentions: 1. Recent events reveal serious weaknesses of the stakeholder theory about the social responsibilities of business which lacks prohibitions against fraud and deception. This is a glaring deficiency of standard versions of the stakeholder theory, but it is easily remedied by adding explicit prohibitions against fraud and deception. In addition, recent events highlight the stakeholder theory's very naive and unrealistic hopes and expectations for business executives as moral arbiters and agents of social improvement. 2. Recent events do not constitute an objection to the shareholder theory about the social responsibilities of business, however, these events make evident the implausibility of strong versions of the invisible hand theory. 3. Schemes of payment and reward often create perverse incentives for individuals to engage in unethical conduct. 4. Both the shareholder theory and the stakeholder theory need to add a constraint that requires executives to respect the professional obligations of employees. (shrink)
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  12.  23
    Resolving Moral Dilemmas in Business: A Multicountry Study.Richard L. Priem &MargaretShaffer -2001 -Business and Society 40 (2):197-219.
    This comparative field study evaluated the choices made by U.S., Portuguese, and Hong Kong Chinese evening MBA and graduating university business students when resolving business-related moral dilemmas. The authors developed hypotheses at the country level based on Hofstede’s ratings of each country’s national culture dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity. The more individualistic U.S. respondents resolved the dilemmas with choices indicating less self-interest and more concern for unidentified others than did their Portuguese and Hong Kong Chinese counterparts, (...) who are from more collectivist societies. The authors discuss implications for future cross-cultural research on business dilemmas and for cooperative interactions among managers from these and other countries. (shrink)
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  13.  21
    Temporal data base management.Thomas L. Dean &Drew V. McDermott -1987 -Artificial Intelligence 32 (1):1-55.
  14.  13
    Evaluating the Reporting Quality of Researcher-Developed Alphabet Knowledge Measures: How Transparent and Replicable Is It?Sherri L. Horner &Sharon A.Shaffer -2021 -Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    The American Educational Research Association and American Psychological Association published standards for reporting on research. The transparency of reporting measures and data collection is paramount for interpretability and replicability of research. We analyzed 57 articles that assessed alphabet knowledge using researcher-developed measures. The quality of reporting on different elements of AK measures and data collection was not related to the journal type nor to the impact factor or rank of the journal but rather seemed to depend on the individual author, (...) reviewers, and journal editor. We propose various topics related to effective reporting of measures and data collection methods that we encourage the early childhood and literacy communities to discuss. (shrink)
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  15.  56
    Leo Strauss: an introduction to his thought and intellectual legacy.Thomas L. Pangle -2006 - Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    Leo Strauss's controversial writings have long exercised a profound subterranean cultural influence. Now their impact is emerging into broad daylight, where they have been met with a flurry of poorly informed, often wildly speculative, and sometimes rather paranoid pronouncements. This book, written as a corrective, is the first accurate, non-polemical, comprehensive guide to Strauss's mature political philosophy and its intellectual influence.Thomas L. Pangle opens a pathway into Strauss's major works with one question: How does Strauss's philosophic thinking contribute (...) to our democracy's civic renewal and to our culture's deepening, critical self-understanding? This book includes a synoptic critical survey of writings from scholars who have extended Strauss's influence into the more practical, sub-philosophic fields of social and political science and commentary. Pangle shows how these analysts have in effect imported Straussian impulses into a "new" kind of political and social science. (shrink)
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  16.  54
    From mere coincidences to meaningful discoveries.Thomas L. Griffiths &Joshua B. Tenenbaum -2007 -Cognition 103 (2):180-226.
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  17.  15
    A gating function for the hippocampus in working memory.Thomas L. Bennett -1979 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2 (3):322-323.
  18.  10
    Comment: Reviewing a Review.Thomas L. Hankins -2017 -Isis 108 (1):117-118.
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  19.  88
    Perpetual Peace.Thomas L. Carson -1988 -Social Theory and Practice 14 (2):173-214.
  20.  95
    The Morality of Bluffing: A Reply to Allhoff.Thomas L. Carson -2005 -Journal of Business Ethics 56 (4):399-403.
    In a recent paper that appeared in this journal Fritz Allhoff addresses the morality of bluffing in negotiations1. He focuses on cases in which people misstate their reservation price in negotiations, e.g., suppose that I am selling a house and tell a prospective buyer that $300,000 is absolutely the lowest price that I will accept, when I know that I would be willing to accept as little as $270,000 for the house rather than continue to try to sell it. Allhoff (...) criticizes my (qualified) defense of bluffing in my paper Second Thoughts on Bluffing,2 and offers what he takes to be a more plausible defense of bluffing. Allhoffs criticisms rest on several serious misinterpretations of my views. He ascribes to me several arguments that I dont make. He also attributes to me an unqualified defense of bluffing that I explicitly reject. I briefly document this in Section 1. In Sections 2 and 3 I explain and criticize Allhoffs positive views about bluffing and the morality of bluffing. (shrink)
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  21.  18
    The Concept of Hard Bodies in the History of Physics.Thomas L. Hankins -1970 -History of Science 9 (1):119.
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  22.  24
    The Influence of Malebranche on the Science of Mechanics during the Eighteenth Century.Thomas L. Hankins -1967 -Journal of the History of Ideas 28 (2):193.
  23. Jacques Maritain and the Centrality of Intuition.Thomas L. Gwozdz -1996 - Dissertation, Fordham University
    The dissertation entitled Jacques Maritain and the Centrality of Intuition is a study in the influence of Henri Bergson's notion of intuition in the thought of Jacques Maritain. It is argued that Maritain used tenets from Thomistic philosophy to transform Bergsonian intuition, first by putting intuition back into the intellect from which Bergson in fact severed it. It is also argued that, although Bergson in fact put a wedge between intellect and intuition, that was not his intention. Because Bergson in (...) fact separated intuition from the intellect, however, Maritain accused him of being anti-intellectual. Contrary to Maritain's criticism, it is argued that Bergson was anti-intellectual only in the sense of criticizing a bad use of intelligence, but not in the sense of criticizing intelligence as such. Maritain then interprets Bergson's intuition as an immediate knowledge of reality in two ways: first, as the intellectual metaphysical intuition of being yielding a concept of being as being in its analogical amplitude and as not intrinsically linked to matter; second, as various and analogous modes of intuition by way of affective connaturality, i.e., an obscure, but deep and penetrating knowledge of the very subsistence of a thing by bypassing the concept. Various modes of affective connaturality are described, namely, the connatural knowledge of the virtuous person, of the prudent person, of the natural law itself, of the mystic, the lover, and the poet. In connatural knowledge, intuition is seen to be both intellectual and emotion-laden. Given the various modes of intuition explored by Maritain, it is argued that intuition is central to Maritain's thought. It is further argued that the content of one's experience of the self and being known in the various modes of connatural knowledge is stored in the depths of the spiritual preconscious of the soul and acts as an indirect cause that disposes one to have an intuition of being should one be so gifted. In addition, connatural knowledge of being is also an indirect cause of creative insights in science, mathematics, and in all other kinds of knowledge. A kind of poetic intuition is at work everywhere, even when subordinated to the ends of some other kind of knowledge. Consequently, it is necessary to be a contemplative, especially for the philosopher who needs to be attuned and receptive to the mystery of being if he/she is to be gifted with the metaphysical intuition, without which one cannot be an authentic metaphysician of existence. The thought of Henri Bergson, Pierre Rousselot and the Maritain Thomist, Joseph Sikora, S. J. is heavily relied on in the exposition of the thesis. (shrink)
     
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  24.  61
    Bribery, extortion, and "the foreign corrupt practices act".Thomas L. Carson -1985 -Philosophy and Public Affairs 14 (1):66-90.
  25.  118
    On the definition of lying: A reply to Jones and revisions.Thomas L. Carson -1988 -Journal of Business Ethics 7 (7):509-514.
    Standard definitions of lying imply that intending to deceive others is a necessary condition of one's telling a lie. In an earlier paper, which appeared in this journal, Wokutch, Murrmann and I argued that intending to deceive others is not a necessary condition of one's telling a lie and proposed an alternative definition. In a reply which also appeared in this journal, Gary Jones argues that our arguments fail to establish the claim that it is possible to lie without intending (...) to deceive others, and that the objections which we raise for standard definitions apply equally to our own. The present paper argues that one can lie without intending to deceive others. I concede Jones' second criticism and propose a new alternative definition. (shrink)
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  26.  57
    Situation selection is a particularly effective emotion regulation strategy for people who need help regulating their emotions.Thomas L. Webb,Kristen A. Lindquist,Katelyn Jones,Aya Avishai &Paschal Sheeran -2017 -Cognition and Emotion 32 (2):231-248.
    Situation selection involves choosing situations based on their likely emotional impact and may be less cognitively taxing or challenging to implement compared to other strategies for regulating emotion, which require people to regulate their emotions “in the moment”; we thus predicted that individuals who chronically experience intense emotions or who are not particularly competent at employing other emotion regulation strategies would be especially likely to benefit from situation selection. Consistent with this idea, we found that the use of situation selection (...) interacted with individual differences in emotional reactivity and competence at emotion regulation to predict emotional outcomes in both a correlational and an experimental field study. Taken together, the findings suggest that situation selection is an effective strategy for regulating emotions, especially for individuals who otherwise struggle to do so. (shrink)
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  27. Love That Does Justice.Thomas L. Schubeck -2007
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  28. (1 other version)Le jour du Seigneur.L.Thomas -1889 -Revue de Théologie Et de Philosophie 22 (6):529.
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  29.  30
    British analytica philosophy: The politics of an apolitical culture.Thomas L. Akehurst -2009 -History of Political Thought 30 (4):678-692.
    There is a consensus that post-war British analytic philosophy was politically neutral. This view has been affirmed by the post-war analysts themselves, and by their critics. This paper argues that this consensus-view is false. Many central analytic philosophers claimed that their empirical philosophy had liberal outcomes, either through cultivating liberal habits of mind, or by revealing truths about the world that supported liberal conclusions. These beliefs were not subject to significant scrutiny or attempts at justification, but they do help us (...) to explain the otherwise puzzling disinclination to engage with questions of political philosophy on the part of these politically active individuals. (shrink)
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  30.  31
    Manifesto for a new (computational) cognitive revolution.Thomas L. Griffiths -2015 -Cognition 135 (C):21-23.
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  31. What was Peirce's Objective Idealism?: O que foi o Idealismo Objetivo de Peirce?Thomas L. Short -2010 -Cognitio 11 (2):333-46.
     
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  32. Bribery and Extortion in International Business.Thomas L. Carson -forthcoming -Business Ethics in Canada.
     
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  33.  4
    The Socratic Way of Life: Xenophon’s Memorabilia.Thomas L. Pangle -2018 - Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    The Socratic Way of Life is the first English-language book-length study of the philosopher Xenophon's masterwork. In it,Thomas L. Pangle shows that Xenophon depicts more authentically than does Plato the true teachings and way of life of the citizen philosopher Socrates, founder of political philosophy. In the first part of the book, Pangle analyzes Xenophon's defense of Socrates against the two charges of injustice upon which he was convicted by democratic Athens: impiety and corruption of the youth. In (...) the second part, Pangle analyzes Xenophon's account of how Socrates's life as a whole was just, in the sense of helping through his teaching a wide range of people. Socrates taught by never ceasing to raise, and to progress in answering, the fundamental and enduring civic questions: what is pious and impious, noble and ignoble, just and unjust, genuine statesmanship and genuine citizenship. Inspired by Hegel's and Nietzsche's assessments of Xenophon as the true voice of Socrates, The Socratic Way of Life establishes the Memorabilia as the groundwork of all subsequent political philosophy. (shrink)
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  34.  153
    Bayes and Blickets: Effects of Knowledge on Causal Induction in Children and Adults.Thomas L. Griffiths,David M. Sobel,Joshua B. Tenenbaum &Alison Gopnik -2011 -Cognitive Science 35 (8):1407-1455.
    People are adept at inferring novel causal relations, even from only a few observations. Prior knowledge about the probability of encountering causal relations of various types and the nature of the mechanisms relating causes and effects plays a crucial role in these inferences. We test a formal account of how this knowledge can be used and acquired, based on analyzing causal induction as Bayesian inference. Five studies explored the predictions of this account with adults and 4-year-olds, using tasks in which (...) participants learned about the causal properties of a set of objects. The studies varied the two factors that our Bayesian approach predicted should be relevant to causal induction: the prior probability with which causal relations exist, and the assumption of a deterministic or a probabilistic relation between cause and effect. Adults’ judgments (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) were in close correspondence with the quantitative predictions of the model, and children’s judgments (Experiments 3 and 5) agreed qualitatively with this account. (shrink)
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  35. L'Absolu dans deux pensées apophatiques: Basilide et le taoïsme.L.Thomas -1987 -Revue D'Histoire Et de Philosophie Religieuses 67 (2):181-191.
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  36. (1 other version)Montesquieu's Philosophy of Liberalism: A Commentary on the Spirit of the Laws.Thomas L. Pangle -1974 -Political Theory 2 (4):450-453.
  37.  17
    What they said in Amsterdam: Peirce's semiotic today.Thomas L. Short -1986 -Semiotica 60 (1/2):103-128.
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  38.  11
    Analysis of Perception.L. E.Thomas -1958 -Philosophical Quarterly 8 (33):381-382.
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  39. Science and the Enlightenment.Thomas L. Hankins -1986 -Journal of the History of Biology 19 (2):321-322.
     
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  40.  8
    Lincoln's Ethics.Thomas L. Carson -2015 - Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    Unlike many important leaders and historical figures, Abraham Lincoln is generally regarded as a singularly good and morally virtuous human being. Lincoln's Ethics assesses Lincoln's moral character and his many morally fraught decisions regarding slavery and the rights of African-Americans, as well as his actions and policies as commander in chief during the Civil War. Some of these decisions and policies have been the subject of considerable criticism. Lincoln undoubtedly possessed many important moral virtues, such as kindness and magnanimity, to (...) a very high degree. Despite this, there are also grounds to question the goodness of his character. Many fault him as a husband, father and son, and many claim that he was a racist. Carson explains Lincoln's virtues and assesses these criticisms. (shrink)
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  41.  113
    Whistle-Blowing for Profit: An Ethical Analysis of the Federal False Claims Act.Thomas L. Carson,Mary Ellen Verdu &Richard E. Wokutch -2007 -Journal of Business Ethics 77 (3):361-376.
    This paper focuses on the 1986 Amendments to the False Claims Act of 1863, which offers whistle-blowers financial rewards for disclosing fraud committed against the U.S. government. This law provides an opportunity to examine underlying assumptions about the morality of whistle-blowing and to consider the merits of increased reliance on whistle-blowing to protect the public interest. The law seems open to a number of moral objections, most notably that it exerts a morally corrupting influence on whistle-blowers. We answer these objections (...) and argue that the law is not objectionable on these grounds. Since there are no compelling moral objections to the law, it is appropriate and acceptable to judge the law in terms of its economic costs and benefits. We assess the most salient of these and conclude that the benefits outweigh the costs. We suggest that a mechanism similar to the Act should be considered for protecting stockholders' interests in the private sector. We conclude by making several proposals for improving the existing legislation. (shrink)
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  42.  102
    Corporate moral agency: A case from literature.Thomas L. Carson -1994 -Journal of Business Ethics 13 (2):155 - 156.
    I analyze a well-known and moving passage from John Steinbeck''s novelThe Grapes of Wrath. This passage provides an excellent illustration of one of the central questions about corporate moral agency: Is corporate moral agency anything over and above the agency of individual human beings? The passage in question is a debate about whether or not the actions of a particular company are anything over and above the actions of individual human beings.
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  43. Categorization as nonparametric Bayesian density estimation.Thomas L. Griffiths,Adam N. Sanborn,Kevin R. Canini & Navarro &J. Daniel -2008 - In Nick Chater & Mike Oaksford,The Probabilistic Mind: Prospects for Bayesian Cognitive Science. Oxford University Press.
  44.  19
    Aristotle's Teaching in the "Politics".Thomas L. Pangle -2013 - London: University of Chicago Press.
    With _Aristotle’s Teaching in the “Politics,” _Thomas L. Pangle offers a masterly new interpretation of this classic philosophical work. It is widely believed that the _Politics_ originated as a written record of a series of lectures given by Aristotle, and scholars have relied on that fact to explain seeming inconsistencies and instances of discontinuity throughout the text. Breaking from this tradition, Pangle makes the work’s origin his starting point, reconceiving the _Politics_ as the pedagogical tool of a master teacher. With (...) the _Politics_, Pangle argues, Aristotle seeks to lead his students down a deliberately difficult path of critical thinking about civic republican life. He adopts a Socratic approach, encouraging his students—and readers—to become active participants in a dialogue. Seen from this perspective, features of the work that have perplexed previous commentators become perfectly comprehensible as artful devices of a didactic approach. Ultimately, Pangle’s close and careful analysis shows that to understand the _Politics_, one must first appreciate how Aristotle’s rhetorical strategy is inextricably entwined with the subject of his work. (shrink)
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  45.  65
    Relativism and nihilism.Thomas L. Carson -1985 -Philosophia 15 (1-2):1-23.
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  46.  93
    Bluffing in labor negotiations: Legal and ethical issues.Thomas L. Carson,Richard E. Wokutch &Kent F. Murrmann -1982 -Journal of Business Ethics 1 (1):13 - 22.
    This paper presents an analysis of bluffing in labor negotiations from legal, economic, and ethical perspectives. It is argued that many forms of bluffing in labor negotiations are legal and economically advantageous, but that they typically constitute lying. Nevertheless it is argued that it is generally morally acceptable to bluff given a typical labor-management relationship where one's negotiating partner is familiar with and most likely employing bluffing tactics him/herself. We also consider whether it is an indictment of our present negotiating (...) practices and our economic system as a whole that, given the harsh realities of the marketplace, bluffing is usually morally acceptable. (shrink)
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  47. The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke.Thomas L. PANGLE -1988 -Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 25 (3):370-373.
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  48.  50
    Using Category Structures to Test Iterated Learning as a Method for Identifying Inductive Biases.Thomas L. Griffiths,Brian R. Christian &Michael L. Kalish -2008 -Cognitive Science 32 (1):68-107.
    Many of the problems studied in cognitive science are inductive problems, requiring people to evaluate hypotheses in the light of data. The key to solving these problems successfully is having the right inductive biases—assumptions about the world that make it possible to choose between hypotheses that are equally consistent with the observed data. This article explores a novel experimental method for identifying the biases that guide human inductive inferences. The idea behind this method is simple: This article uses the responses (...) produced by a participant on one trial to generate the stimuli that either they or another participant will see on the next. A formal analysis of this “iterated learning” procedure, based on the assumption that the learners are Bayesian agents, predicts that it should reveal the inductive biases of these learners, as expressed in a prior probability distribution over hypotheses. This article presents a series of experiments using stimuli based on a well-studied set of category structures, demonstrating that iterated learning can be used to reveal the inductive biases of human learners. (shrink)
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  49.  30
    Index.Thomas L. Dumm -2009 - InLoneliness as a Way of Life. Sage Publications. pp. 187-193.
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  50. L'impact planétaire de la pensée occidentale rend-il possible un dialogue réel entre les civilisations?L. V.Thomas -1982 -Revue Philosophique de la France Et de l'Etranger 172 (1):82-82.
     
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