Theorychange in science: strategies from Mendelian genetics.Lindley Darden -1991 - New York: Oxford University Press.detailsThis innovative book focuses on the development of the genetheory as a case study in scientific creativity.
PoliticalChange in View of theTheory ofChange and Balanced, Harmonious Union of the Private Interest and the Public Interest.Mun Chang Koo -2010 - Upa.detailsThis book discusses politicalchange in the view of Confucian thought. This study focuses on the Book ofChange, which is one of the nine basic books of Confucius School, and has dominated oriental thought in this field for more than three thousand years.
MatureTheoryChange: Value Dimension.Rinat M. Nugayev -2002 -Voprosi Filosofii (The Problems of Philosophy) (11):124-134.detailsValue dimensions of maturetheorychange in science are considered. It is argued that the interaction of the values of the cross-theories constitutes the major mechanism oftheorychange in this dimension. Examples from history of science describing the details of the mechanism are given.
Continuous modeltheory.Chen Chung Chang -1966 - Princeton,: Princeton University Press. Edited by H. Jerome Keisler.detailsCONTINUOUS MODELTHEORY CHAPTER I TOPOLOGICAL PRELIMINARIES. Notation Throughout the monograph our mathematical notation does not differ drastically from ...
MatureTheory-Change in Economics.Rinat M. Nugayev -2010 - In Ildar Talip-Uli Nasretdinoff,The Problems of Cooperation.Moscow, Russian University of Cooperation. pp. 327-331.detailsWhat are the reasons fortheorychange in economics? – The author tries to give a sober answer on the basis of his epistemological model reconstructing the internal aspects oftheorychange. It is conjectures that a more subtle approach including the external facets can be provided with the “communicative rationality” concept. Key words: economics,theorychange, internalism, external factors .
MatureTheory-Change in Economics.Rinat M. Nugayev -2010 - In Ildar Talip-Uli Nasretdinoff,The Problems of Cooperation.Moscow, Russian University of Cooperation. pp. 327-331.detailsWhat are the reasons fortheorychange in economics? – The author tries to give a sober answer on the basis of his epistemological model reconstructing the internal aspects oftheorychange. It is conjectures that a more subtle approach including the external facets can be provided with the “communicative rationality” concept. Key words: economics,theorychange, internalism, external factors .
Theorychange as dimensionalchange: conceptual spaces applied to the dynamics of empirical theories.Peter Gärdenfors &Frank Zenker -2013 -Synthese 190 (6):1039-1058.detailsThis paper offers a novel way of reconstructing conceptualchange in empirical theories. Changes occur in terms of the structure of the dimensions—that is to say, the conceptual spaces—underlying the conceptual framework within which a giventheory is formulated. Five types of changes are identified: (1) addition or deletion of special laws, (2)change in scale or metric, (3)change in the importance of dimensions, (4)change in the separability of dimensions, and (5) addition or (...) deletion of dimensions. Given this classification, the conceptual development of empirical theories becomes more gradual and rationalizable. Only the most extreme type—replacement of dimensions—comes close to a revolution. The five types are exemplified and applied in a case study on the development within physics from the original Newtonian mechanics to special relativitytheory. (shrink)
Discovery,theorychange and structural realism.Daniel James McArthur -2011 -Synthese 179 (3):361 - 376.detailsIn this paper I consider two accounts of scientific discovery, Robert Hudson's and Peter Achinstein's. I assess their relative success and I show that while both approaches are similar in promising ways, and address experimental discoveries well, they could address the concerns of the discovery sceptic more explicitly than they do. I also explore the implications of their inability to address purely theoretical discoveries, such as those often made in mathematical physics. I do so by showing that extending Hudson's or (...) Achinstein's account to such cases can sometimes provide a misleading analysis about who ought to be credited as a discoverer. In the final sections of the paper I work out some revisions to the Hudson/Achinstein account by drawing from a so-called structural realist view oftheorychange. Finally, I show how such a modified account of discovery can answer sceptical critics such as Musgrave or Woolgar without producing misleading analyses about who ought to receive credit as a discoverer in cases from the mathematical sciences. I illustrate the usefulness of this approach by providing an analysis of the case of the discovery of the Casimir effect. (shrink)
Information ClosureTheory of Consciousness.Acer Y. C. Chang,Martin Biehl,Yen Yu &Ryota Kanai -2020 -Frontiers in Psychology 11:505035.detailsInformation processing in neural systems can be described and analyzed at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Generally, information at lower levels is more fine-grained but can be coarse-grained at higher levels. However, only information processed at specific scales of coarse-graining appears to be available for conscious awareness. We do not have direct experience of information available at the scale of individual neurons, which is noisy and highly stochastic. Neither do we have experience of more macro-scale interactions, such as interpersonal communications. Neurophysiological evidence (...) suggests that conscious experiences co-vary with information encoded in coarse-grained neural states such as the firing pattern of a population of neurons. In this article, we introduce a new informationaltheory of consciousness: Information ClosureTheory of Consciousness (ICT). We hypothesize that conscious processes are processes which form non-trivial informational closure (NTIC) with respect to the environment at certain coarse-grained scales. This hypothesis implies that conscious experience is confined due to informational closure from conscious processing to other coarse-grained scales. Information ClosureTheory of Consciousness (ICT) proposes new quantitative definitions of both conscious content and conscious level. With the parsimonious definitions and a hypothesize, ICT provides explanations and predictions of various phenomena associated with consciousness. The implications of ICT naturally reconcile issues in many existing theories of consciousness and provides explanations for many of our intuitions about consciousness. Most importantly, ICT demonstrates that information can be the common language between consciousness and physical reality. (shrink)
TheoryChange and Instrumentation.Joseph C. Pitt -2012 - In Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen Friis, Stig Andur Pedersen & Vincent F. Hendricks,A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 95–98.detailsThis chapter contains sections titled: References and Further Reading.
Changing thetheory oftheorychange: Towards a computational approach.Neil Tennant -1994 -British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45 (3):865-897.detailsTheTheory oftheorychange has contraction and revision as its central notions. Of these, contraction is the more fundamental. The best-knowntheory, due to Alchourrón, Gärdenfors, and Makinson, is based on a few central postulates. The most fundamental of these is the principle of recovery: if one contracts atheory with respect to a sentence, and then adds that sentence back again, one recovers the wholetheory. Recovery is demonstrably false. This paper shows (...) why, and investigates how one can nevertheless characterize contraction in a theoretically fruitful way. Thetheory proposed lends itself to implementation, which in turn could yield new theoretical insights. The Main proposal is a ‘staining algorithm’ which identifies which sentences to reject when contracting atheory. The algorithm requires one to be clear about the structure of reasons one has for including sentences within one'stheory. (shrink)
Third digital documentary: atheory and practice of transmedia arts activism, critical design and ethics.Anita Chang -2020 - New York: Peter Lang.detailsIn Third Digital Documentary: ATheory and Practice of Transmedia Arts Activism, Critical Design and Ethics Anita Chang offers atheory and methodology of transmedia arts activism within the technocultural and sociopolitical landscape of expanded documentary production, distribution, reception and participation. Through a detailed analysis of her transmedia project on indigenous and minority language endangerment and revival that consists of the feature-length documentary Tongues of Heaven, and the companion web application Root Tongue: Sharing Stories of Language Identity and (...) Revival, she reveals the layers and depths that comprise a critical arts practice when confronted with complex sociopolitical issues while working with multiple communities across territorial/national boundaries. In the context of the growing field of transmedia documentaries, Chang discusses the potentials and benefits of a critical design practice and production ethics that can transform this field to pilot new collaborations in documentary and digital media platforms towards a third digital documentary. (shrink)
The Role of the State in EconomicChange.Ha-Joon Chang &Robert Rowthorn (eds.) -1995 - Oxford University Press UK.detailsThe role of the state has occupied centre stage in the development of economics as an independent discipline and is one of the most contentious issues addressed by contemporary economists and political economists. The immediate post-war years saw a swing in economictheory towards interventionism, motivated by the urgent need for reconstruction in advanced capitalist countries, the establishment of socialism in parts of Asia and Eastern Europe, and the liberation of many developing nations from colonialism. After a quarter of (...) a century of interventionist policies, a vigourous backlash against state intervention began with the discrediting of welfare statism in advanced capitalist countries, grew through the spread of liberalisation programmes among developing nations during the 1980s, and culminated in the dismantling of socialist central planning since 1989. In this volume, ten distinguished contributors examine patterns of interventionism and anit-interventionism in a wide variety of historical, political and institutional contexts and within different theoretical traditions. Their primary focus is on the internal factors which shape the role of the state and determine its effectiveness in promoting economicchange. They explain the growing disenchantment with the Neo-Liberal, anti-interventionist programme--even in Eastern Europe and the former USSR, where the initial optimism in the efficacy of the free market is fading fast. The overall conclusion of the empirical and theoretical analysis is that the simplistic notion of politics fundamental to Neo-Liberal arguments makes them at best misleading and at worst deceitful. Although one can talk of certain general principles, there is no hard and fast rule to determine the optimal degree and the desirable areas of state intervention, which can only be determined in the concrete historical, institutional, and geographical context. The challenge is to form a new synthesis in which the valid insights of Neo-Liberalism are stripped of their ideological baggage and intergrated into a wider and more objective intellectual framework. (shrink)
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Fermentation, Phlogiston and MatterTheory: Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Georg Ernst Stahl's Zymotechnia Fundamentalis.Ku-Ming Chang -2002 -Early Science and Medicine 7 (1):31-64.detailsThis paper examines Georg Ernst Stahl's first book, the Zymotechnia Fundamentalis, in the context of contemporary natural philosophy and the author's career. I argue that the Zymotechnia was a mechanicaltheory of fermentation written consciously against the influential "fermentational program" of Joan Baptista van Helmont and especially Thomas Willis. Stahl'stheory of fermentation introduced his first conception of phlogiston, which was in part a corpuscular transformation of the Paracelsian sulphur principle. Meanwhile some assumptions underlying thistheory, such (...) as the composition of matter, the absolute passivity of matter and the "passions" of sulphur, reveal the combined scholastic and mechanistic character of Stahl's natural philosophy. In the conclusion I show that Stahl'stheory of fermentation undermined the old fermentational program and paved the way for his dualist vitalism. (shrink)
Conditionals andtheorychange: Revisions, expansions, and additions.Hans Rott -1989 -Synthese 81 (1):91-113.detailsThis paper dwells upon formal models of changes of beliefs, or theories, which are expressed in languages containing a binary conditional connective. After defining the basic concept of a (non-trivial) belief revision model. I present a simple proof of Gärdenfors''s (1986) triviality theorem. I claim that on a proper understanding of this theorem we must give up the thesis that consistent revisions (additions) are to be equated with logical expansions. If negated or might conditionals are interpreted on the basis of (...) autoepistemic omniscience, or if autoepistemic modalities (Moore) are admitted, even more severe triviality results ensue. It is argued that additions cannot be philosophically construed as parasitic (Levi) on expansions. In conclusion I outline somed logical consequences of the fact that we must not expect monotonic revisions in languages including conditionals. (shrink)
A space-timetheory with a privileged frame.T. Chang -1983 -Foundations of Physics 13 (10):1013-1022.detailsA space-timetheory is studied in a framework of four-dimensional symmetry, In thistheory there is a privileged frame (ether frame), and the simultaneity of distant clocks is absolute. The results of such atheory are not only equivalent to special relativity, but also valid to describe the superluminous phenomena.
Incommensurability andTheoryChange.Howard Sankey -2010 - In Steven D. Hales,A Companion to Relativism. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 456-474.detailsThe paper explores the relativistic implications of the thesis of incommensurability. A semantic form of incommensurability due to semantic variation between theories is distinguished from a methodological form due to variation in methodological standards between theories. Two responses to the thesis of semantic incommensurability are dealt with: the first challenges the idea of untranslatability to which semantic incommensurability gives rise; the second holds that relations of referential continuity eliminate semantic incommensurability. It is then argued that methodological incommensurability poses little risk (...) to the rationality or objectivity of science. For rationaltheory choice need neither be dictated by an algorithm nor governed by a binding set of rules. The upshot of the discussion is deflationary. There is little prospect for a relativistic conception of science based on inflated claims about the incommensurability of scientific theories. (shrink)
On the logic oftheorychange: Contraction without recovery. [REVIEW]Eduardo L. Fermé -1998 -Journal of Logic, Language and Information 7 (2):127-137.detailsThe postulate of Recovery, among the six postulates fortheory contraction, formulated and studied by Alchourrón, Gärdenfors and Makinson is the one that has provoked most controversy. In this article we construct withdrawal functions that do not satisfy Recovery, but try to preserve minimalchange, and relate these withdrawal functions with the AGM contraction functions.
Reconstruction of MatureTheoryChange: ATheory-Change Model.Rinat M. Nugayev -1999 - Peter Lang.detailsA comprehensible model is proposed aimed at an analysis of the reasons fortheorychange in science. According to the model the origins of scientific revolutions lie not in a clash of fundamental theories with facts, but of “old” fundamental theories with each other, leading to contradictions that can only be eliminated in a more generaltheory. The model is illustrated with reference to physics in the early 20th century, the three “old” theories in this case being (...) Maxwellian electrodynamics, statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. Modern example, referring to general relativity and quantum fieldtheory fusion, is highlighted. Key words: Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, Feyerabend, Stepin, Bransky,Mamchur, maturetheory, structure, Einstein, Lorentz, , Boltzmann, Planck, Hawking, De Witt. (shrink)
(1 other version)Dynamics ofTheoryChange: The Role of Predictions.Stephen G. Brush -1994 -PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1994:133 - 145.detailsThe thesis that scientists give greater weight to novel predictions than to explanations of known facts is tested against historical cases in physical science. Several theories were accepted after successful novel predictions but there is little evidence that extra credit was given for novelty. Other theories were rejected despite, or accepted without, making successful novel predictions. No examples were found of theories that were accepted primarily because of successful novel predictions and would not have been accepted if those facts had (...) been previously known. (shrink)
(1 other version)Theorychange in immunology part I: Extended theories and scientific progress.Kenneth F. Schaffner -1992 -Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 13 (2).detailsThis two-part article examines the competition between the clonal selectiontheory and the instructivetheory of the immune response from 1957–1967. In Part I the concept of a temporally extendedtheory is introduced, which requires attention to the hitherto largely ignored issue oftheory individuation. Factors which influence the acceptability of such an extendedtheory at different temporal points are also embedded in a Bayesian framework, which is shown to provide a rational account of belief (...)change in science. In Part II these factors, as elaborated in the Bayesian framework, are applied to the case of the success of the clonal selectiontheory and the failure of the instructivetheory. (shrink)
Enlightenment and History:Theory and Praxis in Contemporary Buddhism.Chang-Seong Hong &Sun Kyeong Yu -2017 - Seoul, South Korea: Bulkwang Publishing.details***Translated a Korean-language book to English with Dr. Chang-Seong Hong*** Venerable Hyun-Eung's Enlightenment and History is the first book of Buddhist philosophy of history published in South Korea; possibly the first of its kind in the world. In this book of telling points and clear visions, Hyun-Eung discusses East Asian Buddhist traditions in light of Western-philosophical perspectives and presents his views on thetheory and praxis in contemporary Buddhism in a way that Western readers can easily understand. East Asian (...) Buddhist philosophy has had little introduction to English-speaking societies compared with the philosophies of other traditions in Buddhism. This book provides penetrating insight into such major issues of East Asian Mahayana Buddhism as enlightenment, compassion, emptiness, and sudden enlightenment in the Zen traditions. Hyun-Eung s approach is creative, clear, logical, and methodologically modernized. Hyun-Eung s Buddhist philosophy of history is not a mere product of armchair philosophy. He wrote most essays in this book during the 1980 s while South Korea was undergoing serious political turmoil as it tried to overthrow a government backed by military generals. This book presents a philosophy that evolved from his contemplations on the real issues of South Korean society. Defining the ideal form of life as the life of bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism, Hyun-Eung summarizes the theme of this book as follows: My book Enlightenment and History is a collection of essays that interpret Buddhist doctrines under a new light. In particular, this book interprets bodhisattva as the combination of bodhi (enlightenment) and sattva (life, history), and defines the life of bodhisattva as enlightenment s becoming history and history s becoming enlightenment. This is the representative of all the new interpretations in this book. Also, I classify the issue of fact judgments on how to understand facts and phenomena as the area of bodhi (enlightenment) and the issue of value judgments on how to live life as the area of sattva (history), and thereby I make their logical differences clear. However, at the same time, I claim that harmonizing these two areas into one area of life is the model of a nice and practical life, which is the bodhisattva that Mahayana Buddhism praises. From Introduction. (shrink)
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Darwinian-Selectionist Explanation, RadicalTheoryChange, and the Observable-Unobservable Dichotomy.Elay Shech -2021 -International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 34 (4):221-241.detailsIn his recent 2018 book, Resisting Scientific Realism, K. Brad Wray provides a detailed, full-fledged defense of anti-realism about science. In this paper, I argue against the two main claims that constitute Wray’s positive and novel argument for his position, viz., his suggested Darwinian-selectionist explanation of the success of science and his skepticism about unobservables based on radicaltheorychange. My goal is not wholly negative though. Instead, I aim to identify the type of work that an anti-realist (...) like Wray would need to undertake in order to further substantiate their position, viz., taking a stance on inductive inference and support, and the type of realist and anti-realist positions that seem viable. (shrink)
TheoryChange and Bayesian Statistical Inference.Jan-Willem Romeijn -2005 -Philosophy of Science 72 (5):1174-1186.detailsThis paper addresses the problem that Bayesian statistical inference cannot accommodatetheorychange, and proposes a framework for dealing with such changes. It first presents a scheme for generating predictions from observations by means of hypotheses. An example shows how the hypotheses represent the theoretical structure underlying the scheme. This is followed by an example of achange of hypotheses. The paper then presents a general framework for hypotheseschange, and proposes the minimization of the distance (...) between hypotheses as a rationality criterion. Finally the paper discusses the import of this for Bayesian statistical inference. (shrink)