Reasoning with uncertain categories.Gregory L. Murphy,Stephanie Y. Chen &Brian H. Ross -2012 -Thinking and Reasoning 18 (1):81 - 117.detailsFive experiments investigated how people use categories to make inductions about objects whose categorisation is uncertain. Normatively, they should consider all the categories the object might be in and use a weighted combination of information from all the categories: bet-hedging. The experiments presented people with simple, artificial categories and asked them to make an induction about a new object that was most likely in one category but possibly in another. The results showed that the majority of people focused on the (...) most likely category in making inductions, although there was a group of consistently normative responders who used information from both categories (about 25% of our college population). Across experiments the overall pattern of results suggests that performance in the task is improved not by understanding the underlying principles of bet-hedging but by increasing the likelihood that multiple categories are in working memory at the time of the induction. We discuss implications for improving everyday inductions. (shrink)
Patients' Choices for Return of Exome Sequencing Results to Relatives in the Event of Their Death.Laura M. Amendola,Martha Horike-Pyne,Susan B. Trinidad,Stephanie M. Fullerton,Barbara J.Evans,Wylie Burke &Gail P. Jarvik -2015 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 43 (3):476-485.detailsThe informed consent process for genetic testing does not commonly address preferences regarding disclosure of results in the event of the patient's death. Adults being tested for familial colorectal cancer were asked whether they want their exome sequencing results disclosed to another person in the event of their death prior to receiving the results. Of 78 participants, 92% designated an individual and 8% declined to. Further research will help refine practices for informed consent.
Normative consent and presumed consent for organ donation: a critique.M. Potts,J. L. Verheijde,M. Y. Rady &D. W.Evans -2010 -Journal of Medical Ethics 36 (8):498-499.detailsBen Saunders claims that actual consent is not necessary for organ donation due to ‘normative consent’, a concept he borrows from David Estlund. Combining normative consent with Peter Singer's ‘greater moral evil principle’, Saunders argues that it is immoral for an individual to refuse consent to donate his or her organs. If a presumed consent policy were thus adopted, it would be morally legitimate to remove organs from individuals whose wishes concerning donation are not known. This paper disputes Saunders' arguments. (...) First, if death caused by the absence of organ transplant is the operational premise, then, there is nothing of comparable moral precedence under which a person is not obligated to donate. Saunders' use of Singer's principle produces a duty to donate in almost all circumstances. However, this premise is based on a flawed interpretation of cause and effect between organ availability and death. Second, given growing moral and scientific agreement that the organ donors in heart-beating and non-heart-beating procurement protocols are not dead when their organs are surgically removed, it is not at all clear that people have a duty to consent to their lives being taken for their organs. Third, Saunders' claim that there can be good reasons for refusing consent clashes with his claim that there is a moral obligation for everyone to donate their organs. Saunders' argument is more consistent with a conclusion of ‘mandatory consent’. Finally, it is argued that Saunders' policy, if put into place, would be totalitarian in scope and would therefore be inconsistent with the freedom required for a democratic society. (shrink)
The Ethics of Limiting Informed Debate: Censorship of Select Medical Publications in the Interest of Organ Transplantation.Michael Potts,Joseph L. Verheijde,Mohamed Y. Rady &David W.Evans -2013 -Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 38 (6):625-638.detailsRecently, several articles in the scholarly literature on medical ethics proclaim the need for “responsible scholarship” in the debate over the proper criteria for death, in which “responsible scholarship” is defined in terms of support for current neurological criteria for death. In a recent article, James M. DuBois is concerned that academic critiques of current death criteria create unnecessary doubt about the moral acceptability of organ donation, which may affect the public’s willingness to donate. Thus he calls for a closing (...) of the debate on current death criteria and for journal editors to publish only critiques that “substantially engage and advance the debate.” We argue that such positions as DuBois’ are a threat to responsible scholarship in medical ethics, especially scholarship that opposes popular stances, because it erodes academic freedom and the necessity of debate on an issue that is literally a matter of life and death, no matter what side a person defends. (shrink)
Cambodian patients' and health professionals' views regarding the allocation of antiretroviral drugs.Stephanie Nann,Jean-Phlippe Dousset,Chanthy Sok,Pisey Khim,Sopheap Y.,Paul Sorum &Etienne Mullet -2012 -Developing World Bioethics 12 (2):96-103.detailsThe way Cambodian patients and health professionals judge the priority of HIV-infected patients in relation to the allocation of antiretroviral drugs was examined. Participants were either HIV-infected patients attending the HIV/AIDS Care and Support Centre for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Phnom Penh (29 females and 21 males) or members of the staff (9 physicians, 6 pharmacists and 15 health counsellors and health educators). They were presented with stories of a few lines depicting a patient's situation and were instructed to (...) judge the extent to which the patient should be given priority for HIV drugs. The stories were composed according to a four within-subject factor design: (a) the patient's family responsibilities, (b) the severity of infection, (c) the time elapsed since the first consultation, and (d) the financial difficulties of the family. Most patients expressed the view that the drugs should be used for the patients who are most important from a familial point of view, namely, when the family contains small children and/or is already in a precarious financial condition. (shrink)
(2 other versions)Tibetan yoga and secret doctrines.W. Y.Evans-Wentz -1935 - London,: Oxford University Press UK. Edited by Zla-Ba-Bsam-'Grub.detailsGeneral introduction.--The supreme path of discipleship: the precepts of the gurus.--The nirvānic path: the yoga of the great symbol.--The path of knowledge: the yoga of the six doctrines.--The path of transference: the yoga of consciousness-trnsference.--The path of the mystic sacrifice: the yoga of subduing the lower self.--The path of the five wisdoms: the yoga of the long hūm.--The path of the transcendental wisdom: the yoga of the voidness.
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Publishing fast and slow: A path toward generalizability in psychology and AI.Andrew K. Lampinen,Stephanie C. Y. Chan,Adam Santoro &Felix Hill -2022 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 45:e26.detailsArtificial intelligence (AI) shares many generalizability challenges with psychology. But the fields publish differently. AI publishes fast, through rapid preprint sharing and conference publications. Psychology publishes more slowly, but creates integrative reviews and meta-analyses. We discuss the complementary advantages of each strategy, and suggest that incorporating both types of strategies could lead to more generalizable research in both fields.
On the Limits of Experimental Knowledge.PeterEvans &Karim P. Y. Thebault -2020 -Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378 (2177).detailsTo demarcate the limits of experimental knowledge, we probe the limits of what might be called an experiment. By appeal to examples of scientific practice from astrophysics and analogue gravity, we demonstrate that the reliability of knowledge regarding certain phenomena gained from an experiment is not circumscribed by the manipulability or accessibility of the target phenomena. Rather, the limits of experimental knowledge are set by the extent to which strategies for what we call ‘inductive triangulation’ are available: that is, the (...) validation of the mode of inductive reasoning involved in the source-target inference via appeal to one or more distinct and independent modes of inductive reasoning. When such strategies are able to partially mitigate reasonable doubt, we can take a theory regarding the phenomena to be well supported by experiment. When such strategies are able to fully mitigate reasonable doubt, we can take a theory regarding the phenomena to be established by experiment. There are good reasons to expect the next generation of analogue experiments to provide genuine knowledge of unmanipulable and inaccessible phenomena such that the relevant theories can be understood as well supported. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The next generation of analogue gravity experiments’. (shrink)
Ψ-epistemic quantum cosmology?Peter W.Evans,Sean Gryb &Karim P. Y. Thébault -2016 -Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 56:1-12.detailsThis paper provides a prospectus for a new way of thinking about the wavefunction of the universe: a Ψ-epistemic quantum cosmology. We present a proposal that, if successfully implemented, would resolve the cosmological measurement problem and simultaneously allow us to think sensibly about probability and evolution in quantum cosmology. Our analysis draws upon recent work on the problem of time in quantum gravity and causally symmet- ric local hidden variable theories. Our conclusion weighs the strengths and weaknesses of the approach (...) and points towards paths for future development. (shrink)
VyvyanEvans: Language and Time.Stephanie Huette -2015 -Cognitive Linguistics 26 (2):377-380.detailsName der Zeitschrift: Cognitive Linguistics Jahrgang: 26 Heft: 2 Seiten: 377-380.
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What can bouncing oil droplets tell us about quantum mechanics?Peter W.Evans &Karim P. Y. Thébault -2020 -European Journal for Philosophy of Science 10 (3):1-32.detailsA recent series of experiments have demonstrated that a classical fluid mechanical system, constituted by an oil droplet bouncing on a vibrating fluid surface, can be induced to display a number of behaviours previously considered to be distinctly quantum. To explain this correspondence it has been suggested that the fluid mechanical system provides a single-particle classical model of de Broglie’s idiosyncratic ‘double solution’ pilot wave theory of quantum mechanics. In this paper we assess the epistemic function of the bouncing oil (...) droplet experiments in relation to quantum mechanics. We find that the bouncing oil droplets are best conceived as an analogue illustration of quantum phenomena, rather than an analogue simulation, and, furthermore, that their epistemic value should be understood in terms of how-possibly explanation, rather than confirmation. Analogue illustration, unlike analogue simulation, is not a form of ‘material surrogacy’, in which source empirical phenomena in a system of one kind can be understood as ‘standing in for’ target phenomena in a system of another kind. Rather, analogue illustration leverages a correspondence between certain empirical phenomena displayed by a source system and aspects of the ontology of a target system. On the one hand, this limits the potential inferential power of analogue illustrations, but, on the other, it widens their potential inferential scope. In particular, through analogue illustration we can learn, in the sense of gaining how-possibly understanding, about the putative ontology of a target system via an experiment. As such, the potential scientific value of these extraordinary experiments is undoubtedly a significant one. (shrink)
¿Es Theodor W. Adorno un pensador interdisciplinario? Diez tesis sobre teoría crítica y las disciplinas particulares Is Theodor W. Adorno an interdisciplinary thinker? Ten theses o.Stephanie Graf -2023 -Logos Revista de Filosofía 141 (141):83-95.detailsQue el trabajo interdisciplinario es un quehacer en la vida académica contemporánea se ha vuelto un consenso ampliamente reconocido. Sin embargo, la noción hegemónica de interdisciplinariedad tiene el problema que acepta los marcos teóricos tanto como los contenidos de las diversas disciplinas comodadas, es decir, de manera a-crítica y a-histórica. Este ensayo consiste en diez tesis que muestran otra visión de la interdisciplinariedad, tal como se despliega en el pensamiento de Adorno. Es importante destacar cómo Adorno sigue siendo relevante en (...) varias disciplinas, como la sociología, el psicoanálisis,la pedagogía y los estudios literarios, pero eso no significa que su pensamiento traspase las disciplinas a la manera que los discursos interdisciplinarios se lo proponen. Se argumenta que la concepción hegemónica de la interdisciplinariedad no logra trascender una concepción conformista de la ciencia y que Adorno propone una manera de pensar a través de las disciplinas, de tal manera que el pensamiento se ponga al servicio del objeto, detectando las necesidades particulares en él sin predeterminarlo. El presente artículo defiende que la visión de Adorno sobre la interdisciplinariedad es no conformista y que su filosofía es un discurso interdisciplinario. (shrink)
Toward a New Socialism.Matt Bakker,Frank Bardacke,Johanna Brenner,Harry Brighouse,Chris Dixon,Barbara Epstein,FredEvans,Ann Ferguson,Milton Fisk,Michael Hames-Garcia,Nancy Holmstrom,Michael W. Howard,Serenella Iovino,Stephanie Luce,Barbara McCloskey &Eduardo Mendieta -2006 - Lexington Books.detailsToward a New Socialism offers a critical analysis of capitalism's failings and the imminent need for socialism as an alternative form of government. Dr. Richard Schmitt joins with Dr. Anatole Anton to compile a volume of essays exploring the benefits and consequences of a socialist system as an avenue of increased human solidarity and ethical principle.
La actualidad de los “Elementos del antisemitismo” de Adorno y Horkheimer.Stephanie Graf -2017 -Signos Filosóficos 19 (38):118-149.detailsResumen: Este artículo presenta la visión epistémica alternativa expuesta por Adorno y Horkheimer en los “Elementos del antisemitismo”, contenidos en la Dialéctica de la Ilustración, visión que sostiene un acercamiento ensayístico a su objeto de estudio a manera de montaje. El texto está compuesto por siete tesis, interrelacionadas de manera no-determinante, formando una constelación conceptual alrededor del tema. A partir de esta estrategia, los autores se oponen a la forma hegemónica de producción de conocimiento que conciben como sistematizante y totalizante. (...) Haciendo justicia a esta propuesta, mi lectura del texto se ha constituido de la misma manera: desmontando y reagrupando las tesis de tal forma que dan cuenta de nuevas perspectivas interpretativas del fenómeno del antisemitismo, así como de aspectos omitidos en la recepción de la obra de Adorno y Horkheimer.: The present article gives account of the epistemic vision exposed by Adorno and Horkheimer in the “Elements of anti-Semitism”, a text contained in the Dialectics of Enlightenment: the authors introduce a notion of knowledge that sustains an essayistic approach to its object using the strategy of montage. “Elements of anti-Semitism” consists of seven theses, which are interrelated in a non-determinant way, forming a conceptual constellation around the issue. Through this strategy, the authors oppose the system as the hegemonic form of philosophical production, it is conceived by Adorno and Horkheimer annihilating difference ant therefore totalitarian. According to this, my reading of this text tries to do justice to this epistemological proposal by constituting it in the way the authors suggest: the theses were disassembled and re-grouped, in order to give account of new interpretative perspectives on the phenomenon of anti-Semitism, as well as aspects neglected in most of the reception of Adorno and Horkheimer’s work. (shrink)
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Quantification of Conflicts of Interest in an Online Point-of-Care Clinical Support Website.Ambica C. Chopra,Stephanie S. Tilberry,Kaitlyn E. Sternat,Daniel Y. Chung,Stephanie D. Nichols &Brian J. Piper -2020 -Science and Engineering Ethics 26 (2):921-930.detailsOnline medical reference websites are utilized by health care providers to enhance their education and decision making. However, these resources may not adequately reveal pharmaceutical-author interactions and their potential conflicts of interest. This investigation: evaluates the correspondence of two well-utilized CoI databases: the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payments and ProPublica’s Dollars for Docs and quantifies CoIs among authors of a publicly available point of care clinical support website which is used to inform evidence-based medicine decisions. Two data (...) sources were used: the hundred most common drugs and the top fifty causes of death. These topics were entered into a freely available database. The authors were then input into CMSOP and PDD and compensation and number of payments were determined for 2013–2015. The subset of highly compensated authors that also reported “Nothing to disclose” were further examined. There was a high degree of similarity between CMSOP and PDD for compensation and payment number. The amount received was 1.4% higher in CMSOP than in PDD. The articles where the authors had received the greatest compensation were in neurology, oncology, and endocrinology. Two authors reporting “Nothing to disclose” received appreciable and potentially relevant compensation. CMSOP and PDD produced almost identical results. CoIs were common among authors but self-reporting may be an inadequate reporting mechanism. Recommendations are offered for improving the CoI transparency of pharmaceutical-author interactions in point-of-care electronic resources. (shrink)
(2 other versions)Ethics and the early childhood educator: using the NAEYC code.Stephanie Feeney -2005 - Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Edited by Nancy K. Freeman.details"New foreword by RhianEvans Allvin"--Cover.
Comment je suis devenu philosophe.Stéphanie Arc (ed.) -2008 - Paris: Le Cavalier bleu.detailsPlaton, Descartes, Nietzsche... Lorsque l'on pense philosophie, ces grands noms nous viennent immédiatement à l'esprit. De fait, " la vraie méthode pour former la notion de philosophie, c'est de penser qu'il y eut des philosophes ", Socrate, la figure de proue faisant du philosophe un parangon de sagesse. Pour autant toutes et tous ne sont pas aussi sages... Tantôt métaphysiciens, tantôt férus de sciences, hommes de foi, penseurs engagés ou lettrés à la plume habile... les philosophes ont de multiples visages. (...) Ainsi, il n'y a pas qu'une seule manière d'être philosophe, comme il n'y a pas qu'une manière de le devenir, mais une véritable pluralité dont ce livre à douze voix se fait l'écho. (shrink)
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Ce que le genre fait à la religion. Compte rendu du livre: Florence Rochefort, Maria Eleonora Sanna, dir., Normes religieuses et genre, Armand Colin, 2013.Stéphanie Hennette Vauchez -2015 -International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique 28 (2):433-438.detailsS’il fallait résumer en un mot l’importance de la contribution du présent ouvrage aux débats sur le genre , c’est celui de «désessentialisation» qui viendrait à l’esprit: tout comme il n’y a pas «la» femme, tout comme il n’y a pas «la» race, il n’y a pas «la» religion. Comme d’autres, le terrain de la religion est un terrain en tension, travaillé par des mouvements théologiques mais aussi idéologiques, sociaux et politiques; de même, la religion n’est pas autarcique par rapport (...) au monde dans lequel elle s’insère et s’exprime, et est affectée par lui. Les quelques 22 contributions réunies dans le présent ouvrage, qui fait suite à un colloque organisé par le Groupe Société Religions Laïcités en mai 2012, convergent toutes pour souligner ainsi, depuis des perspectives disciplinaires distinctesL’ouvrage recueille des contributions d’anthropologues, d’historien-nes, de sociologues, de politistes…. .. (shrink)
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La fenomenología según Merleau-Ponty: un camino descendente.Stéphanie Perruchoud González -2017 -Revista de Filosofía 42 (1):59-76.detailsEn este trabajo se investigará el modo propio en el que el filósofo Maurice Merleau-Ponty ha utilizado el método fenomenológico. Entender el ser, para él, no es alcanzar una verdad absoluta, reservada a una élite intelectual. Comprender el mundo es, al contrario, bajar, hacer silencio, ponerse al nivel del ser y de una cierta manera ver las cosas desde su perspectiva. Emprender el camino del conocimiento es, pues, descender y observar la existencia desde sus múltiples facetas sin renunciar al trabajo (...) de la inteligencia. Por ello, recorreremos los temas principales que caracterizan la fenomenología del primer Merleau-Ponty desde los fenómenos hasta la historia pasando por la existencia y el otro. (shrink)
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Algunos comentarios sobre las dos ediciones de la ‘Crítica de la Razón Pura’ y su recepción en la fenomenología de Husserl.Stephanie Martinic Caneo -2019 -Hybris, Revista de FilosofíA 10 (1):197-216.detailsEn este artículo me propongo mostrar ciertos aspectos de la filosofía de Kant que podrían haber servido como antecedente a la elaboración de la fenomenología por parte de Husserl. Se toma para este respecto la Deducción de los conceptos puros del entendimiento como sistematización del criticismo kantiano, pero, además, por la controversia que las dos ediciones de la Crítica de la razón pura suscitan en torno a la imaginación en esta sección. Una vez expuesta esta parte de la Crítica en (...) su generalidad, estaremos en condiciones de comprender las insuficiencias que Husserl advierte en ella en relación con su proyecto fenomenológico, especialmente en lo concerniente al análisis eidético, ausente en el pensamiento de Kant. Husserl va a retomar ciertos aspectos, específicamente el de síntesis, que va a aparecer como el concepto más amplio de constitución entendido desde Ideas I. (shrink)
An exploratory analysis of generational differences in the World Values Surveys and their application to business leaders.Stephanie J. Thomason,Michael R. Weeks &Bella Galperin -2023 -Ethics and Behavior 33 (5):357-370.detailsWe asked whether and how generations vary in their perceptions on moral matters ranging from their justifications of crime and questions concerning bodily autonomy. In our exploratory study using data from the World Values Survey, we found that Generations Y and Z are more likely than their older counterparts to justify crimes, such as cheating on taxes or stealing property, and to favor greater bodily autonomy in issues such as suicide and abortion. They also rank lower the importance of God (...) and national pride. Implications are offered for employers who wish to motivate and incentivize a multi-generational workforce. (shrink)
The Constitutionality of Medicare Drug-Price Negotiation under the Takings Clause.Raj Bhargava,Nathan Brown,Amy Kapczynski,Aaron S. Kesselheim,Stephanie Y. Lim &Christopher J. Morten -2023 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 51 (4):961-971.detailsIn recent months, pharmaceutical manufacturers have brought legal challenges to a provision of the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) empowering the federal government to negotiate the prices Medicare pays for certain prescription medications. One key argument made in these filings is that price negotiation is a “taking” of property and violates the Takings Clause of the US Constitution. Through original case law and health policy analysis, we show that government price negotiation and even price regulation of goods and services, including (...) patented goods, are constitutional under the Takings Clause. Finding that the IRA violates the Takings Clause would radically upend settled constitutional law and jeopardize the US’s most important state and federal health care programs. (shrink)
El cosmopolitismo por venir: Derrida y el pensamiento fronterizo Latinoamericano.FredEvans -2017 -Revista de Humanidades de Valparaíso 9:49-72.detailsIn an age where diversity is increasingly accepted as a value as well as a fact, ethico-political cosmopolitanism should propose a notion of global unity that is composed of rather than imposed on difference. Jacques Derrida and Walter Mignolo offer different versions of this view of cosmopolitanism. Derrida’s version is based on his notion of “democracy to come”. He characterizes this notion as an “unconditional” or “quasi-transcendental” injunction. Mignolo castigates this injunction as an “abstract universal”. He offers instead “a critical (...) and dialogic” view of cosmopolitanism that is based more speci cally on the “colonial difference” or “border thinking” of Latin American subaltern groups. I argue that Derrida’s many implicit and explicit references to “voices” suggest a third alternative. This contender avoids certain problems in Derrida’s and Mignolo’s otherwise compelling views of cosmopolitanism. It also retains the universality of Derrida’s unconditional injunction but on the basis of the sort of worldly immanency urged by Mignolo’s border thinking. (shrink)
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Figuras de la desfiguración.Stephanie Graf -2023 -Saberes y Prácticas. Revista de Filosofía y Educación 8 (1):1-11.details"La desfiguración es la forma que adoptan las cosas en el olvido", dice Walter Benjamin en su famoso ensayo sobre Franz Kafka. El mundo de la desfiguración alberga todo aquello que, excluido del orden social y lingüístico y olvidado por nosotros, ha sido desechado como inútil, sobrante, inclasificable y que, sin embargo, sobrevive al orden intencionado y orientado a objetivos. Este residuo, precisamente porque no se puede conceptualizar, siempre ha producido su propio mundo de imágenes en la literatura, la música, (...) en definitiva, en la imaginación humana. En este artículo, rescato la idea de la desfiguración de Walter Benjamin como clave de interpretación de este círculo de figura. Los habitantes de este mundo de la desfiguración, traviesamente se esconden en los rincones ocultos de nuestro orden doméstico. Son extraños y ajenos, inquietantes como algo que una vez fue nuestro y ahora está excluido. Lo que tienen en común es que se niegan a hablar, que se sustraen al agarre del concepto, que no se les puede inmovilizar, que despiertan culpa y vergüenza y que -quizá porque no viven, sino que a lo sumo sobreviven- no pueden morir. Como revoltosos y fantasmales cambia-formas, no nos dan tregua, exigen atención y desafían nuestro pensamiento, y sugieren que sin ellos no será posible una vida reconciliada. (shrink)
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Michel Foucault, les Lumières et la tradition socialiste.Stéphanie Roza -2023 -Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 118 (2):259-275.detailsLa nature exacte du rapport de Foucault aux Lumières n’est pas aisée à déterminer. Cet article part de l’hypothèse selon laquelle Foucault lit l’héritage des Lumières au prisme de la tradition socialiste ultérieure, c’est-à-dire au prisme des différentes variantes du projet d’émancipation né dans le sillage de la critique socio-politique des Lumières et de la Révolution française. Foucault est hostile à l’idée même d’un idéal de libération globale et universellement valable, c’est pourquoi il s’emploie à déconstruire les fondements philosophiques d’une (...) telle idée : le rationalisme, le progressisme et l’humanisme modernes, qui trouvent leur source au xviii e siècle. Cet objectif est un fil rouge qui donne une cohérence à sa trajectoire intellectuelle malgré les évolutions qui s’y font jour. (shrink)
Public journalism and the prospects for press accountability.Theodore L. Glasser &Stephanie Craft -1996 -Journal of Mass Media Ethics 11 (3):152 – 158.detailsIt is remarkable how many journalists embrace the principles of public journalism but fail to recognize the importance of applying those principles to journalism itself. While the press stands ready to expand the opportunities for public debate by inviting everyone to participate, journalists typically exempt themselves by declining invitations others are expected to accept. I f indeed the press plays a vitally important role in creating and maintaining the conditions for selfgovernance, as journalists claim whenever they raise the banner of (...) public journalism, the press needs to assume responsibility for-and invite commenta y on-the quality of its performance and the integrity of its practices. In short, the press needs to recognize itself as a distinctively public institution bound by the same standards of accountability expected of other public institutions. (shrink)