Results for 'S. Brandt Ford'
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- Just use of lethal force—short—of—war1.S.BrandtFord -2013 - In Fritz Allhoff, Nicholas G. Evans & Adam Henschke,Routledge Handbook of Ethics and War: Just War Theory in the 21st Century. Routledge. pp. 63.
- Jus ad Vim and the Just Use of Lethal Force Short of War.S.BrandtFord -2013 - In Fritz Allhoff, Nicholas G. Evans & Adam Henschke,Routledge Handbook of Ethics and War: Just War Theory in the 21st Century. Routledge. pp. 63--75.In this chapter, I argue that the notion which Michael Walzer calls jus ad vim might improve the moral evaluation for using military lethal force in conflicts other than war, particularly those situations of conflict short-of-war. First, I describe his suggested approach to morally justifying the use of lethal force outside the context of war. I argue that Walzer’s jus ad vim is a broad concept that encapsulates a state’s mechanisms for exercising power short-of-war. I focus on his more narrow (...) use of jus ad vim which is the state’s use of lethal force. Next I address Tony Coady’s critique of jus ad vim. I argue that Coady highlights some important problems with jus ad vim, but these concerns are not sufficient to dismiss it completely. Then, in the final section, I argue that jus ad vim provides an appropriate “hybrid” moral framework for judging the ethical decision-making outside of war by complementing other conventional just war distinctions. A benefit of jus ad vim is that it stops us expanding the definition of war while still providing the necessary ethical framework for examining violent conflict outside that context. (shrink)
- Restraining Police Use of Lethal Force and the Moral Problem of Militarization.ShannonBrandtFord -2022 -Criminal Justice Ethics 41 (1):1-20.I defend the view that a significant ethical distinction can be made between justified killing in self-defense and police use of lethal force. I start by opposing the belief that police use of lethal force is morally justified on the basis of self-defense. Then I demonstrate that the state’s monopoly on the use of force within a given jurisdiction invests police officers with responsibilities that go beyond what morality requires of the average person. I argue that the police should primarily (...) be concerned with preserving public safety. As a consequence, police have additional moral permissions to use lethal force. But this also means that the principle of restraint is inherent to the policing function and therefore police are obliged to go to greater lengths to avoid killing. I concede that the just use of police force can be made difficult in extreme situations such as a mass riot. In such cases, police should take proportionate actions necessary to protect the lives of inhabitants by restoring order, which might include calling on military support. I conclude with a cautionary note opposing militarization of the policing role. (shrink)
- Moral Exceptionalism and the Just War Tradition: Walzer’s Instrumentalist Approach and an Institutionalist Response to McMahan’s “Nazi Military” Problem.ShannonBrandtFord -2022 -Journal of Military Ethics 21 (3):210-227.The conventional view of Just War thinking holds that militaries operate under “special” moral rules in war. Conventional Just War thinking establishes a principled approach to such moral exceptionalism in order to prevent arbitrary or capricious uses of military force. It relies on the notion that soldiers are instruments of the state, which is a view that has been critiqued by the Revisionist movement. The Revisionist critique rightly puts greater emphasis on the moral agency of individual soldiers: they are not (...) mere instruments of the state. Although Revisionism has something particularly important to contribute when applied to cases that are short-of-war, where an individual agent’s moral culpability plays a greater role, soldiers fighting wars are not wholly autonomous moral agents. An Institutionalist approach that responds to Revisionist criticisms is a plausible alternative to the conventional Just War account for grounding the moral exceptionalism of war. For the Institutionalist, soldiers are moral agents with state-imposed obligations whose fundamental responsibility is the performance of the proper moral ends of the military institution they serve. If this is true, then soldiers have a moral obligation to be attentive to the moral corruption of the military institution of which they are a part. (shrink)
- Defending the Lives of Others: A Duty to Forcefully Intervene?ShannonBrandtFord -2025 -Research in Ethical Issues in Organizations 28:73-84.Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine assumes that there exists an underlying humanitarian duty to forcefully intervene in situations where innocent human lives are threatened with unjust violence. But what is the philosophical basis for the humanitarian moral obligation that underpins the R2P doctrine? I demonstrate that a third party should use forceful intervention (which might include lethal force) to protect an innocent human life in cases where the intervener has a duty to rescue the potential victim’s life and the use (...) of force is morally permissible. Then I argue that a potential intervener is permitted to kill the attacker when he has an impartial reason for doing so: the attacker is unjustly threatening an innocent person’s life. Impartial justification is important in such cases, I argue, because it affirms the equality of all humans: that one human is not worth intrinsically more than another. (shrink)
- Rights-based Justifications for Self-Defense.ShannonBrandtFord -2023 -International Journal of Applied Philosophy 36 (1):49-65.I defend a modified rights-based unjust threat account for morally justified killing in self-defense. Rights-based moral justifications for killing in self-defense presume that human beings have a right to defend themselves from unjust threats. An unjust threat account of self-defense says that this right is derived from an agent’s moral obligation to not pose a deadly threat to the defender. The failure to keep this moral obligation creates the moral asymmetry necessary to justify a defender killing the unjust threat in (...) self-defense. I argue that the other rights-based approaches explored here are unfair to the defender because they require her to prove moral fault in the threat. But then I suggest that the unjust threat account should be modified so that where the threat is non-culpable or only partially culpable, the defender should seek to share the cost and risk with the threat in order for both parties to survive. (shrink)
- The Evolution of the US-Australia Strategic Relationship.ShannonBrandtFord -2021 - In Scott D. McDonald & Andrew T. H. Tan,The Future of the United States-Australia Alliance. Taylor & Francis. pp. 103-121.The US-Australia strategic relationship has evolved from more or less an adversarial position in the 19th century to an Australia largely dependent on the US during the Cold War to the interdependent partnership we see today. Strategic interdependence means that the US-Australia relationship is not merely a one-sided affair; that Australia has something of substance to offer the strategic relationship. Part of the reason that the relationship is strong is because of a shared language, similar social values, and compatible political-legal (...) systems. Moreover, the relationship has been thoroughly institutionalised via intelligence cooperation, defence science collaboration, and extensive personal relationships. But what the US really seems to value is Australia’s reliability as an ally. I argue that Australia best demonstrates its reliability as an ally, however, when it follows US strategic decision-making for the right reasons. This sense of reliability is more akin to trustworthiness than it is to loyalty. History demonstrates that Australia has not always agreed with the US. But agreeing doesn’t matter so much when Australia has established a track record of consistently applying sound reasoning to its strategic decisions and it has made substantive contributions to jointly sought after strategic outcomes. (shrink)No categories
- Investigation of the mental health and cognitive correlates of psychological decentering in adolescence.R. C. Knight,D. L. Dunning,J. Cotton,G. Franckel,S. P. Ahmed,S. J. Blakemore,T.Ford,W. Kuyken,Myriad Team,T. Dalgleish &M. P. Bennett -2025 -Cognition and Emotion 39 (2):465-475.The ability to notice and reflect on distressing internal experiences from an objective perspective, often called psychological decentering, has been posited to be protective against mental health difficulties. However, little is known about how this skill relates to age across adolescence, its relationship with mental health, and how it may impact key domains such as affective executive control and social cognition. This study analysed a pre-existing dataset including mental health measures and cognitive tasks, administered to adolescents in Greater London and (...) Cambridge (mean age (SD) = 14.4 (1.77) years, N = 553). A self-report index of decentering based on available questionnaire items in the dataset was developed. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between decentering and mental health, affective executive control (measured using an affective Stroop Task, affective Working Memory Task, and affective Sustained Attention to Response Task) and social cognition. Higher decentering was significantly associated with lower depression and anxiety scores and higher psychological wellbeing. Results did not indicate significant relationships between decentering, affective executive control and social cognition. Further research is needed to discover cognitive mechanisms associated with this process, which could allow for optimisation of existing psychological therapy and reveal new avenues of intervention. (shrink)
- Weaponising social media.ShannonBrandtFord -2017 - In Thomas R. Frame & Albert Palazzo,Ethics under fire: challenges for the Australian Army. Sydney, New South Wales: University of New South Wales Press.
- Military Ethics and Strategy: Senior Commanders, Moral Values and Cultural Perspectives.ShannonBrandtFord -2015 - In Jr Lucas,Routledge Handbook of Military Ethics. London: Routledge.In this chapter, I explore the importance of ethics education for senior military officers with responsibilities at the strategic level of government. One problem, as I see it, is that senior commanders might demand “ethics” from their soldiers but then they are themselves primarily informed by a “morally skeptical viewpoint” (in the form of political realism). I argue that ethics are more than a matter of personal behavior alone: the ethical position of an armed service is a matter of the (...) collective responsibility of the people who constitute it, and senior military officers, having authority to give the orders, have a particularly important role. First, I discuss the continued prominence of a neorealist mindset in strategic thinking. Neorealist theory assumes that ethics is a largely irrelevant concern for strategic decision-makers. In contrast, I argue that consideration of moral values should be at the center of strategic theory and practice. Then, in the second section, I explore the “professional ethics” of senior military officers in order to develop an appreciation of the shared values and expectations regarding required conduct within any professional military service. I argue that senior military leaders should be concerned with what it means to be “good” and that this concept of the good can, and should, be applied across cultures and national boundaries. In the final section, I examine armed conflict and briefly discuss the moral reasoning involved to justify deliberate killing and destruction. I conclude that senior military officers require an understanding of sound moral reasoning to implement effective strategy. (shrink)No categories
- I, Spy Robot: The Ethics of Robots in National Intelligence Activities.Patrick Lin &ShannonBrandtFord -2016 - In Jai Galliott & Warren Reed,Ethics and the Future of Spying: Technology, National Security and Intelligence Collection. Routledge. pp. 145-157.In this chapter, we examine the key moral issues for the intelligence community with regard to the use of robots for intelligence collection. First, we survey the diverse range of spy robots that currently exist or are emerging, and examine their value for national security. This includes describing a number of plausible scenarios in which they have been (or could be) used, including: surveillance, attack, sentry, information collection, delivery, extraction, detention, interrogation and as Trojan horses. Second, we examine several areas (...) in which spy robots present serious ethical and legal challenges. We conclude by examining some moral concerns with shifting from intelligence collection to action, as enabled by robotics technology. (shrink)No categories
- European physicians' experience with ethical difficulties in clinical practice.S. A. Hurst,A. Perrier,R. Pegoraro,S. Reiter-Theil,R. Forde,A.-M. Slowther,E. Garrett-Mayer &M. Danis -2006 -Journal of Medical Ethics 33 (1):51-7.
- Mid-Twentieth Century American Philosophy: Personal Statements.Lewis S.Ford -1975 -Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 36 (1):136-137.No categories
- Recent Interpretations of Whitehead's Writings.Lewis S.Ford -1987 -Modern Schoolman 65 (1):47-59.
- Whitehead’s First Metaphysical Synthesis.Lewis S.Ford -1977 -International Philosophical Quarterly 17 (3):251-264.
- The Epochal Nature of Process in Whitehead's Metaphysics.Lewis S.Ford -1981 -Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 42 (1):133-135.No categories
- Nobo’s Eternal Realities and the Primordial Decision.Lewis S.Ford -1997 -Process Studies 26 (3):205-217.
- Whitehead’s Creative Transformations: A Summation.Lewis S.Ford -2006 -Process Studies 35 (1):134-164.
- Whitehead’s “Approximation” to Bradley.Lewis S.Ford &Leemon McHenry -1993 -Idealistic Studies 23 (2-3):103-109.
- Whitehead's Ontology and Lango's Synonty.Lewis S.Ford -1973 -Modern Schoolman 51 (1):53-61.
- Whitehead's Transformation of Pure Act.Lewis S.Ford -1977 -The Thomist 41 (3):381.Export citation
Bookmark - Whitehead's Conception of Divine Spatiality.Lewis S.Ford -1968 -Southern Journal of Philosophy 6 (1):1-13.
- 13. Neville's Interpretation of Creativity.Lewis S.Ford -1983 - In Lewis S. Ford & George L. Kline,Explorations in Whitehead's philosophy. New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 272-279.No categories
- All Seeing Archaeology: The Panopticons of Pentridge Prison.F. S. A. AdamFord -forthcoming -Revue D’Études Benthamiennes.Archaeological excavations carried out at Pentridge Prison discovered the ruins and foundations of three panopticon exercise yards. This paper details the scope and observations of the excavation program and discusses the influence of Jeremy Bentham’s panopticon model on penal reform and prison design in Australia in the middle of the 19th Century.No categories
- The State of Intelligence Studies: Australia in International Context.Rhys Crawley &ShannonBrandtFord -2018 - In Daniel Baldino & Rhys Crawley,Intelligence and the Function of Government. Melbourne University Press.This chapter takes a longitudinal approach to the survey of intelligence research published in Australia, or by Australian authors overseas, in the decade 2007–2017, analyses it, and compares these findings with trends overseas. It then undertakes a quantitative and qualitative survey of intelligence education programs at Australian and Western tertiary institutions in order to show how Australia fares in an international context. It concludes by offering some suggestions on the way ahead for Intelligence Studies in Australia.No categories
- Experiential Realism.Lewis S.Ford -1974 -Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 35 (1):120-122.No categories
- Creativity and Causality.Lewis S.Ford -2011 -Process Studies 40 (1):54-79.Many readers of Process and Reality have felt the absence of a robust theory of efficient causation in Whitehead’s final position. There have been numerousremedies proposed, including Whitehead’s own , but all of them fail to make what to me is a crucial distinction between creative and noncreative forms of activity. The activity of the superject, the basis for causal activity, is derived from the creativity of concrescence, but is itself noncreative.It is simply the impress of the past, lacking in (...) itself any genuine novelty. (shrink)
- (1 other version)The Emergence of Whitehead's Metaphysics, 1925-1929.Lewis S.Ford -1985 -International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 18 (3):169-172.
- On some difficulties with Whitehead's definition of abstractive hierarchies.Lewis S.Ford -1970 -Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 30 (3):453-454.
- Whitehead’s “Approximation” to Bradley.Lewis S.Ford and Leemon Mchenry -1993 -Idealistic Studies 23 (2/3):103-110.Bradley and Whitehead certainly deserve a book-length comparison on such topics as experience, internal and external relations, particularly whole-part relations, time, and God. Leemon McHenry has explored these issues soberly and responsibly, and his conclusions are most informative. Yet I sometimes wonder whether the connection would be as firmly made had there not been one remark about Bradley in the preface to Process and Reality.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- The Emergence of Whitehead's Metaphysics, 1925-1929.Lewis S.Ford -1984 - State University of New York Press.A breathtaking detective story, this book charts the adventure of Whitehead's ideas in a remarkably detailed and careful reconstruction of his metaphysical views.
- Can Whitehead Provide for Real Subjective Agency? A Reply to Edward Pols's Critique.Lewis S.Ford -1970 -Modern Schoolman 47 (2):209-225.
- The Coherence Theory of Truth.Lewis S.Ford -1974 -Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 35 (1):118-120.
- A Process Perspective.Lewis S.Ford -1978 -The Thomist 42 (1):1.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Genetic and Coordinate Division Correlated.Lewis S.Ford -1971 -Process Studies 1 (3):199-209.
- Thomas E. Hosinski. Stubborn Fact and Creative Advance: An Introduction to the Metaphysics of Alfred North Whitehead.L. S.Ford -1996 -Modern Schoolman 73:351-352.Export citation Bookmark
- The Past as Given by Mannoia.Lewis S.Ford -1986 -Modern Schoolman 64 (1):45-51.
- IV. Zu Lactanz.S.Brandt -1922 -Philologus: Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur Und Ihre Rezeption 78 (1-2):131-141.No categories
- Temporal and Nontemporal Becoming.Lewis S.Ford -2009 -Process Studies 38 (1):5-42.Whitehead’s initial decision to treat actual occasions as unqualifiedly indivisible rendered the notion of succession in becoming highly problematic. Temporal phases would divide the indivisible. Thus Whitehead had originally recourse to genetic analysis. Many have interpreted this as nontemporal becoming, which is not clearly distinguished from the eternity of eternal objects. Besides, Whitehead reserved the term ‘nontemporal’ for the primordial nature. Finally Whitehead came to see that the indivisibility of occasions meant only that they could not be divided into smaller (...) actual occasions (PR 69), which allowed for genetic division. (shrink)
- Ethical difficulties in clinical practice: experiences of European doctors.S. A. Hurst,A. Perrier,R. Pegoraro,S. Reiter-Theil,R. Forde,A.-M. Slowther,E. Garrett-Mayer &M. Danis -2007 -Journal of Medical Ethics 33 (1):51-57.Background: Ethics support services are growing in Europe to help doctors in dealing with ethical difficulties. Currently, insufficient attention has been focused on the experiences of doctors who have faced ethical difficulties in these countries to provide an evidence base for the development of these services.Methods: A survey instrument was adapted to explore the types of ethical dilemma faced by European doctors, how they ranked the difficulty of these dilemmas, their satisfaction with the resolution of a recent ethically difficult case (...) and the types of help they would consider useful. The questionnaire was translated and given to general internists in Norway, Switzerland, Italy and the UK.Results: Survey respondents ranged in age from 28 to 82 years, and averaged 25 years in practice. Only a minority reported having access to ethics consultation in individual cases. The ethical difficulties most often reported as being encountered were uncertain or impaired decision-making capacity , disagreement among caregivers and limitation of treatment at the end of life . The frequency of most ethical difficulties varied among countries, as did the type of issue considered most difficult. The types of help most often identified as potentially useful were professional reassurance about the decision being correct , someone capable of providing specific advice , help in weighing outcomes and clarification of the issues . Few of the types of help expected to be useful varied among countries.Conclusion: Cultural differences may indeed influence how doctors perceive ethical difficulties. The type of help needed, however, did not vary markedly. The general structure of ethics support services would not have to be radically altered to suit cultural variations among the surveyed countries. (shrink)
- Philosophical Growth, Future Subjectivity, and David Pailin.Lewis S.Ford -2001 -Process Studies 30 (1):147-156.
- gunpowder plot, 7 Hampshire, S., 79-80 Handel, GF, 137 Hardy, T., 18 Hare, RM, x, xii, 24.G. Eliot,T. S. Eliot,W. Empsom,M. Ernst,M. C. Escher,B. Flanagan,H. Focillon,F. M.Ford,A. Fowler &F. J. Haydn -2004 - In John Hawthorne,Ethics. Wiley Periodicals. pp. 81.
- Lewis S.Ford, Transforming Process Theism, Foreword by Robert Cummings Neville. [REVIEW]Lewis S.Ford &Robert Cummings Neville -2003 -International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 54 (1):61-63.
- Allan’s Atheism.Lewis S.Ford -2010 -Process Studies 39 (2):307-318.This article examines the strongest case to date in favor of a Whiteheadian atheism. But this case proves inadequate to account for genuine novelty.
- Explorations in Whitehead's Philosophy.Lewis S.Ford &George L. Kline -1985 -Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 21 (1):139-146.No categories
- On genetic successiveness: A third alternative.Lewis S.Ford -1970 -Southern Journal of Philosophy 7 (4):421-425.
- Reasons, Causes, and Decisions.Lewis S.Ford -1972 -Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 3 (2):51-62.
- The Creation of.Lewis S.Ford -1994 -Modern Schoolman 71 (3):191-222.
- Why Only Two? Why Not Three?Lewis S.Ford -2001 -Process Studies 30 (1):101-111.
- Lotze’s System of Philosophy. [REVIEW]Lewis S.Ford -1971 -Process Studies 1 (3):224-226.
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
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Area Editors:
David Bourget
Gwen Bradford
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Margaret Cameron
David Chalmers
James Chase
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Ezio Di Nucci
Esa Diaz-Leon
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Jonathan Ichikawa
Monte Johnson
Michelle Kosch
Øystein Linnebo
Paul Livingston
Brandon Look
Manolo Martínez
Matthew McGrath
Michiru Nagatsu
Susana Nuccetelli
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Jack Alan Reynolds
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