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The political developments in post-socialist countries are taken as a general frame for discussingruraldevelopment in the transition from centrally planned to market economies.Rural communities and agriculture in post-socialist countries are facing major problems related to decollectivization of property, the stimulation of effective private agricultural units, and the building up of integratedrural communities and their local autonomy. After presenting the developments in Slovenia in detail, the author comes to the conclusion that no foreign/western (...)development model can be literally applied to any post-socialist state. These nations must define their own goals and formulate the strategies to reach them based on the analysis of their specific situations, and in doing this they must engage their own scientists/professionals and take foreign experts only as occasional advisors. (shrink)

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This paper is based on an open lecture given at OCMS on Tuesday 21 December 2004.

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Contributed articles, with reference to India.

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This paper reports on the LEADER+ programme and on the work carried out supportingrural communities in EU countries under the LEADER+ programme. This is a programme that supportsdevelopment in particularly vulnerablerural regions of the European countries that are members of the EU. It supports creative and innovative projects that can contribute to long-term and sustainabledevelopment in these regions. In this paper, we will focus on three specific areas: networking, facilitation of groups, and (...) information and communication technologies. Some case studies are shortly described. (shrink)

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Agricultural andruraldevelopment programs can only succeed if they are based on effective participation and support of actors from the policymaking stage through all levels, including field personnel and primary producers. But these actors must possess the knowledge, attitude, and skills necessary to execute their tasks. For this reason, agricultural education and training has an integral part to play in any agricultural andruraldevelopment effort. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (...) has made significant contributions to thedevelopment of agricultural education in its member countries. FAO's contributions have focused on institution building, group training, and fellowship/study tours. This paper reviews some of the lessons learned through FAO involvement in these areas and recommends directions for improvement. These recommendations include the following:Higher agricultural education institutions should become more involved inruraldevelopment by participating in appropriate activities leading to the formulation of nationaldevelopment policies.These institutions should develop education programs and curricula responding to the need ofdevelopment by providing the knowledge and skills required to meet the needs of the people concerned and to solve their technical and socio-economic problems.More emphasis should be placed on improving the quality of teaching and on practical training.The same institutions should undertake to play a leading role in the agricultural and training systems at the national level.Research should be an integral part of higher educational institution programs and the research themes should include interests of small and poor agricultural producers and measurement of research impacts.Regional and inter-regional collaboration among higher agricultural education institutions should be encouraged. (shrink)

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The “smart village” flourishes – at least in policy papers that envision the revitalization ofrural areas through the civic deployment of networked media and telecommunications. Yet, while such aspirations are widespread, little is known about the views of those tasked with supervising and supporting digitally driven public participation forrural progress. To address the lack of insight into what these intermediary administrators conceive as catalysts and challenges for the realization of smart village conceptions, we surveyed representatives of (...) regions in Germany who overseeruraldevelopment schemes, most notably within the European LEADER framework. For these key actors, digital participation does not mainly hinge on broadband access and IT availability. Instead, they emphasize the importance of human and administrative resources as well as multi-actor collaboration, which we discuss in terms of digital readiness, digital willingness, and digital activity. Building the smart village, we conclude, seems not so much a matter of technological infrastructure, but rather of sociotechnical infrastructuring. (shrink)

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While today an often stated concern ofdevelopment planning in the Third World is the participation of people in the decision-making process, in many cases the nature of popular participation in the planning process is generally limited in its jurisdictional scope and restricted in its application. This article explores perceptions ofdevelopment professionals and local citizens regarding barriers and willingness to participate in decision making, local leadership, and local institutionalization processes across three types (state agricultural universities, central research (...) institutes, and nongovernmental organizations) of Farm Science Centers in eleven or ganizations in India. Findings suggest that willingness to participate may turn on reconciling competing institutional beliefs and working relationships. A strategy emphasizing cultural sensitively for enhancing local action relevant to agricultural andruraldevelopment practitioners is presented. (shrink)

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This article explores the importance of environmental perception in the context of alternative agrarian social relations. Because environmental perception is socially constructed, the article is concerned with how those with an alternative agenda for agrarian practice attempt change, and the likely difficulties faced due to the structural requirements and effects of the dominant paradigm ofdevelopment. It explores the need for a clear model of change, both in its outcomes and its change strategies, and the difficulties that may be (...) faced. The article draws on a case study of arural landsharing collective in Australia to contextualize these broader issues, and considers some of the implications of the findings for instigating the broader concern of an ecologically sustainable agrarian practice based on permacultural design. (shrink)

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This article concentrates on 1890 land-grant colleges' and universities' contributions toruraldevelopment in 16 southern and border states. The author contends that liftingrural dwellens out of ignorance and poverty has been a major objective of 1890 institutions. During the early years the 1890s sent out change-agents to encouragerural dwellers to improve their standard of living through education and self-help programs. These agents went intorural communities and taught farm families to raise better (...) crops and livestock; improve their homes, schools, and community life; and despite inadequate funding of teaching, research, and extension at these schools, the 1890 schools made significant contributions toruraldevelopment. Moreover, the writer contends that the 1890 schools are not outmoded, but essential toruraldevelopment and to the education of American citizens during the rest of the 1990s and into the 21st century. (shrink)

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This case study investigates Gram Vikas' innovative social entrepreneurial approach to sustainableruraldevelopment through its 'Water and Sanitation Programme'. We explore its key innovation of 100 % inclusion and the process of creating democratic, self-governing management systems. This allows us to demonstrate how a social enterprise tries to realize its vision of "an equitable and sustainable society where people live in peace with dignity", and ultimately, how it contributes to the United Nations Millennium Goals of improving health, (...) empowering women and breaking the vicious circle of poverty. We also discuss the management challenges that the organisation faces in the area of finance, personnel management and scaling up. (shrink)

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Three quarters of Vietnam'sland area is in the uplands and foothills,which contain some of the poorest communes inthe country. The Ngoc Lac Natural ResourcesConservation and Management Project, in ThanhHoa Province, is one of several large uplandruraldevelopment projects that receivessubstantial funding from foreign governments inVietnam. The project was designed in 1995 toaddress the environmental constraints tosocio-economicdevelopment of Ngoc LacDistrict, while improving agriculturalproduction and natural resources management.During the first three years of operation, theproject focused on the introduction anddissemination (...) of various ``model'' technologicalpackages for improved agriculture, forestry,and animal husbandry. These models includedtree nurseries, sloping agricultural landtechnologies, integrated fish pond-livestockpen-home garden systems, and several animalhusbandry activities. However, the distributionof the models was not socially equitable, thesustainability of the models by model farminghouseholds proved problematic, and the adoptionof these technology practices by non-modelhouseholds was quite low. Four lessons can beidentified from pastrural developmentexperience: beware of ``participatory'' ruralappraisal, start small and go slowly, introducelimited technologies, and help farmers adaptthe technologies. There are two promisinginitiatives underway in Vietnam. These are theparticipatory curriculumdevelopment and theparticipatory technology developmentinitiatives of the Social Forestry SupportProgram. (shrink)

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Conventional gender analysis ofdevelopment policy does not adequately explain the slow progress towards gender equality. Our research analyses the gender discourses embedded in agricultural andruraldevelopment policies in Myanmar and Nepal. We find that both countries focus on increasing women’s participation indevelopment activities as a core gender equality policy objective. This creates a binary categorisation of participating versus non-participating women and identifies women as responsible for improving their position. At the same time, gender (...) (in)equality is defined exclusively as a women’s concern. Such discourses, as constitutive practices, produce specific knowledge aboutrural women and new subjectivities that prescribe and govern them solely as subjects ofdevelopment. Our research suggests that such a limited discursive practice invisiblises gendered power relations and structural and institutional issues, ultimately slowing progress towards gender equality. We demonstrate the importance of studying policy as discourse, beyond the effectiveness of policies or mainstreaming tools, and call for empirical evidence on the impact of these discourses on women’s subjectivities and lived experiences. (shrink)

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This article examines the historical relationship between agriculture and tourism and its implications for food security strategies inruraldevelopment. Food security is one of the foundational pillars for sustainablerural livelihoods. Integrating agriculture and tourism has enhanced resilience and food security inruraldevelopment. This study reviews the historical case studies of agriculture and tourism across various regions to trace the evolution of agriculture and tourism and their mutually dependent relationship, as well as the (...) local food culture playing an essential role in a journey to attract visitors and to enhance local economy and employment. Results indicate that practical cooperation between these two sectors can result in resilient food security, heightening community identity, and strengthening environmental awareness. This article also studiesrural areas' challenges and the opportunities for integrating agriculture and tourism to improve food security. Ultimately, it emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach incorporating historical insights, community engagement, and innovative strategies. (shrink)

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Development Agencies established with the Law on the Establishment, Coordination and Duties ofDevelopment Agencies No. 5449 dated 08.02.2006 on the condition that the pre-accession financial assistance program can be utilized in the 2003 European Union Accession Partnership Certificate, were obliged to increase the regional andruraldevelopment capacity of the region and to provide support to the projects in this context. The aim of this study is to show how and in what wayDevelopment (...) Agencies contribute toruraldevelopment. In order to make this assessment available from the current 26Development Agencies in Turkey; West MediterraneanDevelopment Agency (BAKA), Eastern AnatoliaDevelopment Agency (DOĞAKA), Eastern Black SeaDevelopment Agency (PJC), the South AegeanDevelopment Agency (REER), the Silk RoadDevelopment Agency (ICA), KARACADAĞ and TrakyaDevelopment Agency (TRAKYAKA)'s activity reports and regional plans for 2016 were scanned and interviews were conducted with experts. (shrink)

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Though a recent phenomenon, land grabs have generated considerable debate that remains highly polarized. In this debate, one view presents land deals as a path to sustainable and transformativeruraldevelopment through capital accumulation, infrastructuraldevelopment, technology transfer, and job creation while the alternative view sees land grabs as a new wave of neo-colonization, exploitation, and domination. The underlying argument, at least theoretically, is that international land deals unlock the much needed capital to accelerate the achievement of (...) sustainable and transformativeruraldevelopment in developing countries. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the contribution of large scale land deals in Malawi toruraldevelopment by employing the political economy perspective using the Limphasa Sugar Corporation as a case study with particular focus on the nature and interest of the actors involved; the legal framework supporting large scale land deals; major individual and community benefits; and the extent to which these large land deals can indeed bring about sustainable and transformativeruraldevelopment. The findings of this article demonstrate that large scale land deals present short term benefits to local communities such as capital forruraldevelopment; technology transfer and job creation in exchange for the priceless economic and social capital that local people depend upon; destruction of local social systems; deepening of local communities’ vulnerability to economic shocks; and the entrenchment of community dependence that may in the long run result in social and political unrest. (shrink)

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AllSweden Shall Live! is an umbrella movement of 2,300ruraldevelopment organizations that has taken shape in reaction to political and economic threats to “the living countryside.” The movement's strategy combines self-help activities and political mobilization. Ritual events celebrating a shared culture, a culture that blends traditional and newly invented elements, are crucial means of maintaining solidarity and mobilizing energies. The article investigates a self-help activity, saving country stores, and a political event, a “Countryside Parliament,” both motivated by (...) a commitment to sustainrural communities in a critical time. (shrink)

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The paper presents the author’s view on the socialdevelopment ofrural areas. The author examines different points of view, according to whichruraldevelopment is identical with economicdevelopment; the one that relates it tohuman capital; the one that treats it in terms of “growth”; and the view point one that explains it by changes of mentality and the one that makes it dependent on institutional changes. The author concludes that thedevelopment of (...)rural areas should be based on the principles of safe social and naturaldevelopment; preservation of human resources; increase of social activity of therural population; orientation to traditional values. (shrink)

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Of the three strategies available for managing common property resources (CPR)—centralized control, privatization and local management—this essay focuses on the last, which has proven quite effective in various settings throughout the Third World, with the key to success being local ability to control access to the resource. The major factors at issue in the Sundarbans situation are: historically external pressure on the forest; currently dense population in adjacent areas; a land distribution even more unequal than the norm in Bangladesh; and (...) a decentralized local government structure initiated in the mid-1980s. The first three factors have encouraged the local population to view this CRP as a frontier to be exploited,rather than as a resource to be preservedfor sustained yield. Thus to the extent that the new local government structure proves to be democratic and responsive to popular needs, it would most likely accelerate destruction of the Sundarbans, using the area as a cheap and easy way to provide some livelihood to therural poor and landless. Accordingly, decentralization cannot be a viable strategy for preserving this unique forest resource; only a strong central control can ensure its survival into the next century. (shrink)

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The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the factors of housing construction affecting thedevelopment ofrural areas, identifying their relationships, as well as the specifics of the implementation of the program of preferentialrural mortgages in the regions and the damage of its impact on the village. The scientific novelty of the work carried out consists in confirming the hypothesis of the insignificance of the impact of the preferentialrural mortgage program in (...) the improvement of housing in remoterural areas and the acceleration of the process of deurbanization. As a result, using the example of the subjects of the Russian Federation and specifically the Stavropol Territory, it is demonstrated that factors of housing construction and home improvement affect thedevelopment of only largerural settlements located near administrative centers. (shrink)

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This paper presents some of the basic trends, issues, and questions regarding the last four decades of internationaldevelopment cooperation in agriculture. The impact of technical cooperation tends to account for only a small proportion of change; the bulk of the variance being caused by internal, rather than external, forces and events. The paper reviews both multilateral and bilateral technical cooperation, and then illustrates with the case of U.S. universities in international technical cooperation. It goes on to question the (...) difference between “development” and “merely change,” and asks who are the real beneficiaries? Finally, the paper suggests the following factors affecting continuity and change as forces to be analysed with respect to any attempt at technical cooperation: biological, physical, cultural, social, economic, administrative, political, and diplomatic. The world experience of the past four decades confirms that without consideration of such a human ecology of continuity and change, well-meaning interventions in international technical cooperation are likely to have unintended consequences for both “donors” and “recipients.”. (shrink)

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Increasing attention has been given to participatory methods in agricultural research andruraldevelopment. ParticipatoryRural Appraisal (PRA) has become popular among nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and applied researchers indevelopment. This paper analyzes PRA with respect to its usefulness for NGOs, drawing upon the outcomes from two experimental PRA workshops conducted with a Chilean NGO. Emphasis is given to discussing farmer participation in PRA and its empowerment effects. It is argued that PRA is potentially empowering if (...) it is situated within broader long-term social and political strategies guiding the interactions betweenrural community and external organization. (shrink)

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In our paper we will try to connect the dynamics of community decline to individual responses. We will operate on two levels of reality. At the first level we will discuss the circumstances surrounding the recent decline of small communities in North Dakota. At the second level we will discuss how this decline affects small town residents' attitudes toward economicdevelopment. In the first level analysis we examine the thesis that the natural environment of community growth is economic exploitation; (...) therefore, the decline of resource-based communities is natural and inevitable. We discuss the circumstances surrounding the recent decline of small communities in North Dakota. At the second level analysis, we operate at the level at which life circumstances and environments are shaped by political-economic institutions that in turn shape the behavior and mentality of communities, families, and individuals. We hypothesize that residents of declining small towns deny their powerlessness and adapt to their situation through intense dedication to economic growth. We develop a series of hypotheses to test this thesis using data from the North DakotaRural Life Poll. In our conclusion, we discuss implications forruraldevelopment practitioners working in declining small towns where this intense dedication to economicdevelopment in prevalent. (shrink)

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This paper draws upon the events surrounding two small United States Department of Agriculture-funded projects in order to explore some preliminary ideas about the influence of corporations in US policy-making through federal advisory committees created by the 1972 Federal Advisory Committee Act. Following a synopsis of the political controversy created by the efforts of these projects to generate more discussion of geographical indications in the US, this paper outlines a path for further analysis of the relationships between members of advisory (...) committees to the US Trade Representative and a newly established non-profit, the Consortium for Common Food Names. After a brief discussion of two worlds of geographic indications defined on the one hand by key principles of terroir and on the other hand those embodied in US Patent & Trademark Policy, the paper concludes with short discussions of two approaches for bringing geographic indications into federal and state policy discussions. (shrink)

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The essay examines local resistance to the New Dealrural electrification program in the United States before World War II as a crucial aspect of sociotechnical change. Large numbers of farm men and women opposed the introduction of the new technology, did not purchase a full complement of electrical appliances, and did not use electric lights and appliances in the manner prescribed by the government modernisers and manufacturers. These acts of 'transformative resistance' helped to shape artefacts and social practices.

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Through an ethnographic account of a social reform project led by Islamic activist women in the village of Mehmeit inrural Egypt, this article analyses women's Islamic activism as a form of worship. Women's experiences of activism are at the centre of this account, which highlights their attempts to economically and socially develop a destituterural community. Theirdevelopment ideals mirror the embedded principles of liberal secular modernity and offer a tangible example of the concomitance of these (...) so-called binaries of religion and secularism in women's religious activism. Normative assumptions regarding religion and secularism as two binary constructs have largely dictated a monolithic view of women who engage in Islamic activism as religious subjects primarily devoted to a spiritual, internal faith. Persistent models of religious selves engaged in a continuous exercise of self-fashioning towards a fixed ‘religious ideal’ overlook the complexity and seamlessness of the desires that animate these subjectivities. Moreover, it is inaccurate to represent participants in Islamic activism as homogenized into one overarching group that adheres to standardized religious membership criteria. Discourses of modernity have also constructed separate spheres of what is defined as religion and secularism. Yet, these spheres, in practice, are not always so neatly demarcated as they are in modern principles. Societies shaped by the historical and temporal dynamics of colonialism, modernization, secularization and nation building projects present more complex and heterogeneous forms of subjectivities in their members. This article illustrates how a theoretical concomitance of religion and secularism opens up new possible considerations of women's activism in Islamic movements. The author argues that the desires and subjectivities of Islamic women that inform their activism are ultimately linked to the historical emergence of secularism and state modernization schemes aimed at transforming Muslim subjects into modern citizens of liberal democracies. (shrink)

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Nigeria is a developing country with youths that have great potentials. They embrace new innovations easily. In Anambra State of Nigeria alone, there are eight (8) higher institutions. It was observed that in therural areas recently, youths indulge in drug taking and other anti-social acts. Many of them are dropout from schools. Therural libraries could play big roles by reverting them to skillful living again that is by equipping the libraries with information resources that would interest (...) the youths and attract them back to complete their education. A questionnaire titled “Using therural library for youthdevelopment” was constructed and distributed among the youths and librarians in five (5) villages that haverural libraries. 300 copies of questionnaire was made and distributed. 235 respondents were gotten. The response rate became 78%. Findings were made. It was suggested that the government should build and equip therural libraries to modern standard, provide current materials and also employ more librarians to work there. (shrink)

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Ruraldevelopment and economic change has generally been associated with growth and the in-migration of nonlocal firms or their branch plants and offices. Such change has been critiqued and at times resisted because of its implicit “urbanism” and conflict withrural values and modes of social interaction. The inevitability of the conflict has always been assumed, given the perspectives ofdevelopment groups and manyrural residents. This paper examines the apparent conflicts between therural (...) ethos and the “growth ethos,” and the considers the necessity for the pursuit of the forms of growth that tend to underminerural values. The severely limited set of changes in the local economy considered by the common forms of growth-sponsoring economicdevelopment groups is then examined. Finally, the existence of alternative forms of economic change are hypothesized and their viability demonstrated. We conclude that improved economic well-being forrural residents need not sacrifice their values and lifestyles on the altar of urban-influenced “economic growth.”. (shrink)

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(1992).Rural tourism anddevelopment in Vojvodina: The animation of tourism‐cultural relationships. World Futures: Vol. 33, Culture andDevelopment: European Experiences and Challenges A Special Research Report of the European Culture Impact Research Consortium (EUROCIRCON), pp. 189-197.

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This book examines some of the changes that are taking place in Tok Pisin, an English-based pidgin, as it becomes the native language of the younger generation ofrural and urban speakers.

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