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Results for 'Robert R. Ulmer'

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  1.  113
    Consistent questions of ambiguity in organizational crisis communication: Jack in the box as a case study. [REVIEW]Robert R.Ulmer &Timothy L. Sellnow -2000 -Journal of Business Ethics 25 (2):143 - 155.
    The complexity of crisis situations allows for corporate responses to create multiple interpretations for organizational stakeholders concerning crisis evidence, the organization's intentions, and the locus of responsibility. Hence, organizations have the ability to emphasize an interpretation where the organization is viewed most favorably. Using Jack in the Box as a case study, we apply stakeholder theory to ascertain the ethical implications of employing strategic ambiguity in organizational crisis communication. We conclude that the crisis response provided by Jack in the Box's (...) leaders was ethically questionable in the areas of evidence, intent, and locus because the ambiguity they introduced privileged their financial stakeholders over others. Ultimately, this strategic use of ambiguity diminished the deliberative ability of Jack in the Box's publics. (shrink)
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  2.  84
    Virtuous responses to organizational crisis: Aaron Feuerstein and milt colt. [REVIEW]Matthew W. Seeger &Robert R.Ulmer -2001 -Journal of Business Ethics 31 (4):369 - 376.
    This study examines two recent cases of ethical responses to crisis management; the 1995 fire at Malden Mills and Aaron Feuerstein''s response, and a 1998 fire at Cole Hardwoods, followed by the response of CEO Milt Cole. The authors describe these crises, the responses of Feuerstein and Cole, their motivations and the impact on crisis stakeholders using the principles of virtue ethics and effective crisis management. What emerges is set of post-crisis virtues grounded in values of corporate social responsibility and (...) entrepreneurial ethics. These include virtues of immediacy of response, supportiveness of victims, and rebuilding and renewal. (shrink)
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  3.  43
    Deconstruction and Communication.Robert Scholes -1988 -Critical Inquiry 14 (2):278-295.
    “Signature Event Context” offers a critique of previous theories of communication, a critique of previous theories of communication, a critique that seems to open the way toward a new and freer notion of reading. My response to this view will be to point out that the proffered freedom is quite illusory, partly because off certain problems in the theory itself but especially because there is no path open from that theory to any practice, a point that is merely underscored by (...) Derrida’s own practice in response to being read by Searle.Derrida’s argument in “Sec” can be summarized in the following way: A written text can survive the absence of its author, the absence of its addressee, the absence of its object, the absence of its context, the absence of its code—and still be read. The argument also includes the stipulation that, as argued more fully elsewhere but briefly here as well, what is true of writing is also true of all other forms of communication: that they are all marked, fundamentally, by the difference that constitutes arche-writing and is so palpable in actual written texts.My summary is, I hope, at least tolerably fair and accurate. I believe that this summary of “Sec”’s argument also describes, in however compressed a form, what many American teachers and critics think they have learned from Derrida: namely, that reading can be freed from responsibility to anything prior to the act of reading, and, specifically, from those things named in the summary. As Derrida puts it himself: “writing is read, and ‘in the last analysis’ does not give rise to a hermeneutic deciphering, to the decoding of a meaning or truth” . 2. Richard Rorty, “The Higher Nominalism in a Nutshell: A Reply to Henry Staten,” Critical Inquiry 12 : 464.Robert Scholes is Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities at Brown University, where he directs the Center for Modern Culture and Media. His last book was Textual Power. His next, with Nancy R. Comley and Gregory L.Ulmer, will be a text book called Text Book. (shrink)
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  4.  18
    Robert Greystones on Certainty and Skepticism: Selections From His Works.Robert R. Andrews,Jennifer Ottman &Mark G. Henninger (eds.) -2020 - Oxford: Oup/British Academy.
    This volume is a continuation ofRobert Greystones on the Freedom of the Will: Selections from His Commentary on the Sentences. From this, five of the most relevant questions were selected for editing and translation in this timely volume. This edition should prompt not just a footnote to, but a re-writing of the history of philosophy.
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  5.  117
    Intellectual virtues: An essay in regulative epistemology * by R. C. Roberts and W. J. wood.R. Roberts &W. Wood -2009 -Analysis 69 (1):181-182.
    Since the publication of Edmund Gettier's challenge to the traditional epistemological doctrine of knowledge as justified true belief, Roberts and Wood claim that epistemologists lapsed into despondency and are currently open to novel approaches. One such approach is virtue epistemology, which can be divided into virtues as proper functions or epistemic character traits. The authors propose a notion of regulative epistemology, as opposed to a strict analytic epistemology, based on intellectual virtues that function not as rules or even as skills (...) but as habits of the heart. To that end, they divide the task of clarifying and expounding their notion in the book's two parts.In the first part, Roberts and Wood examine various components that constitute their notion of regulative epistemology. The first are the epistemic goods or goals that drive the epistemic process. What is needed, claim Roberts and Wood, is an enriched notion of these goods rather than the restricted notion of justified true belief. Epistemic agents are more than calculating devices in that …. (shrink)
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  6.  12
    Political theory & societal ethics.Robert R. Chambers -1992 - Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
    This refreshingly different discussion of laws, customs, and agencies examines the underlying political, cultural, and ethical structures that bind a society and define its character. At a time of major national unheavals,Robert R. Chambers reconsiders the nature of a best society and how it can be achieved. Human behavior is organized by means of two distinct, often opposing, types of rules, each with its own modus operandi and set of ethical principles. The conflicts of rules take on a (...) wider, more compelling dimension when they are used in mixtures, as they are in all states. To illustrate his theory, Chambers describes two model island societies. In the "status" society the rules are appropriate to people working together as a team; in the "free" society, the rules are appropriate to people who relate to one another as neighbors. He analyzes the systems and structures in each type of society and illustrates the inherent conflicts between the two types of rules when used in various combinations. Although purely theoretical, significant elements of Chambers' discussion clearly mirror current social and political difficulties facing democracies and socialist regimes. Political Theory and Societal Ethics is an important addition to the debates over the merits of different configurations of rules and of democratic versus centrally run societies. (shrink)
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  7.  60
    The Kantian Sublime and the Revelation of Freedom.Robert R. Clewis -2009 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    In this bookRobert R. Clewis shows how certain crucial concepts in Kant's aesthetics and practical philosophy - the sublime, enthusiasm, freedom, empirical and intellectual interests, the idea of a republic - fit together and deepen our understanding of Kant's philosophy. He examines the ways in which different kinds of sublimity reveal freedom and indirectly contribute to morality, and discusses how Kant's account of natural sublimity suggests that we have an indirect duty with regard to nature. Unlike many other (...) studies of these themes, this book examines both the pre-critical Observations and the remarks that Kant wrote in his copy of the Observations. Finally, Clewis takes seriously Kant's claim that enthusiasm is aesthetically sublime, and shows how this clarifies Kant's views of the French Revolution. His book will appeal to all who are interested in Kant's philosophy. (shrink)
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  8. Athena's Wounds: The impact of Pain on the worlds of Piano.Robert R. Alford &Andras Szanto -1995 -Theory and Society 24 (5):734-757.
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  9.  5
    Logic and algorithms.Robert R. Korfhage -1966 - New York,: Wiley.
  10.  99
    Joshua 20.Robert R. Laha -2012 -Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 66 (2):194-196.
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  11.  9
    Marie de France and Le Livre Ovide.Robert R. Edwards -2005 -Mediaevalia 26 (1):57-81.
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  12.  30
    On gardening and human welfare, or, the role of attitudes and natural capital in sustainable welfare.Robert R. Gottfried -1992 -Agriculture and Human Values 9 (4):36-47.
    This paper examines the ancient Judeo-Christian worldview to provide a link between individual and societal attitudes and sustainable human welfare. This “moral ecology” links the welfare of the entire created order to human justice, or right living. Environmental degradation, poverty, and oppression all stem from humans grasping for control. To examine how these attitudes may affect material human welfare the paper develops the concept of natural systems as natural multiproduct factories, showing how they interact with other productive resources to improve (...) human material well-being. Maintaining or increasing such well-being depends upon creating a balance between these natural factories and human-derived inputs within a spatial context. Achieving balance, as well as overall human welfare, is shown ultimately to depend upon the attitudes of people toward one another and toward the rest of creation, indicating that the basic Hebrew perspective under girding western civilization has much to offer as a frame of analysis. (shrink)
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  13.  37
    Positive and negative partial-reinforcement extinction effects carried through continuous reinforcement, changed motivation, and changed response.Robert R. Ross -1964 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 68 (5):492.
  14. Peter of Auvergne's Commentary on Aristotle's "Categories": Edition, Translation, and Analysis.Robert R. Andrews -1988 - Dissertation, Cornell University
    This study comprises an analysis of the Categories commentary of Peter of Auvergne, based upon an edition from the manuscripts, and supplemented by a translation. Much information about other Categories commentaries has been included to place the work in its historical and philosophical perspective. ;Peter of Auvergne, active in Paris in the late thirteenth century, had a long career as an Aristotelian commentator and continuator of Thomas Aquinas. His Categories commentary provides me the occasion to survey the genre of Categories (...) commentaries from the early Middle Ages, with special emphasis on those few commentaries known to immediately precede Peter of Auvergne, and on those he influences. Peter is an early representative of the modistae, philosophers who stressed the parallel connections among being, understanding, and signifying, and who are typified by their use of the modi significandi as a tool of analysis. ;This study, the first full-length analysis of a medieval Categories commentary, serves as a guide to the issues generated by Aristotle's Categories. As a comparative study it shows that the genre of Categories commentaries, within a fairly invariant format, allows for a continuous adaptation and development of ideas. As a specific study of an individual commentary, it shows the details of Peter of Auvergne's interests in linguistic analysis, theology, and the exegesis of Aristotle. ;The questions in Peter of Auvergne's commentary are generalizably of two kinds: short, superficial questions which imitate earlier traditions, and more complex questions which attempt original interpretations. Not suprisingly, the latter sort of question finds more parallels in later commentators, including Simon of Faversham, Radulphus Brito, and John Duns Scotus. ;This dissertation, beginning from a thorough exegesis of a central figure, by tracing derivative and influencing themes, gives a dependable picture of the debates conducted in connection with the Categories in the High Middle Ages. I have had the responsibility of editing many of the primary sources I needed. The extensive appendices contain, besides an edition of Peter's Questiones super Praedicamentis, a transcription of another related commentary, Anonymus Matritensis: Questiones super Praedicamentis, and many relevant texts grouped by category. (shrink)
     
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  15. Lenguaje, mundo, problemas de existencia.Robert R. Bravo -1994 - In Verónica Rodríguez Blanco & Agustín Martínez A.,Lenguaje, epistemología y ciencias sociales. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Comisión de Estudios de Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales.
     
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  16.  14
    Narration and Doctrine in the Merchant's Tale.Robert R. Edwards -1991 -Speculum 66 (2):342-367.
    The Merchant's Tale is by most accounts Chaucer's bleakest and most savagely ironic story in the Canterbury Tales. Rivaled perhaps in its cynical appraisal of human motives by the Pardoner's nervy gambit to separate the Canterbury pilgrims from their currency and other valuables, it is a story that seemingly lacks a ground of moral belief and leaves little room for sympathy with its characters. Its imaginary world is one that nobody would care to inhabit. Some modern readers offer a temperate (...) view of the tale, seeing it as an artfully contrived, lighthearted farce about marriage; but most accept the terms, if not the conclusions, that led George Lyman Kittredge to characterize the tale as “a frenzy of contempt and hatred” and J. S. P. Tatlock to remark on its “unrelieved acidity.”. (shrink)
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  17.  31
    Sport: A Philosophic Study. By Paul Weiss. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. 1969.Robert R. Ehman -1970 -Dialogue 8 (4):750-753.
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  18.  57
    Does Kantian Ethics Condone Mood and Cognitive Enhancement?Robert R. Clewis -2017 -Neuroethics 10 (3):349-361.
    The author examines whether Kantian ethics would condone the use of pharmaceutical drugs to enhance one’s moods and cognitive abilities. If key assumptions concerning safety and efficacy, non-addictiveness, non-coercion, and accessibility are not met, Kantian ethics would consider mood and cognitive enhancement to be impermissible. But what if these assumptions are granted? The arguments for the permissibility of neuroenhancement are stronger than those against it. After giving a general account of Kantian ethical principles, the author argues that, when these assumptions (...) are granted, Kantian ethics no longer justifies the prohibition of neuroenhancement, and responds to two objections. (shrink)
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  19.  10
    Socratic Method in Xenophon.Robert R. Wellman -1976 -Journal of the History of Ideas 37 (2):307.
  20.  54
    A Scholarly Note?Robert R. Williams -1982 -The Owl of Minerva 14 (2):9-10.
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  21.  18
    Beyond mere repetition: On tradition, creativity and theological speech.Robert R. Vosloo -2023 -HTS Theological Studies 79 (2):6.
    This article argues for understanding Christian theological speech, including a Reformed engagement with confessions, as ‘traditioned creativity’. The argument is introduced by highlighting a theological hermeneutic that underlies the Belhar confession’s accompanying letter. This discussion points towards an account of Christian discourse that is ‘traditioned’ by the past but also moves beyond the mere repetition of the tradition’s authoritative statements. The article, therefore, affirms the need to distinguish between a living tradition and a narrow traditionalism. In addition, the article also (...) interrogates some forms of theological rhetoric in which ‘tradition’ functions to insert control over spaces and people, often exhibiting totalising discourses and over-triumphant claims. Contribution: The conclusion links a hermeneutic of tradition (that sees Christian speech, doctrine and action as ‘traditioned creativity’) to some metaphors that can further illuminate what it means for a tradition to be open to the future in a way that displays vulnerability and vitality. (shrink)
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  22.  9
    Beyond Notes on a Napkin: A Précis ofThe Origins of Kant’s Aesthetics and Replies to My Critics.Robert R. Clewis -2024 -Kantian Review 29 (4):651-670.
  23.  32
    Good, Evil, and the Face: Edward Farley's Good and Evil.Robert R. Williams -1992 -Philosophy Today 36 (3):281-293.
  24.  63
    The Absolute, Community, and Time.Robert R. Williams -1989 -Idealistic Studies 19 (2):141-153.
    This paper examines a topic already much discussed in Royce’s time, namely the debate between Royce and James over the absolute. However, the occasion for taking up this topic again is John E. Smith’s article in which it is claimed that Royce’s own intellectual development moves away from his earlier conception of the absolute and toward the concept of community. This is not so much a conceptual development on Royce’s part, but rather a gradual clarification of Royce’s basic concepts and (...) position. Nevertheless, the ultimate import of Smith’s article is ambiguous in that the impression is created that Royce abandons not only the term “absolute” but the very concept as well, in favor of the concept of community. This seems to mean that Royce abandons the position he defended against James’s criticism and ends in a Feuerbach-style substitution of the concept of human community for the traditional concept of the absolute. However, Smith has vigorously denied that such is the case. Hence a perplexity: Does Royce abandon the concept of the absolute in favor of the concept of community? If, as Smith contends, Royce merely modifies rather than abandons his early position altogether, is the modified position a consistent one? Are the concepts of the absolute and community compatible or antithetical? (shrink)
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  25.  28
    Poetic Invention and the Medieval Causae.Robert R. Edwards -1993 -Mediaeval Studies 55 (1):183-217.
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  26.  57
    A Defense of the Private Self.Robert R. Ehman -1964 -Review of Metaphysics 17 (3):340 - 360.
    THE CARTESIAN IDEA that a self is a private consciousness has been subject to criticisms from many points of view. The most basic of these criticisms are that once we admit that the self is private, we cannot be certain of a common world, cannot conceive of outward actions of the self, and cannot have reasonable assurance of the existence of other selves. Those who hold fast to the private self might be willing to admit these criticisms and to hold (...) that the private self is indeed the only immediate object of experience and to regard the common world and other selves as objects of problematic hypotheses to explain the contents of the private self; on the other side, those who find these criticisms decisive might be willing on this account to deny private consciousness altogether and to regard the self as a form of behavior of the human organism. The one side seems to lose the world to save the self; the other side seems to lose the self to save the world. My aim in this article is to show that we can maintain that a self is a private consciousness without giving up the immediate certainty of a common world, outward action of the self, or assurance of the existence of other selves and that we are therefore not faced with the alternatives that the critics of Descartes suppose. (shrink)
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  27.  29
    Subjectivity and Solipsism.Robert R. Ehman -1966 -Review of Metaphysics 20 (1):3 - 24.
    BY SUBJECTIVITY, we commonly mean the "inward" or "private" side of our experience and actions; and in this sense, feelings, emotions, desires, wishes, thoughts, and imaginings as we live through them constitute its content. From this perspective, the problem of revealing others is to show how we move from outward behavior and bodily expressions to inward feelings and thoughts. The problem arises from the fact that these do not appear in the same manner as the "hidden sides" of ordinary physical (...) objects. Physical objects have hidden sides from any given point of view, but we can move around the object and bring the hidden sides to intuitive presence. However, we cannot "live through" the feelings, emotions, and thoughts of another "from the inside" as he himself does. They are accessible to him in a manner in which they will never be accessible to us; and for this reason, the question haunts us as to whether the subjectivity of the other is really the same as our own. Perhaps the other is devoid of subjectivity or perhaps he lives through things in a manner altogether different from us. (shrink)
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  28.  48
    Two basic concepts of the self.Robert R. Ehman -1965 -International Philosophical Quarterly 5 (4):594-611.
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  29.  18
    The Anthropology of Sport and Human Movement: A Biocultural Perspective.Robert R. Sands &Linda R. Sands (eds.) -2010 - Lexington Books.
    The Anthropology of Sport and Human Movement represents a collection of work that reveals and explores the often times dramatic relationship of our biology and culture that is inextricably woven into a tapestry of movement patterns. It explores the underpinning of human movement, reflected in play, sport, games and human culture from an evolutionary perspective and contemporary expression of sport and human movement.
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  30. Philosophy With Guts.Robert R. Sherman -1985 -Journal of Thought 20 (2).
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  31.  57
    Hegel’s Ethics of Recognition.Robert R. Williams -1997 - University of California Press.
    In this significant contribution to Hegel scholarship,Robert Williams develops the most comprehensive account to date of Hegel's concept of recognition. Fichte introduced the concept of recognition as a presupposition of both Rousseau's social contract and Kant's ethics. Williams shows that Hegel appropriated the concept of recognition as the general pattern of his concept of ethical life, breaking with natural law theory yet incorporating the Aristotelian view that rights and virtues are possible only within a certain kind of community. (...) He explores Hegel's intersubjective concept of spirit as the product of affirmative mutual recognition and his conception of recognition as the right to have rights. Examining Hegel's Jena manuscripts, his _Philosophy of Right_, the _Phenomenology of Spirit_, and other works, Williams shows how the concept of recognition shapes and illumines Hegel's understandings of crime and punishment, morality, the family, the state, sovereignty, international relations, and war. A concluding chapter on the reception and reworking of the concept of recognition by contemporary thinkers including Derrida, Levinas, and Deleuze demonstrates Hegel's continuing centrality to the philosophical concerns of our age. (shrink)
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  32.  27
    The effect of Mormon organizational boundaries on group cohesion.Robert R. King &Kay Atkinson King -1972 -Social Research: An International Quarterly 56:494-512.
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  33.  28
    Philosopher's disease and its antidote: Perspectives from prenatal behavior and contagious yawning and laughing.Robert R. Provine -2017 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 40.
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  34.  102
    Tragedy, Recognition, and the Death of God: Studies in Hegel and Nietzsche.Robert R. Williams -2012 - Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press.
    Robert R. Williams offers a bold new account of divergences and convergences in the work of Hegel and Nietzsche. He explores four themes - the philosophy of tragedy; recognition and community; critique of Kant; and the death of God - and explicates both thinkers' critiques of traditional theology and metaphysics.
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  35.  14
    Of IPT and Archetypes.Robert R. McCrae -2019 -Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture 3 (1):61-64.
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  36.  72
    Editor’s Introduction.Robert R. Clewis -2015 - InReading Kant's Lectures. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 1-30.
    The editor's introduction to the volume gives an overview of its main themes and provides a summary of each of the twenty-two chapters.
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  37.  20
    Name Index.Robert R. Clewis -2015 - InReading Kant's Lectures. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 589-594.
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  38.  25
    References.Robert R. Clewis -2015 - InReading Kant's Lectures. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 553-583.
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  39.  85
    What's the Big Idea? On Emily Brady's Sublime.Robert R. Clewis -2016 -Journal of Aesthetic Education 50 (2):104-118.
    “The sublime is a massive concept,” Emily Brady states in her book’s first sentence. Her lucid study of the sublime should interest scholars from a wide range of disciplines, from environmental philosophy and aesthetics to the history of philosophy, art history, and literary criticism. Although its title refers to modern philosophy, the book examines not only the period typically classified in philosophy as “modern,” but also romanticism and contemporary aesthetics. Brady aims “to reassess, and to some extent reclaim, the meaning (...) of the sublime as developed during its heyday in eighteenth-century aesthetic theory by the likes of Addison, Burke, Kant, and others, and mark out its relevance for contemporary debates... (shrink)
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  40.  94
    Laughing, grooming, and pub science.Robert R. Provine -2013 -Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17 (1):9-10.
  41.  25
    The education of major jack Downing: Humor as a foundation of education.Robert R. Sherman -1979 -Educational Studies 10 (2):175-188.
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  42.  11
    Teacher Tenure: Theory in Search of Facts.Robert R. Sherman -unknown
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  43.  44
    “I longed to cherish mirrored reflections”: Mirroring and Black Female Subjectivity in Carrie Mae Weems's Art against Shame.Robert R. Shane -2018 -Hypatia 33 (3):500-520.
    Through staged photographs in which she herself is often the lead actor or through appropriation of historical photographs, contemporary African American artist Carrie Mae Weems deconstructs the shaming of the black female body in American visual culture and offers counter-hegemonic images of black female beauty. The mirror has been foundational in Western theories of subjectivity and discussions of beauty. In the artworks I analyze in this article, Weems tactically employs the mirror to engage the topos of shame in order to (...) reject it as a way of seeing the self and to offer a new way of lovingly seeing the self. I use the work of Kelly Oliver, Helen Block Lewis, and bell hooks to articulate the relationships among the mirror, shame, and black female subjectivity in Weems's work. Weems's subjects often reckon with what Oliver calls “social melancholy” as they experience shame while standing before the mirror. However, Weems also shows that by looking again—a critical strategy I explain using Oliver's model of “the loving eye”—her subjects can use the mirror as a corrective to the social shaming gaze and make it a stage for establishing black female subjectivity, a gaze of self-love, and beauty. (shrink)
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  44.  25
    Aesthetic Normativity in Freiburg.Robert R. Clewis -2022 -History of Philosophy Quarterly 39 (2):183-197.
    Aesthetic normativity continues to be of interest in contemporary aesthetics, and significant contributions to the topic can be found in neo-Kantianism. This article examines the account of aesthetic normativity presented by Jonas Cohn (1869–1947), a member of the Southwestern school of neo-Kantianism and author of a 1901 book on aesthetics. Cohn's Kantian-Hegelian theory of aesthetic normativity deserves more examination than it has so far received. Even if one does not accept all of its main arguments, Cohn's theory offers an interesting (...) alternative to the third Critique's account of the universal validity of aesthetic judgments, and it reveals how Kant's aesthetic theory was appropriated at the turn of the century. Since a number of objections can be raised against Cohn's account, however, at the end of the paper I raise several of them. (shrink)
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  45.  34
    Two-choice behavior of paradise fish.Robert R. Bush &Thurlow R. Wilson -1956 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 51 (5):315.
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  46.  29
    Preface and Acknowledgments.Robert R. Clewis -2015 - InReading Kant's Lectures. Boston: De Gruyter.
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  47.  86
    Replies to Paul Guyer and Melissa Zinkin.Robert R. Clewis -2013 -Critique.
  48. Sociological Approaches to the Old Testament.Robert R. Wilson -1984
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  49.  22
    Carlo Rovelli, Seven Brief Lessons on Physics. Reviewed by.Robert R. Clewis -2017 -Philosophy in Review 37 (2):74-76.
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  50.  69
    Kant's consistency regarding the regime change in France.Robert R. Clewis -2006 -Philosophy and Social Criticism 32 (4):443-460.
    Can it be consistent to be interested, for moral reasons, in the fact that uninvolved spectators of a regime change are enthusiastic about that change, when the latter is carried out according to means considered immoral or unjust? Yes. In ‘An Old Question Raised Again’ ( The Conflict of the Faculties , 1798), Kant demonstrates a morally based interest in disinterested spectators’ expressions (aesthetic judgments) of enthusiasm for the idea of a republican form of government. This interest is puzzling. Kant's (...) universalizability test supposedly forbids the violent revolutionary means taken to establish the republican constitution. How can the Kantian, if consistent, take an interest in expressions of enthusiasm elicited by these immoral events? In addition to endorsing the familiar means/ends distinction, this article provides a new answer to this question by examining the enthusiasm in which Kant takes an interest: it is a pure aesthetic judgment of enthusiasm, made by a disinterested, impartial spectator. Key Words: aesthetic judgment • enthusiasm • idea • interest • Immanuel Kant • republic • spectator. (shrink)
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