Results for 'Richard Kirby'
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- Medical Skepticism of Legal Ethics.Richard L.Kirby -1985 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 13 (5):245-245.
- The Canal BuildersRobert Payne.Richard S.Kirby -1960 -Isis 51 (4):580-582.
- Supremum Caput:Richard Hooker's Theology of Ecclesiastical Dominion'.W. J. TorranceKirby -forthcoming -Dionysius.No categoriesExport citation
Bookmark - Conceptual Similarity and Communicative Need Shape Colexification: An Experimental Study.Andres Karjus,Richard A. Blythe,SimonKirby,Tianyu Wang &Kenny Smith -2021 -Cognitive Science 45 (9):e13035.Colexification refers to the phenomenon of multiple meanings sharing one word in a language. Cross‐linguistic lexification patterns have been shown to be largely predictable, as similar concepts are often colexified. We test a recent claim that, beyond this general tendency, communicative needs play an important role in shaping colexification patterns. We approach this question by means of a series of human experiments, using an artificial language communication game paradigm. Our results across four experiments match the previous cross‐linguistic findings: all other (...) things being equal, speakers do prefer to colexify similar concepts. However, we also find evidence supporting the communicative need hypothesis: when faced with a frequent need to distinguish similar pairs of meanings, speakadjust their colexification preferences to maintain communicative efficiency and avoid colexifying those similar meanings which need to be distinguished in communication. This research provides further evidence to support the argument that languages are shaped by the needs and preferences of their speakers. (shrink)
- ‘Divine Offspring’:Richard Hooker’s Neoplatonic Account of Law and Causality.TorranceKirby -2015 -Perichoresis 13 (1):5-17.ABSTRACT.Richard Hooker’s (1554-1600) adaptation of classical logos theology is exceptional and indeed quite original for its extended application of the principles of Neoplatonic apophatic theology to the concrete institutional issues of a particular time and place—the aftermath of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559. Indeed, his sustained effort to explore the underlying connections of urgent political and constitutional concerns with the highest discourse of hidden divine realities—the knitting together of Neoplatonic theology and Reformation politics—is perhaps the defining characteristic (...) of Hooker’s distinctive mode of thought. Hooker’s ontology adheres to a Proclean logic of procession and reversion (processio and redditus) mediated by Aquinas’s formulation of the so-called 'lex divinitatis' whereby the originative principle of law remains simple and self-identical as an Eternal Law while it emanates manifold, derivative and dependent species of law, preeminently in the Natural Law accessible to human reason and Divine Law revealed through the Sacred Oracles of Scripture. For Hooker, therefore, ‘all thinges’—including even the Elizabethan constitution in Church and Commonwealth, are God’s offspring: ‘they are in him as effects in their highest cause, he likewise actuallie is in them, the assistance and influence of his deitie is theire life.’. (shrink)
- A Companion toRichard Hooker.TorranceKirby (ed.) -2008 - Brill.Richard Hooker explained and defended the Elizabethan religious and political settlement, and shaped the self-understanding of the Church of England for generations. This Companion offers a comprehensive and systematic introduction to Hooker’s life, works, thought, reputation, and influence.No categories
- The identification of 100 ecological questions of high policy relevance in the UK.William J. Sutherland,Susan Armstrong-Brown,Paul R. Armsworth,Brereton Tom,Jonathan Brickland,Colin D. Campbell,Daniel E. Chamberlain,Andrew I. Cooke,Nicholas K. Dulvy,Nicholas R. Dusic,Martin Fitton,Robert P. Freckleton,H. Charles J. Godfray,Nick Grout,H. John Harvey,Colin Hedley,John J. Hopkins,Neil B. Kift,JeffKirby,William E. Kunin,David W. Macdonald,Brian Marker,Marc Naura,Andrew R. Neale,Tom Oliver,Dan Osborn,Andrew S. Pullin,Matthew E. A. Shardlow,David A. Showler,Paul L. Smith,Richard J. Smithers,Jean-Luc Solandt,Jonathan Spencer,Chris J. Spray,Chris D. Thomas,Jim Thompson,Sarah E. Webb,Derek W. Yalden &Andrew R. Watkinson -2006 -Journal of Applied Ecology 43 (4):617-627.1 Evidence-based policy requires researchers to provide the answers to ecological questions that are of interest to policy makers. To find out what those questions are in the UK, representatives from 28 organizations involved in policy, together with scientists from 10 academic institutions, were asked to generate a list of questions from their organizations. 2 During a 2-day workshop the initial list of 1003 questions generated from consulting at least 654 policy makers and academics was used as a basis for (...) generating a short list of 100 questions of significant policy relevance. Short-listing was decided on the basis of the preferences of the representatives from the policy-led organizations. 3 The areas covered included most major issues of environmental concern in the UK, including agriculture, marine fisheries, climate change, ecosystem function and land management. 4 The most striking outcome was the preference for general questions rather than narrow ones. The reason is that policy is driven by broad issues rather than specific ones. In contrast, scientists are frequently best equipped to answer specific questions. This means that it may be necessary to extract the underpinning specific question before researchers can proceed. 5 Synthesis and applications. Greater communication between policy makers and scientists is required in order to ensure that applied ecologists are dealing with issues in a way that can feed into policy. It is particularly important that applied ecologists emphasize the generic value of their work wherever possible. (shrink)No categories
- Supremum Caput:Richard Hooker's Theology of Ecclesiastical Dominion.WjtKirby -1988 -Dionysius 12:69-110.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Aristotle On Metaphor.John T.Kirby -1997 -American Journal of Philology 118 (4):517-554.In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Aristotle On MetaphorJohn T. KirbyMuch Madness is divinest Sense—To a discerning Eye——Emily DickinsonOurs is an age of metaphor. Wayne Booth, in his inimitable fashion, remarks,There were no conferences on metaphor, ever, in any culture, until our own century was already middle–aged. As late as 1927, John Middleton Murry, complaining about the superficiality of most discussions of metaphor, could say, "There are not many of them."... Explicit discussions of something (...) called metaphor have multiplied astronomically in the past fifty years.... students of metaphor have positively pullulated.1In the postmodern era philosophers of language, particularly those outside the analytic tradition, tend to think more and more in terms of all language as being metaphorical. This trend, however, is not a new one; it seems to have its roots back as far as Heraclitus, and, in the modern world, was certainly espoused by Giambattista Vico in his Nuova Scienza (1725). What we may call the Viconian tradition was embraced on the continent by Nietzsche, and, in the Anglo–American world, by Ivor Richards.2 Nietzsche's thought had far–reaching consequences in terms of its influence on the work of Paul de Man and Jacques Derrida, who in the late 1960s and the 1970s found themselves in the center of a vortex of controversy over the notion of "deconstruction," and its interrogation not only of Western metaphysics but also of human language and thought generally. Now, it seemed, such simple formulae as "This X is Y" called into question the whole process of naming and predication. But even among those for whom this is an unconvincing position, the problem of metaphor continues to be a fascinating one. How to define [End Page 517] it? What are its uses? What is its relation to literal, or nonfigured, language? And what its relation to human cognition?3Booth goes on to say, "there have been many more discussions of what people from the Greek philosophers on called metaphor than any bibliography could show."4 That being so, a sustained study of Aristotle's concept of metaphor needs no further justification, since it is to him that we owe the terms in which the debate was framed for many hundreds of years. Indeed, here as often, even those who wish to propose new or different parameters for the analysis of metaphor must do so against the grain of the Aristotelian tradition.5 This, if nothing else, is a measure of the tremendous influence Aristotle has had on the history of Western rhetoric and poetics.As on many other topics, it is now fashionable to condescend to Aristotle for the limitations of his study of metaphor, or—more aggressively still—to find fault with its parameters. Certainly he did not preempt any further discussion on the issue; nor, I imagine, would he have wanted to. But I surmise that there is more to be learned from an appreciative study of his methods here than one might initially suppose. In this study, then, after a few remarks on recent studies of metaphor, I propose to examine the state of the question before Aristotle, and then [End Page 518] to look at what he has to say about metaphor in the Poetics and Rhetoric.In their attempts to cope with the notion of language generally, and specifically with the questions of literal versus figurative language, scholars over the last hundred years or so have themselves appropriated a number of metaphors purporting to describe the phenomenon. These include (above all) models based on comparison and interaction. The comparison model, it is typically said, conforms more to the classical approach to metaphor, whereas those based on interaction stem primarily from the work of Richards and Black.6 Indeed it is from this notion of interaction that the terms "tenor" and "vehicle" were born, the former referring to the underlying idea that is illustrated or illuminated by the latter, which is "applied" to it; and Richards is right both to point out [1] that the word "metaphor" is sometimes used to signify what he means by "vehicle," and sometimes to mean the symbiosis resulting from the conjunction of tenor and vehicle, and [2] that... (shrink)
- Instinct and intelligence in British natural theology: Some contributions to Darwin's theory of the evolution of behavior.Robert J. Richards -1981 -Journal of the History of Biology 14 (2):193-230.In late September 1838, Darwin read Malthus's Essay on Population, which left him with “a theory by which to work.”115 Yet he waited some twenty years to publish his discovery in the Origin of Species. Those interested in the fine grain of Darwin's development have been curious about this delay. One recent explanation has his hand stayed by fear of reaction to the materialist implications of linking man with animals. “Darwin sensed,” according to Howard Gruber, “that some would object to (...) seeing rudiments of human mentality in animals, while others would recoil at the idea of remnants of animality in man.”116 With this link closed, Darwin hung the materialist chain around his own neck, where it rested most uncomfortably. Stephen Gould, supporting Gruber's argument, finds evidence for this reconstruction in Darwin's M and N notebooks, whichinclude many statements showing that he espoused but feared to expose something he perceived as far more heretical than evolution itself: philosophical materialism-the postulate that matter is the stuff of all existence and that all mental and spiritual phenomena are its by-products. No notion could be more upsetting to the deepest traditions of Western thought than the statement that mind-however complex and powerful-is simply a product of brain.117The proferred hypothesis suggests, then, that Darwin was acutely sensible of the social consequences of equating men with animals and therefore mind with brian, and that he thus shied from publically revealing his views until the intellectual climate became more tolerant.The history I have examined makes this hypothesis implausible. Even if Darwin warily explored the implications of his emerging theory in his notebooks, his subsequent study of Fleming, Wells, Brougham, andKirby should have quieted any trepidation. If these natural theologians did not flinch at seeing human reason prefigured in the mind of a worm, should Darwin have? Moreover, he recognized in his M notebook that the thesis of evolutionary continuity between men and animals did not require an explicit avowal of his conviction that brain was the agent of thought.118 And in any case, his materialism was of a rather benign sort; at least he so expressed it in an annotation in Abercrombie's Inquiries concerning the Intellectual Powers (1838): “By materialism I mean, merely the intimate connection of thought with form of brain — like kind of attraction with nature of element.”119 This belief would have held little terror for British intellectuals, who were quite familiar — some even comfortable-with Locke's anti-Cartesian argument that there was nothing contradictory in supposing God could make matter to think.120 Finally, even if the intellectual atmosphere of early nineteenth-century Britain were inhospitable to Darwin's brand of materialism, there is little reason to believe he breathed a different air at mid-century while preparing his manuscript.That Darwin should not have feared suspicions of materialism, of course, does not mean that he did not. But I think there were other, more persistent sources of anxiety that kept him from rushing to publish: namely, the several conceptual obstacles he had to overcome if his theory of evolution by natural selection were to be made scientifically acceptable. Prominent among these were the problems surrounding his changing notions of instinct.The inertia of his older ideas about instinct at first made it hard for Darwin to gauge how far the theory of natural selection might be applied to behavior. By the early 1840s he finally felt ready to meet the challenge of the natural theologians by providing a naturalistic explanation for the wonderful instincts of animals. In his “Essays” of 1842 and 1844 one sort of instinct is, however, not considered-that of neuter insects. Yet Darwin seems to have appreciated the difficulties such instincts entailed at least by 1843, when he readKirby and Spence. He simply required time to work out a solution to a problem he initially perceived as “fatal to my whole theory.” Even while writing the “Species Book” in the summer of 1857, he was still juggling several possible solutions compatible with natural selection. It was only a short time before he actually turned to work on the Origin of Species that he appears to have settled on a single explanation for the difficulties posed by the instincts of worker bees and ants. The force of his theory of community selection snapped the last critical support of the creationist hypothesis and, conveniently enough, also fractured the generalized Lamarckian account of the evolution of behavior. These results were worth waiting for. (shrink)
- Euthanasia and the Newborn: Conflicts Regarding Saving Lives.Richard C. McMillan,H. Tristram Engelhardt &Stuart F. Spicker -1987 - Springer.The essays in this volume, with the exception of Gary Ferngren's, derive from ancestral versions originally presented at a symposium, 'Conflicts with Newborns: Saving Lives, Scarce Resources, and Euthanasia: held May 10-12,1984, at the Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia. We wish to express our gratitude to the Georgia Endowment for the Humanities for a generous grant for the symposium and to Mercer University and the Medical Center of Central Georgia for additional financial support. The vit:ws expressed in this (...) volume do not necessarily represent those of the Georgia Endowment for the Humani ties, Mercer University, or the Medical Center of Central Georgia. We have endeavored to bring together a group of individuals with contrast ing viewpoints to display some of the range of approaches to a major problem in public policy: medical decisions regarding the treatment of defective newborns. So many persons contributed to the symposium that acknowledg ment of each would be impossible. Although unnamed, we express our sincere appreciation to each. Three individuals, however, must be recognized: R.Kirby Godsey, President, Mercer University; William P. Bristol, Dean, Mercer University School of Medicine; and Kenneth C. Henderson, Medical Director and Director of Medical Education, Medical Center of Central Georgia. Without their support, the symposium could not have succeeded and this volume would not have been possible. We wish also to express our gratitude to S. G. M. (shrink)
- Richard Hooker and the English reformation. Edited by W. J. TorranceKirby.Alastair Hamilton -2007 -Heythrop Journal 48 (1):132–133.
- Richard Grusin, ed., The Nonhuman Turn; and VickiKirby, Quantum Anthropologies: Life at Large.Will Johncock -2016 -Philosophy Today 60 (4):995-1001.No categories
- Richard Hooker, Reformer and Platonist. By W. J. TorranceKirby,Richard Hooker and his Early Doctrine of Justification: A Study of his Discourse of Justification. By Corneliu C. Simut, The Doctrine of Salvation in the Sermons ofRichard Hooker. By Corneliu C. Simut and The Evolving Reputation ofRichard Hooker: An Examination of Responses, 1600–1714. By Michael Brydon. [REVIEW]W. B. Patterson -2011 -Heythrop Journal 52 (3):511-513.
- Engineering in History.Richard SheltonKirby, Sidney Withington, Arthur Burr Darling, Frederick Gridley KilgourHistory of American Technology. John W. Oliver. [REVIEW]Carl Condit -1957 -Isis 48 (4):484-487.
- Normal Narcissism and Its Pleasures.Richard T. McClelland -2010 -Journal of Mind and Behavior 31 (1-2):85-125.Normal narcissistic functioning has to do with the regulation of a coherent set of metarepresentations of the acting agent. That set of meta-representations has its own interior architecture and dynamics. Normal narcissistic functioning is an adaptive form of interpsychic processing which can be given a general account by integrating views of it drawn from the clinical traditions of psychoanalysis, empirical psychology, and contemporary cognitive and neurosciences. This is not to be confused with any form of organized psychopathology, though pathological forms (...) of narcissism are relevant to understanding normal narcissism. Neural correlates of normal narcissism, as also the characteristic emotions and pleasures/displeasures that accompany its operations, are also explored. It is proposed that this allostatic regulatory system plays a prominent role in a wide range of human behaviors. It also closes the gap between social norms governing such behaviors and the minds of the agents performing them. This integrative interpretation of the scientific material is offered as an exercise in “philosophy in cognitive science” and belongs to the tradition of naturalistic philosophical accounts of the human mind. (shrink)No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Conceptions of time in Greek and Roman antiquity.Richard Faure,Simon-Pierre Valli &Arnaud Zucker (eds.) -2022 - Boston: De Gruyter.This collection of articles is an important milestone in the history of the study of time conceptions in Greek and Roman Antiquity. It spans from Homer to Neoplatonism. Conceptions of time are considered from different points of view and sources. Reflections on time were both central and various throughout the history of ancient philosophy. Time was a topic, but also material for poets, historians and doctors. Importantly, the contributions also explore implicit conceptions and how language influences our thought categories.
- Will and the Concept of a Person.Richard P. Reilly -1979 -Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 53:71-77.No categories
- A biological interpretation of moral systems.Richard D. Alexander -1985 -Zygon 20 (1):3-20.. Moral systems are described as systems of indirect reciprocity, existing because of histories of conflicts of interest and arising as outcomes of the complexity of social interactions in groups of long‐lived individuals with varying conflicts and confluences of interest and indefinitely iterated social interactions. Although morality is commonly defined as involving justice for all people, or consistency in the social treatment of all humans, it may have arisen for immoral reasons, as a force leading to cohesiveness within human groups (...) but specifically excluding and directed against other human groups with different interests. (shrink)
- (1 other version)The 'Fatal Flaw' of Internationalism: Babbitt on Humanitarianism.Richard M. Gamble -1996 -Humanitas: Interdisciplinary journal (National Humanities Institute) 9 (2):4-18.No categories
- The Structure of Self-Commentary in Hegel’s Dialectical Logic.Richard H. Gaskins -1990 -International Philosophical Quarterly 30 (4):403-417.
- Dimensions du pouvoir Pierre Birnbaum Paris: Les Presses Universitaires de France, 1984. 261 p.Richard Gervais -1985 -Dialogue 24 (1):170.No categories
- Troubled Voices: Stories of Ethics and Illness.Richard M. Zaner -1998 -Human Studies 21 (1):49-55.No categories
- Altered vision near the hands.Richard A. Abrams,Christopher C. Davoli,Feng Du,William H. Knapp &Daniel Paull -2008 -Cognition 107 (3):1035-1047.
- Do calendrical savants use calculation to answer date questions? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Richard Cowan &Chris Frith -2010 - In Francesca Happé & Uta Frith,Autism and Talent. Oup/the Royal Society.Export citation Bookmark
- The participation of women in Languedocian Catharism.Richard Abels &Ellen Harrison -1979 -Mediaeval Studies 41 (1):215-251.
- The philosophy of John Norris of Bemerton: (1657-1712).Richard Acworth -1979 - New York: G. Olms.
- Menachem Fisch. William Whewell, Philosopher of Science. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. ISBN 0-19-824240-9. £30.00.Richard Yeo -1992 -British Journal for the History of Science 25 (3):368-369.
- Gender Equality and State Environmentalism.Richard York &Kari Norgaard -2005 -Gender and Society 19 (4):506-522.There are several compelling reasons to expect that gender equality may serve to foster state environmentalism. However, most previous research on environmental politics has neglected gender. To help further our understanding of the connection between gender and environmental politics, the authors empirically assess the association between the representation of women in national Parliament and environmental treaty ratification, using a large sample of nations. The findings indicate that nations with higher proportions of women in Parliament are more prone to ratify environmental (...) treaties than are other nations. The results point to the importance of considering the role of gender in analyses of state behavior and environmental politics and are consistent with the argument of some feminist theorists that the exploitation of nature and the exploitation of women are interconnected. (shrink)No categories
- Chicago People.Richard Younker -2001 - University of Illinois Press.This photodocumentary reveals the second city through the stories and black-and-white images of its inhabitants.No categories
- Context and Embodiment.Richard Zaner -1975 -Social Research: An International Quarterly 42.
- Mauvaises fréquentations.Richard Zrehen -2005 - In Gilles Deleuze, André Bernold & Richard Pinhas,Deleuze épars. Paris: Hermann.Export citation Bookmark
- Energy, Complexity, and Strategies of Evolution: As Illustrated by Maya Indians of Guatemala.Richard N. Adams -2010 -World Futures 66 (7):470-503.
- "Expanding 'religion' or decentring the secular? Framing the frames in philosophy of religion".Richard Amesbury -2020 -Religious Studies 1 (56):4-19.New cross-cultural approaches to philosophy of religion seek to move it beyond the preoccupations of Christian theology and the abstractions of ‘classical theism’, towards an appreciation of a broader range of religious phenomena. But if the concept of religion is itself the product of extrapolation from modern, Western, Christian understandings, disseminated through colonial encounter, does the new philosophy of religion simply reproduce the deficiencies of the old, under the guise of a universalizing, albeit culturally and historically particular, category? This article (...) argues that it is necessary to interrogate the secular episteme within which religion is thematized as a discrete topos. (shrink)
- Altered vision near the hands.Richard A. Abrams,Christopher C. Davoli,Feng Du,William H. Knapp Iii &Daniel Paull -2008 -Cognition 107 (3):1035-1047.No categories
- David Hartley.Richard Allen -2008 -Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Encountering Anthropomorphism.Richard Allen &Shaun May -unknownOn Anthropomorphism concerns itself with performances and artworks that explore the complex of interesting and mutually contradictory ideas located under the umbrella term, ‘anthropomorphism’. On the one hand, it is used to refer to something that resembles a human, and on the other hand it refers to our natural tendency to read human characteristics in the non-human object or animal. Moreover, an interrogation of the concept of anthropomorphism, especially as it is found in contemporary performance, suggests that there is not (...) a singular line dividing the human from the non-human but a vast terrain that houses the comical, the uncanny and the abject. The aim of this issue is to elucidate anthropomorphism in its multitude of aspects, thereby shedding light on discourses around object theatre and ecological performance that attempt to understand the more-than-human world in a way that goes beyond ‘mere’ anthropomorphism. (shrink)
- Polanyi and Phenomenology Conference.Richard Allen -1977 -Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 8 (3):140-140.
- Roy Wilkins: The Right to Dignity (Film).Richard J. Altenbaugh -1980 -Educational Studies 10 (4):393-394.No categories
- Knowing and the function of reason.Richard Ithamar Aaron -1971 - Oxford,: Clarendon Press.When a new girl arrives at school, Kirsten is jealous, completely forgetting how scared and lonely she felt the year before when she was the new girl in school. Gives instructions for making a friendship pillow like those made in the 1850s.
- The physiognomy of the Mueller-lyer figure.Richard J. Alapack -1971 -Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 2 (1):27-47.The thematic survey of traditional literature uncovered a pressing need to study the M-L figure as a phenomenon in its own right. A design was constructed intending to evoke the figure's full phenomenal appearance. Instead of framing a highly determinate structure wherein a specific question is posed, E presented the figure to naive Ss, simply asking them to describe it. The purpose was to ascertain what naive Ss would perceive if not encumbered by a prior set. In addition, five experiential (...) questions about the descriptive task were included, aiming to elucidate and render intelligible the factual perceptions. The results showed that the M-L figure appears physiognomically. Typical responses exhibiting stylistic variation pointed to the dialectic between perceiver and perceived thing. A second finding was that the perception of equal horizontal lines as unequal emerged as a predominant, but only one of several possible ways of resolving the M-L figure's many perceptual possibilities. In fact, the data revealed a trend that elucidates the conditions which make possible the "M-L effect." Finally, "direction-orientation," a phenomenal variable elucidated by Merleau-Ponty's notions about the body and perception, emerged as the most characteristic way of perceiving the experimental figure. (shrink)
- A Step Toward Truly Protecting Human Subjects: Reviewing the Review Boards.Richard R. Albrecht -2004 -American Journal of Bioethics 4 (1):54-55.
- The true and the valid.Richard Ithamar Aaron -1955 - New York,: Oxford University Press.
- (1 other version)A seminal book on the transformation of Western culture (review).Richard Abel -2001 -Logos. Anales Del Seminario de Metafísica [Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España] 12 (3):150-155.No categories
- Cursory reflections upon an article called'what is it with Damaris, lady Masham?'.Richard Acworth -2006 -Locke Studies 6:189-197.
- Moore and Ryle: Two Ontologists.Richard Koehl -1968 -Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 29 (1):140-141.
- The Utopian Paradigm: A FUTURIST Perspective.Richard Albrecht -1991 -Communications 16 (3):283-318.
- The City University: A History.Richard Aldrich &S. John Teague -1982 -British Journal of Educational Studies 30 (2):241.
- Introduction: Science and Technology as a Global System.Richard Worthington -1993 -Science, Technology and Human Values 18 (2):176-185.No categories
- Foucault’s Empire of the Free.Richard Alston -2017 -Foucault Studies 22:94-112.This essay argues that the engagement with Greece and Rome after The Will to Knowledge allowed Foucault to bring clarity to his conception of limited freedom in complex societies. The Classical fulfilled this function paradoxically by being jarringly different from and integral to the discourses of modern sexuality. Foucault’s engagement with the Classical in The Use of Pleasure and The Care of the Selfcontinued his established method of uncovering the development of a discourse, or set of discourses, over time. He (...) thereby demonstrated the historical specificity of understandings of sexuality and the self. It follows that if the ancient self was a historical construct, then the modern self must also be such. But Foucault’s Classical engagement leads him to an innovative position in which the disciplinary dynamics of ancient self-knowledge offer a practical philosophy. Foucault’s Greek philosophy could have effects through two related mechanisms: the care of the self through askesis and the speaking of truth to power through parresia. Through the rigors of askesis, the self can be rendered an object of analysis and hence a critical position external to the self can be achieved. Externality allows the philosopher to exercise parresia since the constraints of society have been surpassed and consequently offers a prospect of agency and a measure of freedom. The second part of the essay questions the extent of that freedom by reading Foucault against Tacitus, particularly the Agricola and the mutinies episode in the Annales. These episodes show the limitations of parresia and how parresia is bound into the workings of imperial power. In the Tacitean model, externality is a viable political stance, but is problematic ethically. The essay concludes by contrasting Foucauldian and Tacitean models of historical change. (shrink)No categories
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
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Area Editors:
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Gwen Bradford
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David Chalmers
James Chase
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Jonathan Ichikawa
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Susana Nuccetelli
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