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On September 18, 1995, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit handed down a decision in Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wisconsin v. Marshfield Clinic ) that sets two important precedents regarding the status of health maintenance organizations under antitrust law. Chief Judge Posner, writing for the court, concluded that HMOs do not constitute a market separate from the general market for medical services and that agreements, between HMOs in a region, to operate in separate areas (...) constitute a prohibited form of market splitting.This case primarily involves two HMOs in north central Wisconsin: one a subsidiary of Blue Cross, the other a subsidiary of the Marshfield Clinic. The Blue Cross HMO claimed that the Marshfield HMO had an illegal monopoly in the region's HMO market and therefore violated the Sherman Act ). (shrink)

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A systematic account of explanation and meaning, on an introductory level. The book is designed not only for students who are primarily interested in philosophy, but also for students whose primary interests may lie in the physical or social sciences, literature, or history. There are fifteen relatively brief chapters, the first eight of which are concerned with the concept of explanation while the remaining seven chapters deal with the concept of meaning. The author begins his treatment of explanation by dismissing (...) as fruitless disputes over what a 'real' explanation must be. Instead, he proposes to examine different types of explanation in order to determine their differences and the relative importance of their differences. "Scientific Explanation," "What-explanations," and "Reason-giving Explanation" are then distinguished and discussed in the early chapters, and this is followed with chapters on historical explanation and explanation in literary criticism. In the remaining chapters on meaning, the author maintains the view that meanings are not a sort of thing, mental or physical. He supports this thesis through his criticisms of causal theories of meaning, "Fido"-Fido theories of meaning, and theories which attempt to identify the meaning of a word with a mental event or an essential definition. The author favors identifying the meaning of a work with its use and deals with some of the problems connected with this view. A list of additional references for each chapter is provided at the end of the book. Though the book is primarily a systematic account of explanation and meaning, a variety of issues from different areas of contemporary philosophical concern are touched upon along the way. These issues concern, for example, natural laws, explaining human behavior, the nature of historical explanation, interpretation in literature, definition, synonymy, and metaphor. This is a clearly written introduction to contemporary philosophy.--R. L. M. (shrink)

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Von Wright describes his position as "teleological" yet distinguishes it from Aristotle's "notion of the good of man relative to a notion of the nature of man," by likening it to that of the utilitarian tradition. There is painstaking attention to the staggering diversity of functions of "good" and related words, and an examination of instrumental, technical, medical, hedonic and utilitarian goodness. Von Wright regards the moral sense of "good" as derivative and defines it in terms of the beneficial, a (...) sub-class of Utilitarian Goodness. Chapters on Virtue, "Good" and "Must," Duty, Justice are included. There are rather few references to other works, very many distinctions, and an Index which includes, among others, the word "all right."--R. L. M. (shrink)

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This volume contains fourteen essays, all of which were written by Ebersole over a period of seven years, on various epistemological problems. A few of the essays have appeared before as journal articles, but the bulk of the essays are here printed for the first time. The essays deal with three principle topics: sense-datum theories of perception, memory and the past, and the possibility of knowledge of existence without experience. In style and approach, the essays can be characterized as belonging (...) to the school of analytic philosophy, dealing with philosophical problems with an emphasis on the use and function of relevant linguistic expressions. Although some of the essays are interesting, readers of Wittgenstein will find the material all too familiar.--R. L. M. (shrink)

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