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Results for 'Peter M. Kappeler'

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  1.  78
    Biological sex is binary, even though there is a rainbow of sex roles.Wolfgang Goymann,Henrik Brumm &Peter M.Kappeler -2023 -Bioessays 45 (2):2200173.
    Biomedical and social scientists are increasingly calling the biological sex into question, arguing that sex is a graded spectrum rather than a binary trait. Leading science journals have been adopting this relativist view, thereby opposing fundamental biological facts. While we fully endorse efforts to create a more inclusive environment for gender‐diverse people, this does not require denying biological sex. On the contrary, the rejection of biological sex seems to be based on a lack of knowledge about evolution and it champions (...) species chauvinism, inasmuch as it imposes human identity notions on millions of other species. We argue that the biological definition of the sexes remains central to recognising the diversity of life. Humans with their unique combination of biological sex and gender are different from non‐human animals and plants in this respect. Denying the concept of biological sex, for whatever cause, ultimately erodes scientific progress and may open the flood gates to “alternative truths.”. (shrink)
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  2.  345
    Newman's objection.Peter M. Ainsworth -2009 -British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 60 (1):135-171.
    This paper is a review of work on Newman's objection to epistemic structural realism (ESR). In Section 2, a brief statement of ESR is provided. In Section 3, Newman's objection and its recent variants are outlined. In Section 4, two responses that argue that the objection can be evaded by abandoning the Ramsey-sentence approach to ESR are considered. In Section 5, three responses that have been put forward specifically to rescue the Ramsey-sentence approach to ESR from the modern versions of (...) the objection are discussed. Finally, in Section 6, three responses are considered that are neutral with respect to one's approach to ESR and all argue (in different ways) that the objection can be evaded by introducing the notion that some relations/structures are privileged over others. It is concluded that none of these suggestions is an adequate response to Newman's objection, which therefore remains a serious problem for ESRists. Introduction Epistemic Structural Realism 2.1 Ramsey-sentences and ESR 2.2 WESR and SESR The Objection 3.1 Newman's version 3.2 Demopoulos and Friedman's and Ketland's versions Replies that Abandon the Ramsey-Sentence Approach to ESR 4.1 Redhead's reply 4.2 French and Ladyman's reply Replies Designed to Rescue the Ramsey-Sentence Approach 5.1 Zahar's reply 5.2 Cruse's reply 5.3 Melia and Saatsi's reply Replies that Argue that Some Structures/Relations are Privileged 6.1 A Carnapian reply 6.2 Votsis' reply 6.3 The Merrill/Lewis/Psillos reply Summary CiteULike Connotea Del.icio.us What's this? (shrink)
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  3.  81
    (1 other version)The Intellectual Powers: A Study of Human Nature.Peter M. S. Hacker -2013 - Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
    The Intellectual Powers is a philosophical investigation into the cognitive and cogitative powers of mankind. It develops a connective analysis of our powers of consciousness, intentionality, mastery of language, knowledge, belief, certainty, sensation, perception, memory, thought, and imagination, by one of Britain’s leading philosophers. It is an essential guide and handbook for philosophers, psychologists, and cognitive neuroscientists. The culmination of 45 years of reflection on the philosophy of mind, epistemology, and the nature of the human person No other book in (...) epistemology or philosophy of psychology provides such extensive overviews of consciousness, self–consciousness, intentionality, mastery of a language, knowledge, belief, memory, sensation and perception, thought and imagination Illustrated with tables, tree–diagrams, and charts to provide overviews of the conceptual relationships disclosed by analysis Written by one of Britain’s best philosophical minds A sequel to Hacker’s Human Nature: The Categorial Framework An essential guide and handbook for all who are working in philosophy of mind, epistemology, psychology, cognitive science, and cognitive neuroscience. (shrink)
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  4.  17
    Philosophy and Logic in central Europe from Bolzano to Tarski.Peter M. Simons -1992 - Dordrecht, Netherland: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    This book with an introduction by Witold Marciszewski, views the history of philosophy and logic from 1837 to 1939 from the perspective of the cradle of modern exact philosophy - Central Europe. In a series of case studies, it illuminates the developments in this region, most notably in Austria and Poland, examining thinkers such as Bolzano, Brentano, Meinong, Husserl, Twardowski, Lesniewski, and Tarski, as well as the logicians like Frege and Russell with whom they bore a close resemblance. The book (...) challenges established views about the history of philosophy and logic in Europe, and shows the vitality of the Central European tradition. (shrink)
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  5. Metaphysical Follies.Peter M. Simons -forthcoming -Grazer Philosophische Studien.
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  6. Population Structure and Exchange Process.Peter M. Blau -1995 -Ethik Und Sozialwissenschaften 6 (1):20-22.
     
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  7.  8
    Philosophy Of Willam T. Harris In The Annual Reports.Peter M. Collins -2016 -Philosophia: International Journal of Philosophy (Philippine e-journal) 17 (1):13-44.
    The three intertwining careers of William Torrey Harris [1835-1909] in philosophy, philosophy of education, and educational administration converge in twelve of the Annual Reports of the board of directors of the St. Louis public schools, most of the essential features of which he formulated as the superintendent of schools from 1867-79. These twelve reports, comprising philosophical and educational principles, have been acclaimed nationally and internationally to be among the most valuable official publications in American educational literature. The major purpose of (...) this paper is to clarify the nature and scope of the philosophical principles of Harris expressed in his Annual Reports. The areas of philosophy represented are metaphysics, anthropology, epistemology, ethics, and philosophy of religion. While the motivation and context of these philosophical principles are pedagogical in orientation, it is evident that Harris produced here a philosophical synthesis worthy of consideration in a formal survey of the history of American philosophy. (shrink)
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  8.  25
    Inadequacies of Intension and Extension.Peter M. Simons -1991 - In Georg Schurz,Advances in Scientific Philosophy. pp. 24--393.
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  9.  22
    Georg Cavallar.Peter M. Sullivan -1994 -Mind 103 (410).
  10.  47
    Parts Study in Ontology: A Study in Ontology.Peter M. Simons -1987 - Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press UK.
    The relationship of part to whole is one of the most fundamental there is, yet until now there has been no full-length study of this concept. This book shows that mereology, the formal theory of part and whole, is essential to ontology.Peter Simons surveys and criticizes previous theories, especially the standard extensional view, and proposes a more adequate account which encompasses both temporal and modal considerations in detail. This has far-reaching consequences for our understanding of such classical philosophical (...) concepts as identity, individual, class, substance and accident, matter, form, essence, dependence, and integral whole. It also enables the author to offer new solutions to long-standing problems surrounding these concepts, such as the Ship of Theseus Problem and the issue of mereological essentialism. The author shows by his use of formal techniques that classical philosophical problems are amenable to rigorous treatment, and the book represents a synthesis of issues and methods from the analytical tradition and from the older continental realist tradition of Brentano and the early Husserl. (shrink)
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  11. Denis Mieville: Introduction a l'oeuvre de Lesniewski.M. Peters -2006 -Revue Internationale de Philosophie 60 (236):249.
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  12.  22
    Probabilistic Learning Models.Peter M. Williams -2001 - In David Corfield & Jon Williamson,Foundations of Bayesianism. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 117--134.
  13. Appearance and Reality: A Philosophical Investigation into Perception and Perceptual Qualities.PETER M. S. HACKER -1987 -Philosophy 64 (247):116-119.
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  14. Konstruktion der Sozialen Konstruktion.Peter M. Hejl -1985 - In Heinz Von Foerster,Einführung in den Konstruktivismus. München: R. Oldenbourg.
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  15. Science And Religion In Healing Processes Through Alternative Methods.M. J.Peter -2008 - In Kuruvila Pandikattu,Dancing to Diversity: Science-Religion Dialogue in India. Serials Publications. pp. 143.
     
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  16.  67
    Building the Theory of Ecological Rationality.Peter M. Todd &Henry Brighton -2016 -Minds and Machines 26 (1-2):9-30.
    While theories of rationality and decision making typically adopt either a single-powertool perspective or a bag-of-tricks mentality, the research program of ecological rationality bridges these with a theoretically-driven account of when different heuristic decision mechanisms will work well. Here we described two ways to study how heuristics match their ecological setting: The bottom-up approach starts with psychologically plausible building blocks that are combined to create simple heuristics that fit specific environments. The top-down approach starts from the statistical problem facing the (...) organism and a set of principles, such as the bias– variance tradeoff, that can explain when and why heuristics work in uncertain environments, and then shows how effective heuristics can be built by biasing and simplifying more complex models. We conclude with challenges these approaches face in developing a psychologically realistic perspective on human rationality. (shrink)
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  17.  63
    The autonomous brain: a neural theory of attention and learning.Peter M. Milner -1999 - Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
    The thesis of this bk is that the brain is innately constructed to initiate behaviors likely to promote the survival of the species & to sensitize sensory systems to stimuli required for those behaviors. Intended for behavioral & brain scientists.
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  18.  58
    The Use of Usus and the Function of Functio: Teleology and Its Limits in Descartes’s Physiology.Peter M. Distelzweig -2015 -Journal of the History of Philosophy 53 (3):377-399.
    rené descartes famously and explicitly rejects appeals to final causes in natural philosophy, suggesting that such appeals depend on knowledge of God’s inscrutable ends.For since I now know that my own nature is very weak and limited, whereas the nature of God is immense, incomprehensible and infinite, I also know without more ado that he is capable of countless things whose causes are beyond my knowledge. And for this reason alone I consider the whole kind of causes, customarily sought from (...) an end, to be totally useless in physics; there is considerable rashness in thinking myself capable of investigating God’s ends.1This rejection did not go unnoticed nor without controversy. In the Fifth.. (shrink)
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  19. Multicategorial Ontology and Logicism.Peter M. Simons -1985 -Conceptus: Zeitschrift Fur Philosophie 19:87-99.
    This paper discusses the philosophical background to the paper by lejewski in this issue. lejewski offers an ontologically neutral logic for the first two types (individuals and classes thereof). some peculiarities of the logic used are noted, in particular the distinction between empty individual terms, empty class terms, and non-empty class terms designating the empty class. lejewski ends by denying the truth of the formula meaning "there are classes," but we argue that the way in which truth-conditions for formulae containing (...) class terms are introduced absolves us from taking this as seriously committing us to the existence of classes. the main (inclining but not necessitating) reason for being a platonist lies in the sheer mass of mathematical results for which a non-platonist account has yet to be given. the theory of classes as fictions suggested by our modification of lejewski's view is insufficient to support frege-russell style logicism, but for a non-platonist the upper reaches of cantor's paradise must be regarded as fictitious anyway. (shrink)
     
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  20.  27
    A model for visual shape recognition.Peter M. Milner -1974 -Psychological Review 81 (6):521-535.
  21.  10
    Herbert Spencer and the “Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education”.Peter M. Collins -2020 -Philosophia: International Journal of Philosophy (Philippine e-journal) 21 (1):1-18.
    The focus of this small contribution to studies in the history of philosophy of American education falls upon the backside of the cultural upheaval between 1880 and 1920. The general purpose is to relate aspects of Herbert Spencer’s philosophy of education to pedagogical principles in the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education, a document of the National Education Association’s Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education, published in 1918. An attempt is made to implement this purpose by analyzing the educational principles (...) in the NEA report, by clarifying Spencer’s educational principles in relationship to the report, and by explaining Spencer’s philosophical principles and relating them to the CRSE document. In addition to similarities between specific Spencerian principles and the 1918 report, especially noted is the ideological proximity of the “spirit” of Spencer’s evolutionary naturalism and empiricism to the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education. (shrink)
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  22.  93
    Kant's Transcendental Deduction - A Wittgensteinian Critique.Peter M. S. Hacker -unknown
  23.  58
    Models of attitude–behavior relations.Peter M. Bentler &George Speckart -1979 -Psychological Review 86 (5):452-464.
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  24. Meinong's contribution to the development of non-classical logic.Peter M. Simons -1994 -Conceptus: Zeitschrift Fur Philosophie 28 (71):187-202.
     
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  25.  79
    The intersection of the mathematical and natural sciences: The subordinate sciences in Aristotle.Peter M. Distelzweig -2013 -Apeiron 46 (2):85-105.
    Journal Name: Apeiron Issue: Ahead of print.
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  26.  151
    Wittgenstein on Grammar, Theses and Dogmatism.Peter M. S. Hacker -2011 -Philosophical Investigations 35 (1):1-17.
    It is sometimes argued that Wittgenstein's conception of grammar and the role he allocated to grammar (in his sense of the term) in philosophy changed between the Big Typescript and the Philosophical Investigations. It is also held that some of the grammatical propositions Wittgenstein asserted prior to his writing of the Philosophical Investigations are theses, doctrines, opinions or dogmatism, which he abandoned by 1936/37. The purpose of this paper is to show these claims to be misunderstandings and misinterpretations. On all (...) important matters, his conception of grammar and of grammatical investigations, of grammatical statements or propositions and of grammatical clarification did not change between the Big Typescript and the Investigations. Grammatical propositions (e.g. the meaning of a word is its use; a sample in an ostensive definition belongs to the means of representation; belief is not a mental state) are no more theses, doctrines or opinions than is “a bachelor is an unmarried man.” Nor are they in any way dogmatic. (shrink)
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  27.  55
    Gestalt and functional dependence.Peter M. Simons -1988 - In Barry Smith,Foundations of Gestalt Theory. Philosophia. pp. 158--190.
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  28.  34
    Simultaneous consonance in music perception and composition.Peter M. C. Harrison &Marcus T. Pearce -2020 -Psychological Review 127 (2):216-244.
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  29. Parts: A Study in Ontology.Peter M. Simons -1987 - Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
    The relationship of part to whole is one of the most fundamental there is; this is the first and only full-length study of this concept. This book shows that mereology, the formal theory of part and whole, is essential to ontology.Peter Simons surveys and criticizes previous theories, especially the standard extensional view, and proposes a more adequate account which encompasses both temporal and modal considerations in detail. 'Parts could easily be the standard book on mereology for the next (...) twenty or thirty years.' Timothy Williamson, Grazer Philosophische Studien. (shrink)
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  30.  132
    Kolmogorov complexity and information theory. With an interpretation in terms of questions and answers.Peter D. Grünwald &Paul M. B. Vitányi -2003 -Journal of Logic, Language and Information 12 (4):497-529.
    We compare the elementary theories of Shannon information and Kolmogorov complexity, the extent to which they have a common purpose, and wherethey are fundamentally different. We discuss and relate the basicnotions of both theories: Shannon entropy, Kolmogorov complexity, Shannon mutual informationand Kolmogorov (``algorithmic'') mutual information. We explainhow universal coding may be viewed as a middle ground betweenthe two theories. We consider Shannon's rate distortion theory, whichquantifies useful (in a certain sense) information.We use the communication of information as our guiding motif, (...) and we explain howit relates to sequential question-answer sessions. (shrink)
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  31.  160
    Brentano's reform of logic.Peter M. Simons -1987 -Topoi 6 (1):25-38.
  32. What is the tractatus about?Peter M. Sullivan -2004 - In Max Kölbel & Bernhard Weiss,Wittgenstein's Lasting Significance. New York: Routledge. pp. 28-41.
     
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  33.  60
    A Stakeholder–Human Capital Perspective on the Link between Social Performance and Executive Compensation.Peter M. Madsen &John B. Bingham -2014 -Business Ethics Quarterly 24 (1):1-30.
    ABSTRACT:The link between firm corporate social performance (CSP) and executive compensation could be driven by a sorting effect (a firm’s CSP is related to the initial levels of compensation of newly hired executives), or by an incentive effect (incumbent executives are rewarded for past firm CSP). Existing empirical work focuses exclusively on the incentive effect. In contrast, in this paper we explore the sorting effect of firm CSP on the initial compensation of newly hired executives. In doing so, we develop (...) a novel theoretical approach based on an integration of stakeholder theory and human capital theory, suggesting a positive association between the initial compensation of executives and firm CSP strengths and concerns. It also suggests that the strength of this relationship varies between different executive roles (as a function of stakeholder-management responsibilities). We find support for this theoretical framework in a large sample of newly-hired executives employed by Standard & Poor 1500 firms. (shrink)
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  34.  37
    ‘The Value of the Inexact’: An Apology for Inaccurate Motor Performance.Peter M. Hopsicker -2013 -Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 40 (1):65-83.
    Philosophic inquiry into the mental states of elite athletes during skilled motor performance continues to grow. In contrast to the bulk of these works that focus almost exclusively on skillful performance, this paper examines athletic motor behavior from a point of inexactness – or even failure – in athletic performance. Utilizing the works of Michael Polanyi, who believed that both ideas of achievement and failure were equally necessary to understand the behavior of living things and their physical actions, I examine (...) the notion of failure as a framework to scrutinize the cognitive processes occurring during the development and performance of skilled motor behavior. After reviewing Polanyi’s conceptions of personal knowing to locate the source of inaccuracy in human activity, I present Polanyi’s distinction between two kinds of mistakes and apply each to inaccurate sport performance. I then suggest that mistakes in sport should be re-conceptualized beyond their current negative connotations. Instead, conceptions of mistakes should also include respect for ‘man’s most distinguished act’ – that being the production of knowledge. From this expanded perspective, the value of inexact motor performance can be found in addition to notions of uncertainty and skill development in what Polanyi calls ‘metaphysical implication of a groping for reality’. In some final thoughts, I will suggest future implications of the value of the inexact on broader sport issues. (shrink)
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  35.  47
    The Context of the Phenomenological Movement.Peter M. Simons -1984 -Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 44 (3):426-428.
  36. Free part-whole theory.Peter M. Simons -1991 - In Karel Lambert,Philosophical applications of free logic. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 285--306.
     
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  37.  67
    The denotation of generic terms in ancient Indian philosophy: grammar, Nyāya and Mīmāṃsā.Peter M. Scharf -1996 - Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
    Introduction By the late fifth century BCE Panini had composed the Astadhyayi, consisting of nearly 4000 rules giving a precise and fairly complete ...
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  38.  28
    Redshift Components of Apparent Quasar-Galaxy Associations: A Parametric Model.Peter M. Hansen -2006 -Apeiron 13 (1):17.
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  39.  75
    Environments That Make Us Smart Ecological Rationality.Peter M. Todd &Gerd Gigerenzer -2007 -Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 (3):167-171.
    Traditional views of rationality posit general-purpose decision mechanisms based on logic or optimization. The study of ecological rationality focuses on uncovering the “adaptive toolbox” of domain-specific simple heuristics that real, computationally bounded minds employ, and explaining how these heuristics produce accurate decisions by exploiting the structures of information in the environments in which they are applied. Knowing when and how people use particular heuristics can facilitate the shaping of environments to engender better decisions.
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  40.  33
    The confrontation between processors and farm workers in the midwest tomato industry and the role of the agricultural research and extension establishment.Peter M. Rosset &John H. Vandermeer -1986 -Agriculture and Human Values 3 (3):26-32.
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  41.  33
    IX-The Totality of Facts.Peter M. Sullivan -2000 -Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 100 (2):175-192.
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  42.  116
    The sense of `a name of a truth-value'.Peter M. Sullivan -1994 -Philosophical Quarterly 44 (177):476-481.
  43. The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell.Peter M. Harman -2001
     
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  44.  29
    Sustainability, economies of scale, and social instability: Achilles heel of non-traditional export agriculture?Peter M. Rosset -1991 -Agriculture and Human Values 8 (4):30-37.
    In this paper I propose a series of hypotheses for further study that are related to potential negative impacts of non-traditional export agriculture (NTEA) on peasantfarmers in Central America. International lenders and donor agencies are promoting this diversification of agricultural exports as part of structural adjustment programs in the region, in order to increase foreign exchange earnings and raise the incomes of the rural poor.There is growing evidence, however, that the impact on the rural poor may not be favorable. I (...) argue that because NTEA can introduce powerful economies of scale, it is likely to accelerate social differentiation in the countryside and expel large numbers of peasant farmers from their lands. In this sense NTEA may be similar to previous export ‘booms,’ leading to rapid intensification of social instability and conflict in an already troubled region. This raises the serious question of the long term sustainability of this development strategy.There is a shortage of published studies that directly address these issues, making further work essential for the adequate review of NTEA policies. I formulate six testable hypotheses based on the economies of scale associated with NTEA. Each is related to a resource essential for successful agricultural production: land; credit; prices, costs, and subsidies; technology; technical assistance; and markets. I suggest that as NTEA grows, small farmer access to each is reduced, eventually making peasant production for domestic consumption an unviable alternative, while those who venture into NTEA encounter unacceptable levels of risk. (shrink)
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  45.  16
    Promoting Remedial Response to the Risk of Radon: Are Information Campaigns Enough?Peter M. Sandman,M. L. Klotz &Neil D. Weinstein -1989 -Science, Technology and Human Values 14 (4):360-379.
    New Jersey residents who tested their homes for radon and found more than four picocuries per liter were surveyed about their knowledge, emotions, attitudes, and intentions to take remedial action Respondents proved well informed, but radon levels were not highly correlated with any of the response variables. Overoptimism was more common than overreaction. The results suggest that active guidance is needed to ensure appropriate responses to environmental hazards, like radon, that require individual remediation. Simple information dissemination alone seems inadequate.
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  46.  88
    Unsaturatedness.Peter M. Simons -1981 -Grazer Philosophische Studien 14 (1):73-95.
    Frege's obscure key concept of the unsaturatedness of functions is clarified with the help of the concepts of dependent and independent parts and foundation relations used by Husserl in describing the ontology of complex wholes. Sentential unity in Frege, Husserl and Wittgenstein: all have a similar explanation. As applied to linguistic expressions, the terms 'unsaturated' and 'incomplete' are ambiguous: they may mean the ontological property of Unselbständigkeit, inability to exist alone, or the property of being what categorial grammar calls a (...) functor. Separation of these two senses resolves a dispute between Dummett and Geach on the nature of predicates. (shrink)
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  47.  25
    The case for the 1593 edition of Thomas Combe's theater of fine devices.Peter M. Daly -1986 -Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 49 (1):255-257.
  48. Understanding Curriculum: An Introduction to the Study of Historical and Contemporary Curriculum Discourses (William Pinar, William M. Reynolds, Patrick Slattery andPeter M. Taubman). [REVIEW]M. Peters -1999 -Educational Philosophy and Theory 31:254-258.
     
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  49.  34
    After Anti-Catholicism?: John Henry Newman and Protestant Britain, 1845–c. 1890.Peter M. J. Stravinskas -2007 -Newman Studies Journal 4 (1):99-102.
  50.  36
    Cardinal Newman And Pope Francis: Catholic Schools As Key To An Educated Laity.Peter M. J. Stravinskas -2016 -Newman Studies Journal 13 (2):53-68.
    When people hear the name of Cardinal Newman, one of the first associations they make is to his Idea of a University. However, it is rarely known that his first love was Catholic education at the elementary and secondary levels, so that the Oratory School he founded has been described as the “apple of his eye.” Interestingly, Pope Francis is the first pontiff in modern history, at least, to have taught high school and who has reflected extensively on his own (...) personal experiences of being raised by the Salesian Fathers in Argentina. Both Newman and Francis would regard Catholic elementary and secondary schools as essential to producing what Newman repeatedly referred to as “an educated laity” – equally essential for what St. John Paul II dubbed “the new evangelization.”. (shrink)
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