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Results for 'Peter D. Currie'

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  1.  19
    FKRP directed fibronectin glycosylation: A novel mechanism giving insights into muscular dystrophies?Andrew Boyd,Margo Montandon,Alasdair J. Wood &Peter D.Currie -2022 -Bioessays 44 (5):2100270.
    The recently uncovered role of Fukutin‐related protein (FKRP) in fibronectin glycosylation has challenged our understanding of the basis of disease pathogenesis in the muscular dystrophies. FKRP is a Golgi‐resident glycosyltransferase implicated in a broad spectrum of muscular dystrophy (MD) pathologies that are not fully attributable to the well‐described α‐Dystroglycan hypoglycosylation. By revealing a new role for FKRP in the glycosylation of fibronectin, a modification critical for the development of the muscle basement membrane (MBM) and its associated muscle linkages, new possibilities (...) for understanding clinical phenotype arise. This modification involves an interaction between FKRP and myosin‐10, a protein involved in the Golgi organization and function. These observations suggest a FKRP nexus exists that controls two critical aspects to muscle fibre integrity, both fibre stability at the MBM and its elastic properties. This review explores the new potential disease axis in the context of our current knowledge of muscular dystrophies. (shrink)
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  2.  17
    Stem cell dynamics in muscle regeneration: Insights from live imaging in different animal models.Dhanushika Ratnayake &Peter D.Currie -2017 -Bioessays 39 (6):1700011.
    In recent years, live imaging has been adopted to study stem cells in their native environment at cellular resolution. In the skeletal muscle field, this has led to visualising the initial events of muscle repair in mouse, and the entire regenerative response in zebrafish. Here, we review recent discoveries in this field obtained from live imaging studies. Tracking of tissue resident stem cells, the satellite cells, following injury has captured the morphogenetic dynamics of stem/progenitor cells as they facilitate repair. Asymmetric (...) satellite cell division generated a clonogenic progenitor pool, providing in vivo validation for this mechanism. Furthermore, there is an emerging role of stem/progenitor cell guidance at the injury site by cellular protrusions. This review concludes that live imaging is a critical tool for discovering the distinct processes that occur during regeneration, emphasising the importance of imaging in diverse animal models to capture the entire scope of stem cell functions. (shrink)
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  3.  132
    Kolmogorov complexity and information theory. With an interpretation in terms of questions and answers.Peter D. Grünwald &Paul M. B. Vitányi -2003 -Journal of Logic, Language and Information 12 (4):497-529.
    We compare the elementary theories of Shannon information and Kolmogorov complexity, the extent to which they have a common purpose, and wherethey are fundamentally different. We discuss and relate the basicnotions of both theories: Shannon entropy, Kolmogorov complexity, Shannon mutual informationand Kolmogorov (``algorithmic'') mutual information. We explainhow universal coding may be viewed as a middle ground betweenthe two theories. We consider Shannon's rate distortion theory, whichquantifies useful (in a certain sense) information.We use the communication of information as our guiding motif, (...) and we explain howit relates to sequential question-answer sessions. (shrink)
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  4.  71
    Belief, Truth and Knowledge.Peter D. Klein -1976 -Philosophical Review 85 (2):225.
  5. Listening to Prozac.Peter D. Kramer -1994 -Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (3):460.
  6. Useful false beliefs.Peter D. Klein -2008 - In Quentin Smith,Epistemology: new essays. New York : Oxford University Press,: Oxford University Press. pp. 25--63.
  7.  118
    A third version of constructivism: rethinking Spinoza’s metaethics.Peter D. Zuk -2015 -Philosophical Studies 172 (10):2565-2574.
    In this essay, I claim that certain passages in Book IV of Benedict de Spinoza’s Ethics suggest a novel version of what is known as metaethical constructivism. The constructivist interpretation emerges in the course of attempting to resolve a tension between Spinoza’s apparent ethical egoism and some remarks he makes about the efficacy of collaborating with the right partners when attempting to promote our individual self-interest . Though Spinoza maintains that individuals necessarily aim to promote their self-interest, I argue that (...) Spinoza has an atypical conception of self that allows the interests of other people to be partially constitutive of one's own self-interest. In this way, Spinoza can account for the rationality of concern for the interests of others . This interpretation attributes to Spinoza a form of constructivism that differs in important ways from contemporary Humean and Kantian constructivisms and which can in principle be detached from Spinoza’s particular metaphysical commitments in order to yield a third general category of constructivist view . Though my treatment is necessarily brief, it is my hope that it can serve both to motivate a constructivist reading of Spinoza and, perhaps even more crucially, to suggest a Spinozistic variety of constructivism as a live theoretical option in metaethics. (shrink)
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  8.  558
    A proposed definition of propositional knowledge.Peter D. Klein -1971 -Journal of Philosophy 68 (16):471-482.
  9. Human rights and the modes of judicial responsibility.Peter D. Lauwers -2022 - In Tom P. S. Angier, Iain T. Benson & Mark Retter,The Cambridge handbook of natural law and human rights. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
     
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  10.  34
    Climate and Compassion: Buddhist Contribution to an Ethics of Intergenerational Justice.Peter D. Hershock -unknown
    Over the last century, the world's urban population increased from 224 million to over 3.5 billion, and advances in manufacturing, transportation, and communication technologies brought virtually limitless lifestyle and identity options, as well as the greatest inequalities of wealth, risk, and opportunity in history. Yet, as momentous as these changes are, they are dwarfed by the fact that human activity is now affecting planetary processes like climate. Justice concerns about future generations are no longer academic curiosities; they are global ethical (...) imperatives. This talk by Dr.Peter D. Hershock builds on recent efforts to craft an ethics of global justice around the "social emotion" of compassion, making use of Buddhist conceptual resources to de-link justice from fictions of equality and conceive it, instead, as a dynamic function of relationally-achieved equity and diversity. (shrink)
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  11. Reply to Ginet.Peter D. Klein -2013 - In Matthias Steup & John Turri,Contemporary Debates in Epistemology. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Blackwell.
     
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  12.  64
    A historical perspective on the future of the car: William J. Mitchell, Christopher E. Borroni-Bird, and Lawrence D. Burns: Reinventing the automobile: Personal urban mobility for the 21st century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010, 240 pp, $21.95 HB.Peter D. Norton -2011 -Metascience 20 (3):593-595.
    A historical perspective on the future of the car Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11016-010-9479-z AuthorsPeter D. Norton, Department of Science, Technology and Society, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4744, USA Journal Metascience Online ISSN 1467-9981 Print ISSN 0815-0796.
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  13.  35
    Coordinate transformations or dynamic models?Peter D. Neilson -1992 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):348-348.
  14.  38
    Categorization in early infancy and the continuity of development.Peter D. Eimas -1994 -Cognition 50 (1-3):83-93.
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  15. Useful False Beliefs.Peter D. Klein -2008 - In Quentin Smith,Epistemology: new essays. New York : Oxford University Press,: Oxford University Press. pp. 25-63.
  16. Knowledge is True, Non-defeated Justified Belief.Peter D. Klein -2003 - In Steven Luper,Essential Knowledge: Readings in Epistemology. Longman.
  17. The Evil of the Isolated Intellect: Hilda in "The Marble Faun".Peter D. Zivkovic -1962 -Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 43 (2):202.
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  18. Certainty.Peter D. Klein -1996 - In Edward Craig,Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Genealogy to Iqbal. New York: Routledge.
     
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  19.  46
    Coherence, Knowledge and Skepticism.Peter D. Klein -2003 - In Erik Olsson,The Epistemology of Keith Lehrer. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 281--297.
  20.  81
    After (post) hegemony.Peter D. Thomas -2021 -Contemporary Political Theory 20 (2):318-340.
    Hegemony is one of the most widely diffused concepts in the contemporary social sciences and humanities internationally, interpreted in a variety of ways in different disciplinary and national contexts. However, its contemporary relevance and conceptual coherence has recently been challenged by various theories of ‘posthegemony’. This article offers a critical assessment of this theoretical initiative. In the first part of the article, I distinguish between three main versions of posthegemony – temporal, foundational and expansive – characterized by different understandings of (...) the temporal and logical implications of hegemony. I then offer a critical assessment of the shared presuppositions of these theories, including their ‘pre-Gramscianism’, their indebtedness to Laclau and Mouffe’s formulation of hegemony, and their characterization of hegemony in terms compatible with modern theories of sovereignty. I conclude by arguing that the contradictions and oversights of the debate on posthegemony encourage us to undertake a reassessment of the real historical complexity of hegemonic politics and its different traditions of conceptualization. (shrink)
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  21.  8
    Attitudes About NIPT Routinisation: A Report from a Qualitative Study of 20 UK Healthcare Professionals’.Peter D. Young -forthcoming -Health Care Analysis:1-19.
    All healthcare professionals (HCPs) have responsibilities to provide information to patients according to the duties found within UK decision-making guidance and with regards to theory about the doctor-patient relationship. While routinisation can be understood in a number of different ways, this paper is concerned with how routines might negatively affect patients in the decision-making process. Therefore, in this manuscript, medical decision making is understood as problematically routine when a medical test or procedure is framed as a standard one and—given the (...) way options are presented—it is implied that someone can decide to use that test or treatment without being given sufficient opportunities to think through their choices. Routinisation, when understood in this way, can affect the quality and amount of information provided to patients and the ways in which patients reflect upon their choices when making decisions. With the introduction of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) into the UK healthcare system, bioethicists have questioned whether this new technology will be routinised and what the implications of routinisation on the decision-making process might be. While there have been numerous studies investigating the views and attitudes of pregnant women who use NIPT, there are fewer studies that look at the views and attitudes of healthcare professionals (HCPs). This study interviewed 20 UK-based HCPs who either offer NIPT or counselled pregnant women on the use of NIPT. One important finding was that many HCPs held the attitude that the NIPT decision-making process had become routine, however there was disagreement about whether routine NIPT was problematic or not. This study provides insights about the context that surrounds decision making for NIPT, and it raises important questions about how NIPT routinisation might be evaluated. (shrink)
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  22.  13
    Economics and ethics?Peter D. Groenewegen (ed.) -1996 - New York: Routledge.
    Can modern economics adequately embrace ethical issues or does its theoretical apparatus prohibit such a relationship? In December 1994, social scientists from the fields of economics, philosophy, political science and anthropology attended a workshop to discuss the current state of the economics-ethics nexus by way of examining both past and contemporary practice. The proceedings of this conference presented a wide variety of attitudes and includes an examination of economics and ethics from an economist and a philosopher's perspective, in order to (...) assess the contemporary implications of the relationship, and in the late nineteenth century against the background of a long utilitarian tradition. This is a set of stimulating reflections by practitioners - including Chin Liew Ten, Bob Coats and Geoffrey Brennan - on the tricky associations between economics and ethics. (shrink)
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  23.  39
    Technology and cultural values: on the edge of the third millennium.Peter D. Hershock,Marietta Stepaniants &Roger T. Ames (eds.) -2003 - Honolulu: East-West Philosophers Conference.
    The essays gathered here give voice to perspectives on the always improvised relationship between technology and cultural values from Africa, the Americas, Asia ...
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  24.  60
    (1 other version)Contextualism and the Real Nature of Academic Skepticism.Peter D. Klein -2000 -Philosophical Issues 10 (1):108-116.
  25. Alive and clicking : Reification and the political economy of ipods.Peter D. Schaefer -2008 - In D. E. Wittkower,Ipod and Philosophy: Icon of an Epoch. Open Court.
  26. PSA 1978.Peter D. Asquith &Ian Hacking (eds.) -1978 - University of Chicago Press.
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  27. Inventing the AIDS Virus.Peter D. Friedmann -1997 -Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 40 (3):455.
  28. The elderly and high technology medicine: A case for individualized, autonomous allocation.Peter D. Mott -1990 -Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 11 (2).
    The issues involved in decision making about the aggressiveness of future medical care for older persons are explored. They are related to population trends, the heterogeneity of older persons and a variety of factors involved in individual preferences. Case studies are presented to illustrate these points, as well as a review of pertinent literature. The argument is offered that, considering these many factors, a system of flexible, individualized care by informed patient preference, is more rational than the rationing of technological (...) services by age. (shrink)
     
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  29.  148
    Misleading evidence and the restoration of justification.Peter D. Klein -1980 -Philosophical Studies 37 (1):81 - 89.
  30.  66
    A quantum logic of down below.Peter D. Bruza,Dominic Widdows &John Woods -unknown
    This chapter is offered as a contribution to the logic of down below. We attempt to demonstrate that the nature of human agency necessitates that there actually be such a logic. The ensuing sections develop the suggestion that cognition down below has a structure strikingly similar to the physical structure of quantum states. In its general form, this is not an idea that originates with the present authors. It is known that there exist mathematical models from the cognitive science of (...) cognition down below that have certain formal similarities to quantum mechanics. We want to take this idea seriously. We will propose that the subspaces of von Neumann-Birkhoff lattices are too crisp for modelling requisite cognitive aspects in relation to subsymbolic logic. Instead, we adopt an approach which relies on projections into nonorthogonal density states. The projection operator is motivated from cues which probe human memory. (shrink)
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  31.  40
    Against Individualism, For Relationalism: Toward an Ideal of Human Becoming Committed to Relational Justice.Peter D. Hershock -2019 -Philosophy East and West 69 (1):29-39.
    Henry Rosemont's Against Individualism is a critical meditation on the need to rethink the nature of human becoming in the pursuit of social justice as "the essence of a flourishing human culture". It analytically disputes the modern ideology of the independent, rationally self-interested, rights-bearing individual and presents an alternative: a contemporary Confucian ideal of the interdependent, responsibility-focused, role-bearing person.The guiding premise of Against Individualism is that the great challenges of the twenty-first century—climate change and persistent hunger in a world of (...) excess food production among them—cannot be resolved within the "confines of a capitalist economic... (shrink)
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  32.  844
    (2 other versions)Human knowledge and the infinite regress of reasons.Peter D. Klein -1999 -Philosophical Perspectives 13:297-325.
  33. How a Pyrrhonian Skeptic Might Respond to Academic Skepticism.Peter D. Klein -2003 - In Luper Steven,The Skeptics: Contemporary Essays. Ashgate Press. pp. 75--94.
  34. Warrant, Proper Function, Reliabilism and Defeasibility.Peter D. Klein -1996 - In Kvanvig Jonathan,Warrant and Contemporary Epistemology. Rowman & Littlefield.
     
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  35.  90
    Co-Opting the Health and Human Rights Movement.Peter D. Jacobson &Soheil Soliman -2002 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 30 (4):705-715.
    Public health is concerned with how to improve the population’s health. At times, though, actions to improve the community’s health may collide with individual civil rights. For example, a public health response to a bioterrorism attack, such as smallpox, may require relaxing an individual’s due process protections to prevent the smallpox from spreading. This tension lies at the heart of public health policy. It also must be considered in discussing the concept of human rights in health.Proponents of incorporating the concept (...) of human rights in health emphasize the importance of both individual rights and collective rights. They argue that observing human rights is not only consistent with broad public health goals, but necessary to their attainment. To many human rights advocates, the concept is not limited to protecting against governmental intrusion. Accordingly, they emphasize the government’s obligation to promote attainment of human rights by, for instance, providing adequate health care. (shrink)
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  36.  25
    Valuing diversity: Buddhist reflection on realizing a more equitable global future.Peter D. Hershock -2012 - Albany: State University of New York Press.
    Uses Buddhist philosophy to discuss diversity as a value, one that can contribute to equity in a globalizing world.
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  37.  316
    (1 other version)Why Not Infinitism?Peter D. Klein -2000 -Epistemology 5:199-208.
    As the Pyrrhonians made clear, reasons that adequately justify beliefs can have only three possible structures: foundationalism, coherentism, and infinitism. Infinitism—the view that adequate reasons for our beliefs are infinite and non-repeating—has never been developed carefully, much less advocated. In this paper, I will argue that only infinitism can satisfy two intuitively plausible constraints on good reasoning: the avoidance of circular reasoning and the avoidance of arbitrariness. Further, I will argue that infinitism requires serious, but salutary, revisions in our evaluation (...) of the power of reasoning. Thus, reasoning can not provide a basis for assenting to a proposition—where to assent to a proposition, p, means to believe that we know that p. A non-dogmatic form of provisional justification will be sketched. Finally, the best objections to infinitism, including those posed by the Pyrrhonians, will be shown (at least provisionally!) to be inadequate. (shrink)
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  38.  12
    Introduction.Peter D. Hershock &Roger T. Ames -2019 - In Peter D. Hershock & Roger T. Ames,Philosophies of Place: An Intercultural Conversation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1-12.
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  39. Sense Perception and Its Content.Peter D. Larsen -2024 - In Vasilis Politis & Peter Larsen,The platonic mind. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 256-268.
    This chapter considers an element of Plato’s account of sense perception. In particular, it poses the question of how widely Plato construes the content of the perceptual capacity. It argues that, based on what Plato says in the Theaetetus and the Timaeus there is good reason to think that sense perception is limited to just those simple sense qualities that are made available to the soul by the individual sensory powers, i.e., colors by sight, sounds by hearing, etc. This, however, (...) raises the question of how, according to Plato, the soul becomes aware of features that are often thought to be perceptible through more than one sensory power: features like shape, motion, rest, number, etc. The chapter addresses this issue by arguing that the awareness of these features requires the co-operation of sense perception with additional capacities of the soul, in particular the capacity for reflective thought; for recognizing these features requires the deployment of basic concepts like sameness and difference. An upshot of the position defended in this chapter is that, if correct, it indicates that, for Plato, rational capacities may be more widely distributed than is often thought. (shrink)
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  40. Human rights and the modes of judicial responsibility.Peter D. Lauwers -2022 - In Tom P. S. Angier, Iain T. Benson & Mark Retter,The Cambridge handbook of natural law and human rights. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
     
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  41.  77
    Litigation as Public Health Policy: Theory or Reality?Peter D. Jacobson &Soheil Soliman -2002 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 30 (2):224-238.
    An ongoing debate among legal scholars and public health advocates is the role of litigation in shaping public policy. For the most part, the debate has been waged at a conceptual level, with opponents and proponents arguing within fairly well-defined boundaries. The debate has been based either on speculation of what litigation could achieve or on ideological grounds as to why litigation should or should not be used this way. With the exception of Rosenberg's study of how litigation shaped policy (...) in civil rights, abortion, and environmental matters, there is almost no empirical support for either position.In recent years, the most ardent proponents of litigation as public policy have been public health advocates. Perhaps out of frustration with the inability to achieve desired public health goals through the legislative branch of government, public health advocates have pursued litigation as an alternative strategy. Beginning with tobacco class action litigation in the early 1990s and continuing with litigation against gun manufacturers at the end of that decade, public health advocates have waged a veritable litigation assault aimed at changing how public health policy is formed. (shrink)
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  42. Compassionate presence in an era of global predicaments : toward an ethics of human becoming in the face of algorithmic experience.Peter D. Hershock -2021 - In Peter D. Hershock & Roger T. Ames,Human beings or human becomings?: a conversation with Confucianism on the concept of person. Albany: State University of New York Press.
     
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  43. Recovering subalternity in the humanities and social sciences.Peter D. Thomas -2023 - In Didier Fassin & George Steinmetz,The social sciences in the looking glass: studies in the production of knowledge. Durham: Duke University Press.
     
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  44.  8
    Diversity Matters.Peter D. Hershock -2013 - In Steven M. Emmanuel,A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 675–692.
    This chapter employs Buddhist conceptions of karma and nonduality to generate movement oblique to the ontologically freighted opposition of sameness and difference – opening a “middle way” beyond the contrariety of modern valorizations of global unification and postmodern valorizations of free variation. In doing so, the author's aim is both conceptual clarification and critical integration. If modern and postmodern valorizations of autonomy have been crucial to empowering distinctive responses to social, economic, political, and cultural coercion, a non‐dualistic conception of diversity (...) has potential for strengthening and more equitably orienting the interdependence of these spheres – a value for relational transformation from the personal sphere to the environmental. (shrink)
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  45.  65
    Epistemic Justification and the Limits of Pyrrhonism.Peter D. Klein -2011 - In Diego E. Machuca,Pyrrhonism in Ancient, Modern, and Contemporary Philosophy. Springer.
  46.  50
    Raising the Tone of Philosophy: Late Essays by Immanuel Kant, Transformative Critique by Jacques Derrida.Peter D. Fenves &Immanuel Kant -1995 -Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 53 (4):446-446.
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  47.  298
    Knowledge, causality, and defeasibility.Peter D. Klein -1976 -Journal of Philosophy 73 (20):792-812.
  48. Gramsci's plural temporalities.Peter D. Thomas -2018 - In Vittorio Morfino & Peter D. Thomas,The government of time: theories of plural temporality in the Marxist tradition. Boston: Brill.
     
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  49.  42
    Refiguring the Subaltern.Peter D. Thomas -2018 -Political Theory 46 (6):861-884.
    The subaltern has frequently been understood as a figure of exclusion ever since it was first highlighted by the early Subaltern Studies collective’s creative reading of Antonio Gramsci’s carceral writings. In this article, I argue that a contextualist and diachronic study of the development of the notion of subaltern classes throughout Gramsci’s full Prison Notebooks reveals new resources for “refiguring” the subaltern. I propose three alternative figures to comprehend specific dimensions of Gramsci’s theorizations: the “irrepressible subaltern,” the “hegemonic subaltern,” and (...) the “citizen-subaltern.” Far from being exhausted by the eclipse of the conditions it was initially called upon to theorize in Subaltern Studies, such a refigured notion of the subaltern has the potential to cast light both on the contradictory development of political modernity and on contemporary political processes. (shrink)
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  50.  46
    "Out of the Order of Number": Benjamin and Irigaray Toward a Politics of Pure Means.Peter D. Fenves -1998 -Diacritics 28 (1):43-58.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:“Out of the Order of Number”: Benjamin and Irigaray Toward a Politics of Pure MeansPeter Fenves* (bio)At the heart of the legal orders that arose in conjunction with the Enlightenment idea of law as rules of conduct universally applicable to all those who belong to a properly instituted political body lies a formula for the justification of the violence on which the law depends in order for it to (...) be an actual, effective, and therefore “living” law—and not merely an idea: violence is justified insofar as it is a means for the control of those violent acts that are not themselves means for the control of immediate threats of violence. As Walter Benjamin indicates in the opening paragraphs of his most explicit exposition of legal and political theory, “Toward the Critique of Violence” (1921), the justification of violence as a means is the point of contention around which arguments over the origin, nature, and purpose of the modern state endlessly circle. Justified violence is supposed to be of a different order than unjustified violence, and so in the context of legal reasoning it is no longer called “violence” but “coercion” or “punishment.” Yet as the formula for the justification of violence indicates, the violence of the legal order is not in general sanctioned for the purpose of subduing immediate threats to one’s own life—this is the justification for the extralegal violence of “private persons”—but for the purpose of preserving the law itself: the law is inviolable. As long as the legal order makes the law effective and thus gives it life, it, too, is inviolable, and all violence other than its own can henceforth be interpreted as an immediate threat not to life itself—however this may be understood—but to the legal order. The end of legally sanctioned violence, its purpose and function, is not to put an end to violence as such but, instead, to thwart all threats to the law in the name of which violence can be sanctioned. Everything that enters into the space over which the legal order imposes its sentence is therefore implicated in the disquieting—or, as Benjamin says, “rotten” [GS 2: 188; SW 242]—ambiguity of legal violence understood as a means whose justification lies in the application of the law: the legal order can justify its own violence only insofar as this violence is a means to an end, but the end it serves can never be separated from itself as means, for the law, by virtue of its universality, is at bottom unconcerned with the life of those upon whom the violence it justifies is exercised or with the life of those whom this violence is supposed to protect. The violence of the legal order is concerned solely with itself, with its own majesty—without, however, ceasing to present itself as a means and reverting to what all legal violence once was: immediate manifestation.Nothing that enters into the space of the legal order can escape the ambiguity of the violence through which the law comes to life. Or at least nothing can escape this ambiguity as long as the space on which the legal order founds itself runs counter to the sole space that accords with the strict universality of the law: a universally accessible, indivisible, and undivided space that is nevertheless capable of the greatest degree of discreteness, differentiation, and individuation. In place of this space the legal orders that arose in Europe over the course of the last five centuries set out something like its parody: [End Page 43] homogeneous and yet fully divided domains whose divisions from one another are momenta of the extralegal violence to which each legal order owes its origin. At least one species of being has always been seen to move outside the space of the legal order—a species whose specificity, speciesness, and spatiality have thus given rise to interminable analysis: the angels. The space that angels traverse—and, in particular, the ones who enter into Luce Irigaray’s writings—does not suffer division into homogeneous domains but does not therefore amount to an undifferentiated expanse, a yawning abyss, or a formless chaos; it is... (shrink)
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