Prosocial Orientation of Russians During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Caring for Others and Yourself.Pavel A.Kislyakov &Elena A. Shmeleva -2021 -Frontiers in Psychology 12:629467.detailsTo mitigate the potentially devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to identify psychosocial and moral resources. The care, preservation, protection, and well-being of social communities are attributes of prosocial behavior that can be such a resource. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of prosocial orientation of Russian youth during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to identify strategies for prosocial behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of 447 people. The study was (...) conducted in May 2020 in the form of an online survey of subjects using Google Forms (“Moral Foundations Questionnaire method” and “Portrait Values Questionnaire”). The research made it possible to establish that Russians were dominated by norms of care, fairness, purity; values of benevolence-universalism, security, and self-direction. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prosocial orientation of Russians may manifest itself in the following behavioral strategies: proactive prosocial strategy of “caring for others” (true altruism, expressed in forms of volunteering, helping a stranger, and charity despite the risk of contracting a coronavirus infection); egoistic strategy of prosocial behavior “self-care through caring for others” (volunteering based on self-development; helping a stranger to improve your own psychological well-being); conventional prosocial strategy “self-care” (self-isolation and preventive behavior). In the long run, it is necessary to identify personal and environmental resources that allowed people to effectively implement a prosocial self-isolation strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as various forms of volunteerism. (shrink)
Immanuel Kant in the Conversations and Reflections of Nikolay Strakhov.Pavel A. Olkhov,Elena N. Motovnikova &Larisa E. Kuskova -2023 -Kantian Journal 42 (4):69-85.detailsThe place occupied by Kant’s philosophical ideas in the reflections of the Russian philosopher, Nikolay Strakhov, needs further study. The material for a historical-philosophical reconstruction of Strakhov’s reception of Kant’s philosophy is the Russian thinker’s home library catalogue, his correspondence and his own philosophical works. Among Strakhov’s interlocutors were not only philosophers and natural scientists, but also writers, including Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy and Afanasy Fet, who in many ways determined the cultural and intellectual horizon of the epoch. The many (...) years of correspondence with the last two writers went a long way to shape and develop Strakhov’s perception of Kant as a thinker. Indeed, without a virtual dialogue with Kant no modern philosophical system can be built. Strakhov’s reflections on the Kantian style of thinking, adoption of Kantian criticism as the model of epistemic analysis in many ways determined the features of his own philosophical work and became a catalyst of renewed interest in Russia in the Kantian philosophy in the last third of the nineteenth century. (shrink)
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An Egocentric Logic of Knowing How to Tell Them Apart.Pavel Naumov &T. A. O. Jia -forthcoming -Journal of Symbolic Logic:1-33.detailsTraditionally, the formulae in modal logic express properties of possible worlds. Prior introduced “egocentric” logics that capture properties of agents rather than of possible worlds. In such a setting, the article proposes the modality “know how to tell apart” and gives a complete logical system describing the interplay between this modality and the knowledge modality. An important contribution of this work is a new matrix-based technique for proving completeness theorems in an egocentric setting.
Restoration of human affairs: utopianism or realism?Jan Hábl,Mária Potočárová,Peter Cimala &Pavel Černý (eds.) -2022 - Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick Publications.detailsThe aim of this book is to explore the possibilities and limits of Comenius's greatest and most important work, General Consultation Concerning Restoration of Human Affairs. The humanity of people is not quite right, but not quite lost--that is the foundational anthropological assumption of the Consultation. How does Comenius understand humanity? What are human affairs? What's wrong with them? And the most important question: Can they be somehow corrected, improved, or restored?
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Your home is not a school: The limits of homeschooling as a political practice.Sonia MariaPavel &Jeremy Kingston Cynamon -forthcoming -Politics, Philosophy and Economics.detailsHomeschooling is on the rise. It appeals to very different perspectives and ideologies that tend not to have common ground, from classical conservative to radical progressive. But the justifications for the practice are weak. In this paper, we build a case against the “home school” as a political practice using the existing commitments of liberal, conservative, and democratic theories of education. Whether education should aim at the cultivation of children's autonomy, their formation as members of cultural communities, or their training (...) as democratic citizens, there are reasons to doubt that the practice of homeschooling can fulfill our educational goals. As such, we argue that liberals, conservatives, and democrats each have their own motivations to oppose homeschooling as an institutional alternative to traditional schools. Through our critiques, we also advance a metatheoretical argument in favor of centering the aims of education in our philosophical and political debates. (shrink)
Obshchestvo i kulʹtura.A. G. Egorov,Pavel Semenovich Gurevich &V. P. Rachkov (eds.) -1988 - Moskva: [S.N.].detailsCh. 1. Filosofskoe osmyslenie kulʹtury -- ch. 2. Problemy mnozhestvennosti kulʹtur.
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Pseudo-Aristotle: On the Cosmos: A Commentary.Pavel Gregorić &George Karamanolis (eds.) -2020 - New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.detailsDe mundo is a protreptic to philosophy in the form of a letter to Alexander the Great and is traditionally ascribed to Aristotle. It offers a unique view of the cosmos, God and their relationship, which was inspired by Aristotle but written by a later author. The author provides an outline of cosmology, geography and meteorology, only to argue that a full understanding of the cosmos cannot be achieved without a proper grasp of God as its ultimate cause. To ensure (...) such a grasp, the author provides a series of twelve carefully chosen interlocking analogies, building a complex picture in the reader's mind. The work develops a distinctly Aristotelian picture of God and the cosmos while paying tribute to pre-Aristotelian philosophers and avoiding open criticism of rival schools of philosophy. De mundo exercised considerable influence in late antiquity and then in the Renaissance and Early Modern times. (shrink)
Kant's a priori history of metaphysics: Systematicity, progress, and the ends of reason.Pavel Reichl -2020 -European Journal of Philosophy 29 (4):811-826.detailsEuropean Journal of Philosophy, EarlyView.
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A lower bound for intuitionistic logic.Pavel Hrubeš -2007 -Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 146 (1):72-90.detailsWe give an exponential lower bound on the number of proof-lines in intuitionistic propositional logic, IL, axiomatised in the usual Frege-style fashion; i.e., we give an example of IL-tautologies A1,A2,… s.t. every IL-proof of Ai must have a number of proof-lines exponential in terms of the size of Ai. We show that the results do not apply to the system of classical logic and we obtain an exponential speed-up between classical and intuitionistic logic.
Černá Kočka, Aneb, Subjekt Znalce V Myšlení o Literatuře a Jeho Komunikační Strategie.Pavel Janoušek -2012 - Academia.detailsCílem knižní studie je postihnout pravidla platící v agonálním prostoru, do něhož literární znalci svými promluvami a texty jako subjekty vstupují a v jehož rámci jsou vzájemně poměřováni, posuzováni a hodnoceni. Autor přitom vychází z předpokladu, že myšlení o literatuře spoluformuje nadosobní pamět' určitého kolektiva a současně je také prostorem pro individuální tvořivost znalců. Literární historiky, teoretiky, kritiky či učitele interpretuje jako aktivní účastníky řečových her, kteří musí své názory a koncepty formulovat a prosazovat v kooperaci a konkurenci s ostatními, (...) což je také nutí volit jisté role a strategie. A protože si je vědom také toho, že pravidla hry jsou v čase proměnná, zachycuje rovněž posuny v myšlení o literatuře od pozitivistického důrazu na fakta přes víru, že klíčem k poznání je volba správné metody, tedy obecně aplikovatelného postupu, až po současnou konceptuální literární vědu, která hodnotově preferuje jednorázové demonstrace novosti, kreativity a neopakovatelné jedinečnosti. Vychází v edici Literární řada. (shrink)
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A new theory of subjunctive conditionals.Pavel Tichý -1978 -Synthese 37 (3):433 - 457.detailsThe article offers a rigorous truth condition for subjunctively conditional statements. The theory is framed in the system of transparent intensional logic and takes connections (especially the cause-Effect relation) as basic. Counterexamples are given to rival theories based on the notion of world similarity.
On an Approach to the Philosophy of the Sacred.Pavel Krupkin -manuscriptdetailsThe study explores an approach to the philosophy of the sacred, tracing its presence from early recorded history to contemporary socio-political structures. The sacred is examined as a fundamental component of social organization, influencing social identities, institutions, and state legitimacy. -/- A key hypothesis introduced is the genetically determined centre of the sacred in the human brain, which evolved 50,000–70,000 years ago and functions archetypally, shaping emotions such as reverence, indignation at desecration, and numinous experiences. The sacred extends beyond traditional (...) religion into secular domains, including ideologies and eschatological narratives in modern societies. -/- The study also examines the role of trust and legitimacy in state stability, challenging N. Luhmann’s theory by arguing that trust operates beyond mere communication mechanisms and requires a fourth, sacred environment to maintain political order. The collapse of modern states (e.g., USSR, Libya, Syria) is linked to failures in reproducing trust. Furthermore, the paper introduces the concept of egregores – self-reproducing sacred structures that sustain collective belief systems, vital for the autopoiesis of political entities. -/- This work expands the philosophy of the sacred, linking it to macroevolutionary processes, the structuring of social identities, and the survival mechanisms of states. (shrink)
Henri Bergson a analytická filosofie.Pavel Arazim -2019 -Filosofie Dnes 11 (1).detailsHenri Bergson se za svého života těšil velké popularitě. Přes jistý ústup ze slávy jeho filosofie i v druhé polovině dvacátého století inspirovala např. Gillese Deleuze. Nicméně analytická filosofie Bergsonovi dosud mnoho pozornosti nevěnovala. Ačkoli na první pohled skutečně s analytickou filosofií nemá mnoho společného, najdeme v jeho díle některé myšlenky, které by si zasloužily, aby je analytická filosofie zhodnotila. Zaměříme se na Bergsonovo pojetí špatně položených otázek, které je v mnohém podobné pojetí logických pozitivistů. Dále navrhneme, v čem může (...) spočívat jeho přínos pro teorii pravidel a normativistickou teorii významu. Obě témata jsou zde především programaticky nastíněna, jejich hlubší rozpracování je úkol pro další práci. (shrink)
The Concept of the Meaning of life in the Critical Philosophy of A.I. Vvedensky.Pavel Vladimirov &Nato G. Khasaya -2021 -Studies in Transcendental Philosophy 2 (3).detailsThe article is devoted to identifying the concept of the meaning of life in the critical philosophy of A.I. Vvedensky, where special attention is paid to the methodological foundations and the historical and philosophical context. The formulation of the question about the meaning of life is one of the ultimate questions in philosophy, the answer to which makes it possible to determine the motives of human activity. In Vvedenskyʼs philosophy, the problem of goal-setting in life is revealed in the prism (...) of a key research intention – the construction of a scientifically revised worldview based on the principles of criticism. As a result, the question of life and its purpose is reduced to the formulation of the question of the logical permissibility and boundaries of questioning. The article attempts to reconstruct the philosopherʼs reasoning and identify the most significant definitions, which include morality, mental life, and the purpose of life. The disclosure of the concept of life in Vvedenskyʼs philosophy invariably requires consideration of the context in which the development of the philosopherʼs ideas takes place. Based on a comprehensive analysis, it is concluded that the concept of life is an extension of the main goal of Vvedenskyʼs research – the disclosure of the conditions for the formation of a reliable worldview, focused on the principles of scientific knowledge in accordance with moral values. Another important consequence is the provision on the priority of morality in relation to scientific and philosophical knowledge. The foundations of morality, to which the meaning of life belongs, can be presented only in a special form of applicability of critical reason – critical faith. Thus, the question of the specifics of critical metaphysics and the importance of differentiation of types and forms of faith in the work of the Russian neo-Kantian are clarified. (shrink)
Vlastné mená a aposteriórnosť výrokov o identite.Pavel Cmorej -2006 -Organon F: Medzinárodný Časopis Pre Analytickú Filozofiu 13 (4):481-494.detailsThe author of the article seeks to find an answer to the question whether it is possible to determine a priori the truth value of the statement „M = N“ where „M“ and „N“ are proper names of the same particular. He analyses the argumentation of the conception defending the positive answer to the question and tries to present arguments in favour of the opposite view. Let us suppose that the individual I is named by „M“ at time t1 and (...) by „N“ at time t2. If the individual changes considerably during the interval or presents us from quite different sides at t1 and t2, respectively , we will be unable to find out a priori, without certain empirical knowledge, whether M = N, although there were any doubts about the identity of the baptized individual neither at t1 nor at t2. (shrink)
Ethically responsible Global Sociology: conceptual framing of a new vision.Pavel Sorokin -2016 -Filosofija. Sociologija 27 (4).detailsThis paper begins by outlining the two-sided ‘ethical challenge’ that international sociology faces in the 21st century. First, formulating the ethical stance of a sociologist towards the subject of disciplinary inquiry and the potentially involved social groups. Second, elaborating the adequate research tools for studying the ethical dimension of globalizing social reality. We conduct a critical analysis of the current literature on these issues from the Global Sociology perspective. We show that the ‘value-involved’ Global Sociology is the only possible mode (...) of successful and appealing international disciplinary practice. However, existing ‘value-involved’ approaches are Eurocentric by nature and lack sensitivity to the ethically diverse global social reality. We propose the conceptual framing of ‘Ethically Responsible Global Sociology’ as a new vision of our discipline in the global world. (shrink)
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