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Results for 'Pat Hanrahan'

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  1. Cognitive design principles: From cognitive models to computer models.Barbara Tversky,Maneesh Agrawala,Julie Heiser,P. U. Lee,PatHanrahan,Doantam Phan,Chris Stolte &M. P. Daniele -2006 - In L. Magnani,Model Based Reasoning in Science and Engineering. College Publications.
  2.  12
    Posṭamôrṭam: saḍetoḍa gappā Ḍô. Ravī Bāpaṭa yāñcyāśī.Ravī Bāpaṭa -2011 - Puṇe: Manovikāsa Prakāśana. Edited by Sunīti Jaina.
    Critical analysis of the commercialization and malpractice current in the profession of medicine.
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  3.  45
    Enhanced recognition of defectors depends on their rarity.Pat Barclay -2008 -Cognition 107 (3):817-828.
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  4.  26
    Dear Pat, I'm sure were both getting pretty anxious to terminate this: I had really heaved a big sigh of relief, that I could get back to physics.Pat Hayes -unknown
    But still I think some account has to be given of the application of CM to tides and cannon balls etc. etc. It seems to me that Einstein's and Bohr's analysis was essentially correct: we make the connection, and thus apply the mathematical statements of CM to macroscopic features of the world about us, by constructing, within the mathematical framework,. macroscopic conglomerates of the elementary particles and fields that should have the general appearance of tides and billiard, looked at from (...) a distance, and that would respond to the probings of mathematical models of measuring devices, whose "pointers" we can see from afar, in the ways that waves and billiard balls do. I think a look at how CM has been used and applied since the time of Newton and Galileo shows that the mathematical theory is linked into our experiences of the world in this nonproblematic way, and that this correspondence at this nonproblematic level is part of classical mechanics in the broad sense in which it is understood by people who use it. (shrink)
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  5.  265
    Consciousness and modal empiricism.Rebecca RomanHanrahan -2009 -Philosophia 37 (2):281-306.
    David Chalmers supports his contention that there is a possible world populated by our zombie twins by arguing for the assumption that conceivability entails possibility. But, I argue, the modal epistemology he sets forth, ‘modal rationalism,’ ignores the problem of incompleteness and relies on an idealized notion of conceivability. As a consequence, this epistemology can’t justify our quotidian judgments of possibility, let alone those judgments that concern the mind/body connection. Working from the analogy that the imagination is to the possible (...) as perception is to the actual, I set forth a competing epistemology, ‘modal empiricism.’ This epistemology survives the incompleteness objection and allows some of our everyday modal judgments to be justified. But this epistemology can’t justify the claim that Zombie World is possible, which leaves Chalmers’s property dualism without the support it needs. (shrink)
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  6.  188
    Imagination and possibility.RebeccaHanrahan -2007 -Philosophical Forum 38 (2):125–146.
  7.  86
    Turning Kant against the priority of autonomy: Communication ethics and the duty to community.Pat J. Gehrke -2002 -Philosophy and Rhetoric 35 (1):1-21.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Philosophy and Rhetoric 35.1 (2002) 1-21 [Access article in PDF] Turning Kant Against the Priority of Autonomy: Communication Ethics and the Duty to Community Pat J. Gehrke Communication ethics scholars afford Immanuel Kant significantly less attention than one might expect. This may be because, as Robert Dostal notes, Kant argues that rhetoric merits no respect whatsoever (223). This rejection of rhetoric, Dostal writes, is grounded in the significant emphasis (...) given to Kant's concept of autonomy (232). The focus on autonomy and, hence, rhetoricians' relative neglect of Kant's ethical theory are both connected to the separation of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (hereinafter CPuR) from his subsequent ethical and moral philosophy. Kenneth Burke writes that Kant's first critique has no ethical implications, "no 'wills,' 'oughts,' 'shoulds,' or 'thou shalt nots'... nothing but an inevitable is, a description of conditions as they necessarily are for human experience" (191; emphasis in original). Such readings lose much of the richness and complexity of Kant's thought and tend instead to produce simple moral duties, such as Mike Markel's assertion that technical communicators must be truthful.Perhaps the most critical element of Kant's work lost in our focus on autonomy is his articulation of a ground for a duty to community. While Kant makes clear the importance of community for his metaphysics in the first critique (CPuR), the importance of community in Kant's moral philosophy often is overlooked. Some scholars claim that an ethical duty to community is either rejected by Kant's emphasis on the autonomy of will or simply ignored. This article combines a reading of Kant's metaphysics of experience with his moral philosophy to articulate a communication ethic grounded in community. This argument is made in three parts: first, the community of objects in experience—the Third Analogy of Experience—is an organizing principle of and a necessary condition for the possibility of all experience; second, this metaphysical principle of community is relevant [End Page 1] to community as developed in Kant's ethical writings; and finally, Kant's own work undermines the primacy of autonomy and better supports a communication ethic grounded in a duty to community.Scholars interested in Jurgen Habermas's theory of communicative action have special reason to take note of Kant's work. Kant is not only a figure that Habermas sees reflected in his own work, 1 but a constant point of contrast. Craig Calhoun writes that much of Habermas's own philosophy emerges by rejecting Kant's epistemology and elements of his metaphysics while still giving credence to Kantian moral philosophy (2). However, like most communication scholars and philosophers, Habermas believes that autonomy governs Kantian ethics: "Formalistic ethics (Kant) binds the criterion of generality of norms to the further criterion of autonomy, that is, independence from contingent motives" (Habermas, Legitimation 89). Since autonomy excludes or represses the contingent, if our readings of Kant give primacy to autonomy we leave little room for any notion of community as manifest in experience. In no small part, it is the criticism of Kant for privileging autonomy that has given Habermasians their break from Kantian ethics. However, if we turn to the first critique to guide our reading of the moral philosophy, there is another way to understand the role of autonomy and community in Kant's thought. By linking Kant's metaphysics with his moral philosophy, this article turns Kant away from the primacy of autonomy and uses Kant's own works to argue that autonomy is but one half of an antinomy that is organized under the principle of community. Thus, this article recuperates the possibility of deploying Kantian metaphysics and moral philosophy together as grounds for a communication ethic that privileges community and recovers the value of rhetoric.For rhetorical scholars, the resistance to the priority of autonomy may be related to the frequent expression of community through appeal to commonality, sameness, or identification. Today, feminist, race, postmodern, and poststructural communication scholars are questioning the value of commonality as a ground for ethics (e... (shrink)
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  8.  38
    Domain of processing and recognition memory for shapes.Pat-Anthony Federico -1980 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 16 (4):261-264.
  9.  80
    The Problem with Zombies.RebeccaHanrahan -2008 -Philosophy Now 67:25-27.
  10.  41
    Another Friend of Chesterton?Brenda O'Hanrahan -1994 -The Chesterton Review 20 (2/3):428-428.
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  11.  Philosophy and Historiography.Fariba Pat -2012 -پژوهشنامه فلسفه دین 2 (2):185-215.
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  12.  66
    The Actual and the Possible.RebeccaHanrahan -2017 -Journal of Philosophical Research 42:223-242.
    We can safely infer that a proposition is possible if p is the case. But, I argue, this inference from the actual to the possible is merely explicative in nature, though we employ it at times as if it were ampliative. To make this inference ampliative, we need to include an inference to the best explanation. Specifically, we can draw a substantive conclusion as to whether p is possible from the fact that p is the case, if via our best (...) explanation we can explain how p could occur again in the complete and coherent set of propositions that describes the actual world. (shrink)
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  13.  29
    Scientific discovery.Pat Langley,Herbert A. Simon,Gary L. Bradshaw &Jan M. Zytkow -1993 - In Alvin I. Goldman,Readings in Philosophy and Cognitive Science. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  14.  59
    Work-place democracy and political education[1].Pat White -1979 -Journal of Philosophy of Education 13 (1):5–20.
    Pat White; Work-place Democracy and Political Education [1], Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 13, Issue 1, 30 May 2006, Pages 5–20, https://doi.org/10.
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  15.  39
    “Áll Trádes, Their Gear and Tackle and Trim”: Theology, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Psychoneuroimmunology in Transversal Dialogue.Pat Bennett -2019 -Zygon 54 (1):129-148.
    This third of three articles outlining a different approach to science/religion dialogue generally and to engagement between theology and the neurosciences specifically, gives a brief account of the model in practice. It begins by introducing the question to be investigated—whether the experience of relational connection can affect health outcomes by directly moderating immune function. Then, employing the same threefold heuristic of encounter, exchange, and expression used previously, it discusses how the transversal model set out in these articles has been used (...) to investigate this question and to develop a theoretical physiological model for the proposed link between relationality and health. (shrink)
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  16.  4
    Domestic Relations Law: Searching For Ultimate Reality In A Penultimate World.Pat Cullen -2003 -Ultimate Reality and Meaning 26 (3):210-219.
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  17.  186
    Epistemology and possibility.RebeccaHanrahan -2005 -Dialogue 44 (4):627-652.
    ABSTRACT: Recently the discussion surrounding the conceivability thesis has been less about the link between conceivability and possibility per se and more about the requirements of a successful physicalist program. But before entering this debate it is necessary to consider whether conceivability provides us with even prima facie justification for our modal beliefs. I argue that two methods of conceiving—imagining that p and telling a story about p—can provide us with such justification, but only if certain requirements are met. To (...) make these arguments, I consider those of Paul Tidman, whose position I use as a foil.RÉSUMÉ: Dernièrement, le débat sur la thèse de la concevabilité a peu porté sur le lien entre la concevabilité et la possibilité per se et s’est plutôt intéressé aux conditions requises pour la réalisation du programme physicaliste. Toutefois, avant d’entrer dans ce débat, il est nécessaire de se demander si la concevabilité offre une justification même élémentaire des croyances modales. Je soutiens que deux méthodesde concevoir — imaginer que p et raconter une histoire à propos de p — sont susceptibles de nous fournir cette justification, mais seulement dans la limite de certaines conditions. À l’appui de mon propos, j’envisage la position de Paul Tidman, qui me sert de repoussoir. (shrink)
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  18. Creating and thinking critically.Pat Beckley -2018 - InThe philosophy and practice of outstanding early years provision. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
     
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  19.  65
    Highlighting hybridity: A critical discourse analysis of teacher talk in science classrooms.Mary U.Hanrahan -2006 -Science Education 90 (1):8-43.
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  20.  28
    John Wyclif's political activity.T. J.Hanrahan -1958 -Mediaeval Studies 20 (1):154-166.
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  21.  21
    Perec in the Pléiade.MairéadHanrahan -2020 -Paragraph 43 (2):230-239.
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  22.  97
    The Decision to Abort.RebeccaHanrahan -2007 -International Journal of Applied Philosophy 21 (1):25-41.
    Is a woman ever morally obligated to forgo an abortion for the sake of the man who has impregnated her? In “Fathers and Fetuses,” George Harris contends that in some situations women are so obligated. Harris argues that a woman who lies to her partner about her desire to have children, becomes pregnant, and then decides to abort, will, if she acts on this decision, violate her partner’s autonomy and harm him in so far as she will harm his fetus. (...) To avoid these wrongs, a woman must therefore carry this fetus to term. I argue that this conclusion depends on a principle for which Harris offers no argument, namely that the conditions under which a fetus is to be considered a man’s are the same conditions under which a fetus is to be considered a woman’s. Evaluating this principle andconsidering related cases leads to important conclusions about a parent’s relationship with the fetus. Specifically, I challenge the notion that we should ever consider a fetus ‘his’ or even ‘hers.’. (shrink)
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  23.  17
    VCAA Update Introducing Aus VELS.Pat Hincks -2011 -Ethos: Social Education Victoria 19 (1):6.
  24.  19
    The personal, the professional and the partner (ship): the husband/wife collaboration of Charles and Ray Eames.Pat Kirkham -1995 - In Beverley Skeggs,Feminist cultural theory: process and production. New York: Distributed exclusively in the USA and Canada by St. Martin's Press. pp. 207.
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  25.  34
    Leaving the garden of eden: linguistic and political authority in Thomas Hobbes.Pat Moloney -1997 -History of Political Thought 18 (2):242-266.
    An account of the transition from the Edenic to the state of nature discourse in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries has yet to be written. The contention of this paper is that Hobbes's work is a useful place to begin an investigation of this process of change. Though not the initiator of this transformation, Hobbes must take much of the credit for the eventual eclipse of one discourse by the other. An exposition of the Edenic discourse, kept alive (...) in the theological tracts of English divines, sets the proper context for an appreciation of Hobbes's state-of-nature scheme. As is made evident in a number of his Latin publications, Hobbes came to realize that the viability of his own narrative of political creation required the subversion of traditional glosses on Genesis. By attending to two particular features of the Edenic discourse that Hobbes sought to negate -- the language Adam spoke and the knowledge he possessed and transmitted to his posterity -- important connections are made with Hobbes's general theory of signs and his absolutist theory of sovereignty. (shrink)
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  26.  50
    Rawls, the lexical difference principle and equality.Pat Shaw -1992 -Philosophical Quarterly 42 (166):71-77.
  27.  26
    Development and phylogeny of arthropods.Pat Simpson -2006 -Bioessays 28 (2):223-224.
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  28.  47
    (1 other version)Because I Said So: Toward a Feminist Theory of Authority.RebeccaHanrahan &Louise Antony -2000 -Hypatia 20 (4):59-79.
    Feminism is an antiauthoritarian movement that has sought to unmask many traditional “authorities” as ungrounded. Given this, it might seem as if feminists are required to abandon the concept of authority altogether. But, we argue, the exercise of authority enables us to coordinate our efforts to achieve larger social goods and, hence, should be preserved. Instead, what is needed and what we provide for here is a way to distinguish legitimate authority from objectionable authoritarianism.
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  29.  178
    Building minds: solving the combination problem.Pat Lewtas -2017 -Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 60 (7):742-781.
    Any panpsychism building complex consciousness out of basic atoms of consciousness needs a theory of ‘mental chemistry’ explaining how this building works. This paper argues that split-brain patients show actual mental chemistry or at least give reasons for thinking it possible. The paper next develops constraints on theories of mental chemistry. It then puts forward models satisfying these constraints. The paper understands mental chemistry as a transformation consistent with conservation of consciousness rather than an aggregation perhaps followed by the creation (...) of something in addition. The paper suggests that this kind of mental chemistry alone yields a workable panpsychism. (shrink)
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  30.  64
    Education, democracy and the public interest.Pat White -1971 -Journal of Philosophy of Education 5 (1):7–28.
    Pat White; Education, Democracy and the Public Interest, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 5, Issue 1, 30 May 2006, Pages 7–28, https://doi.org/10.1111.
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  31.  30
    Scientific discovery, causal explanation, and process model induction.Pat Langley -2019 -Mind and Society 18 (1):43-56.
    In this paper, I review two related lines of computational research: discovery of scientific knowledge and causal models of scientific phenomena. I also report research on quantitative process models that falls at the intersection of these two themes. This framework represents models as a set of interacting processes, each with associated differential equations that express influences among variables. Simulating such a quantitative process model produces trajectories for variables over time that one can compare to observations. Background knowledge about candidate processes (...) enables search through the space of model structures and associated parameters to find explanations of time-series data. I discuss the representation of such process models, their use for prediction and explanation, and their discovery through heuristic search, along with their interpretation as causal accounts of dynamic behavior. (shrink)
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  32.  64
    Dog Duty.RebeccaHanrahan -2007 -Society and Animals 15 (4):379-399.
    Burgess-Jackson argues that the duties we have to our companion animals are similar to the duties we have to our children. Specifically, he argues that a person who takes custody of either a nonhuman animal or a child elevates the moral status of the child or animal, endowing each with rights neither had before. These rights obligate that person to provide for the well being of the creature—animal or child—in question. This paper offers two arguments against this position. First, a (...) creature's rights rest solely on the creature's intrinsic properties. Thus, the person taking custody of a creature does not endow the creature with new rights. Rather, the custodian assumes the responsibilities associated with ensuring that the creature's rights are protected and preserved. Second, our children possess intrinsic properties and, hence, rights—most important, the right to life—that our pets lack. This difference undermines the analogy on which Burgess-Jackson's argument depends. Our pets are not like our children, as Burgess-Jackson claims. Instead, they are more akin to our slaves. (shrink)
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  33.  103
    Proximate and ultimate causes of punishment and strong reciprocity.Pat Barclay &Francesco Guala -2012 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35 (1):16.
    While admirable, Guala's discussion of reciprocity suffers from a confusion between proximate causes (psychological mechanisms triggering behaviour) and ultimate causes (evolved function of those psychological mechanisms). Because much work on commits this error, I clarify the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of cooperation and punishment. I also caution against hasty rejections of of experimental evidence.
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  34.  66
    Toward a phenomenology of congenital illness: a case of single-ventricle heart disease.Pat McConville -2021 -Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 24 (4):587-595.
    Phenomenology has contributed to healthcare by providing resources for understanding the lived experience of the patient and their situation. But within a burgeoning literature on the characteristic features of illness, there has not yet been an account appropriate to describe congenital illnesses: conditions which are present from birth and cause suffering or medical threat to their bearers. Congenital illness sits uncomfortably with standard accounts in phenomenology of illness, in which concepts such as loss, doubt, alienation and unhomelikeness presuppose prior health. (...) These accounts reflect, in different ways, Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s assumption that the ways of living of the ill contain allusions to fundamental, healthy functions. The originality of congenital illness complicates this assumption and demands its own original phenomenology. In this paper, I sketch my personal experience living with a single-ventricle heart condition. While some of this story may reflect my own idiosyncratic experience, I hope that much of it will resonate with the congenital illness experience. I argue that the phenomenological literature on illness, grounded in the notion of loss, does not describe the congenital illness experience. I show how a number of other patient-centred theories of health and illness which have been influential on phenomenology can and cannot elucidate congenital illness. In particular, I consider Georges Canguilhem’s account of the normal and the pathological; debates in disability; and the notion of illness as biographical disruption. I show that congenital illness results in the preadmission of its patients to a paradoxical logic of medical palliation, one product of which is existential maturity. (shrink)
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  35.  49
    Data‐Driven Discovery of Physical Laws.Pat Langley -1981 -Cognitive Science 5 (1):31-54.
    BACON.3 is a production system that discovers empirical laws. Although it does not attempt to model the human discovery process in detail, it incorporates some general heuristics that can lead to discovery in a number of domains. The main heuristics detect constancies and trends in data, and lead to the formulation of hypotheses and the definition of theoretical terms. Rather than making a hard distinction between data and hypotheses, the program represents information at varying levels of description. The lowest levels (...) correspond to direct observations, while the highest correspond to hypotheses that explain everything so for observed. To take advantage of this representation, BACON.3 has the ability to carry out and relate multiple experiments, collapse hypotheses with identical conditions, ignore differences to let similar concepts be treated as equal, and to discover and ignore irrelevant variables. BACON.3 has shown its generality by rediscovering versions of the ideal gas law, Kepler's third law of planetary motion, Coulomb's law, Ohm's law, and Galileo's laws for the pendulum and constant acceleration. (shrink)
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  36.  53
    Pathways to abnormal revenge and forgiveness.Pat Barclay -2013 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (1):17-18.
    The target article's important point is easily misunderstood to claim that all revenge is adaptive. Revenge and forgiveness can overstretch the bounds of utility due to misperceptions, minimization of costly errors, a breakdown within our evolved revenge systems, or natural genetic and developmental variation. Together, these factors can compound to produce highly abnormal instances of revenge and forgiveness.
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  37. The contemporary early years world.Pat Beckley -2018 - InThe philosophy and practice of outstanding early years provision. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
     
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  38.  49
    In Praise of Critical Criminology.Pat Carlen -2005 -Outlines 7 (2):83-90.
    This short essay examines the relationship between academic research and policy with particular emphasis on the question of whether a critical criminology can engage in academic critique at the same time as engaging in policy oriented research. Recognising that critical criminology falls between theory and politics criminologists are urged to adopt pragmatic, strategic positions as they negotiate their role in contentious debates and practical minefields. It is concluded that a critical criminology must try not only to think the unthinkable about (...) crime, but also to speak the unspeakable about the conditions in which and by which it is known. (shrink)
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  39.  59
    Countersigning Painting: Hélène Cixous's Art of Writing about Painting.MairéadHanrahan -2009 -The European Legacy 14 (1):5-17.
    Hélène Cixous has written a substantial body of writings about art. This article borrows Derrida's conception of the countersignature to explore the relationship she envisages in them between the plastic arts and writing. It argues that the works to which Cixous is drawn, many of which involve copying words, are driven by the desire to capture what is essentially uncapturable in the artist's idiom. Recognizing in them a displacement of her own concerns, Cixous suggests in these texts that all art (...) speaks a common language in so far as it represents the same attempt to pass beyond its own limits, visual or verbal. Writing and painting are thus as much translations of each other as one language is of another. In particular, their status as translations or copies profoundly troubles the possibility of determining the signatory of the text. (shrink)
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  40.  63
    Lin Yutang and Chesterton.K. L.Hanrahan -2002 -The Chesterton Review 28 (3):440-441.
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  41.  125
    Negative composition.Nancy WeissHanrahan -1989 -Philosophy and Social Criticism 15 (3):273-290.
  42.  18
    Historical Aspects of Standard Negation in Semitic. By Ambjörn Sjörs.Na'ama Pat-El -2022 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 141 (3).
    Historical Aspects of Standard Negation in Semitic. By Ambjörn Sjörs. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, vol. 91. Leiden: Brill, 2018. Pp. xv + 478. $140.
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  43.  18
    Languages from the World of the Bible. Edited by Holger Gzella.Na'ama Pat-El -2021 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 134 (3):525-527.
    Languages from the World of the Bible. Edited by Holger Gzella. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2012. $112.
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  44.  13
    Word Order in the Biblical Hebrew Final Clause. By Adina Moshavi.Na'ama Pat-El -2021 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 133 (4).
    Word Order in the Biblical Hebrew Final Clause. By Adina Moshavi. Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic, vol. 4. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2010. Pp. xvii + 204. $42.50.
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  45.  208
    What Will Consumers Pay for Social Product Features?Pat Auger,Paul Burke,Timothy M. Devinney &Jordan J. Louviere -2003 -Journal of Business Ethics 42 (3):281 - 304.
    The importance of ethical consumerism to many companies worldwide has increased dramatically in recent years. Ethical consumerism encompasses the importance of non-traditional and social components of a company's products and business process to strategic success - such as environmental protectionism, child labor practices and so on. The present paper utilizes a random utility theoretic experimental design to provide estimates of the relative value selected consumers place on the social features of products.
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  46.  11
    Why can't there be peace in the world?: children's questions for God.Pat Fosarelli -2024 - Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
    If children could ask God one question, what would it be? Johns Hopkins pediatrician Pat Fosarelli surveyed 9,000 children over a fifteen-year period, and their responses illuminate the hopes, dreams, anxieties, and fears of a future generation.
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  47.  40
    Abductive understanding of dialogues about joint activities.Pat Langley,Ben Meadows,Alfredo Gabaldon &Richard Heald -2014 -Interaction Studies 15 (3):426-454.
    This paper examines the task of understanding dialogues in terms of the mental states of the participating agents. We present a motivating example that clarifies the challenges this problem involves and then outline a theory of dialogue interpretation based on abductive inference of these unobserved beliefs and goals, incremental construction of explanations, and reliance on domain-independent knowledge. After this, we describe UMBRA, an implementation of the theory that embodies these assumptions. We report experiments with the system that demonstrate its ability (...) to accurately infer the conversants’ mental states even when some speech acts are unavailable. We conclude by reviewing related research on dialogue and discussing avenues for future study. (shrink)
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  48.  28
    The Postponed Withholding Model: An Autoethnographic Analysis.Pat Tissington -2022 -American Journal of Bioethics 22 (11):33-35.
    This peer commentary opens with setting the context for decisions on the edge of viability through an autoethnographic account (Bochner and Ellis 2016) of the author’s experience of such a situatio...
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  49.  150
    Do What Consumers Say Matter? The Misalignment of Preferences with Unconstrained Ethical Intentions.Pat Auger &Timothy M. Devinney -2007 -Journal of Business Ethics 76 (4):361-383.
    Nearly all studies of consumers’ willingness to engage in ethical or socially responsible purchasing behavior is based on unconstrained survey response methods. In the present article we ask the question of how well does asking consumers the extent to which they care about a specific social or ethical issue relate to how they would behave in a more constrained environment where there is no socially acceptable response. The results of a comparison between traditional survey questions of “intention to purchase” and (...) estimates of individuals willingness-to-pay for social attributes in products reveal that simple survey questions are too “noisy” to provide operationally meaningful information and overstate intentions to a considerable extent. (shrink)
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    Learning to Search: From Weak Methods to Domain‐Specific Heuristics.Pat Langley -1985 -Cognitive Science 9 (2):217-260.
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