Results for 'Nir Lipovetzky'
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- Fast and accurate data-driven goal recognition using process mining techniques.Zihang Su,Artem Polyvyanyy,NirLipovetzky,Sebastian Sardiña &Nick van Beest -2023 -Artificial Intelligence 323 (C):103973.
- Width-based search for multi agent privacy-preserving planning.Alfonso E. Gerevini,NirLipovetzky,Francesco Percassi,Alessandro Saetti &Ivan Serina -2023 -Artificial Intelligence 318 (C):103883.
- Inequalities in Health: Concepts, Measures, and Ethics.Nir Eyal,Samia A. Hurst,Ole F. Norheim &Dan Wikler (eds.) -2013 - Oxford University Press.Which inequalities in longevity and health among individuals, groups, and nations are unfair? And what priority should health policy attach to narrowing them? These essays by philosophers, economists, epidemiologists, and physicians attempt to determine how health inequalities should be conceptualized, measured, ranked, and evaluated.No categories
- Informed consent.Nir Eyal -2017 - In Peter Schaber & Andreas Müller,The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Consent. New York, NY: Routledge.
- A Relativistic Theory of Consciousness.Nir Lahav &Zachariah A. Neemeh -2022 -Frontiers in Psychology 12.In recent decades, the scientific study of consciousness has significantly increased our understanding of this elusive phenomenon. Yet, despite critical development in our understanding of the functional side of consciousness, we still lack a fundamental theory regarding its phenomenal aspect. There is an “explanatory gap” between our scientific knowledge of functional consciousness and its “subjective,” phenomenal aspects, referred to as the “hard problem” of consciousness. The phenomenal aspect of consciousness is the first-person answer to “what it’s like” question, and it (...) has thus far proved recalcitrant to direct scientific investigation. Naturalistic dualists argue that it is composed of a primitive, private, non-reductive element of reality that is independent from the functional and physical aspects of consciousness. Illusionists, on the other hand, argue that it is merely a cognitive illusion, and that all that exists are ultimately physical, non-phenomenal properties. We contend that both the dualist and illusionist positions are flawed because they tacitly assume consciousness to be an absolute property that doesn’t depend on the observer. We develop a conceptual and a mathematical argument for a relativistic theory of consciousness in which a system either has or doesn’t have phenomenal consciousness with respect to some observer. Phenomenal consciousness is neither private nor delusional, just relativistic. In the frame of reference of the cognitive system, it will be observable and in other frame of reference it will not. These two cognitive frames of reference are both correct, just as in the case of an observer that claims to be at rest while another will claim that the observer has constant velocity. Given that consciousness is a relativistic phenomenon, neither observer position can be privileged, as they both describe the same underlying reality. Based on relativistic phenomena in physics we developed a mathematical formalization for consciousness which bridges the explanatory gap and dissolves the hard problem. Given that the first-person cognitive frame of reference also offers legitimate observations on consciousness, we conclude by arguing that philosophers can usefully contribute to the science of consciousness by collaborating with neuroscientists to explore the neural basis of phenomenal structures. (shrink)
- Obamacare and Conscientious Objection.Nir Eyal &Axel Gosseries -2013 -Ethical Perspectives 20 (1):109-117.
- Moral Luck and the Criminal Law.Nir Eisikovits -2005 - In Joseph Keim Campbell, Michael O'Rourke & David Shier,Law and social justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 105--124.
- On Prevalence and Prudence.Nir Eyal -2024 - In Ben Davies, Gabriel De Marco, Neil Levy & Julian Savulescu,Responsibility and Healthcare. Oxford University Press USA. pp. 103-125.John Roemer’s pragmatic proposal for luck-egalitarian planners normalizes risky choices for individuals’ social “types,” such that risk takers from types where the same risky behaviors are prevalent retain their just entitlements to societal redress, and ones from types where they are rare encounter just penalties. This chapter shows, however, that risky behaviors that are prevalent in one’s type do not always intuitively retain rights to redress, and that ones that are rare in one’s type do not always intuitively deserve a (...) penalty. The chapter puts forth a pragmatic proposal that may complement and partly replace Roemer’s. (shrink)No categories
- Feeling and factuality : K.C. Bhattacharyya's reflections on Śaṅkara's Doctrine of Māyā.Nir Feinberg -2023 - In Elise Coquereau-Saouma & Daniel Raveh,The Making of Contemporary Indian Philosophy: Krishnachandra Bhattacharyya. New York, NY: Routledge.Export citation
Bookmark - I'm in the east, but my law is from the west" : the east-west dilemma in the Israeli mixed legal system.Nir Kedar -2015 - In Vernon V. Palmer, Muḥammad Yaḥyá Maṭar & Anna Koppel,Mixed legal systems, east and west. Burlington, VT, USA: Ashgate.Export citation Bookmark
- ha-Meri ha-ṭragi: Adorno ṿeha-lo mudaʻ ha-ḥevrati bi-yetsirat ha-omanut ha-modernit = The tragic rebellion: Adorno and the social unconscious in the creation of modern art.Tidhar Nir -2016 - Yerushalayim: Karmel.No categories
- Is the Body Special? Review of Cécile Fabre, Whose Body is it Anyway? Justice and the Integrity of the Person: Nir Eyal.Nir Eyal -2009 -Utilitas 21 (2):233-245.Both left libertarians, who support the redistribution of income and wealth through taxation, and right libertarians, who oppose redistributive taxation, share an important view: that, looming catastrophes aside, the state must never redistribute any part of our body or our person without our consent. Cécile Fabre rejects that view. For her, just as the undeservedly poor have a just claim to money from their fellow citizens in order to lead a minimally flourishing life, the undeservedly ‘medically poor’ have a just (...) claim to help from fellow citizens in order to lead such a life. Such obligatory help may in principle involve even the supply of body parts for transplantation. The state ought to exact such resources from the medically rich whenever doing so would secure the prospect of a minimally flourishing life to the medically poor without denying that prospect to anyone else. Fabre criticizes Ronald Dworkin's belief in ‘a prophylactic line that comes close to making the body inviolate, that is, making body parts not parts of social resources at all’. For her, ‘Duties to help. . . do not stop at material resources: they involve the body. . . in invasive ways’. (shrink)
- Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology.Yuval Nir &Giulio Tononi -2010 -Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14 (2):88-100.Dreams are a remarkable experiment in psychology and neuroscience, conducted every night in every sleeping person. They show that the human brain, disconnected from the environment, can generate an entire world of conscious experiences by itself. Content analysis and developmental studies have promoted understanding of dream phenomenology. In parallel, brain lesion studies, functional imaging and neurophysiology have advanced current knowledge of the neural basis of dreaming. It is now possible to start integrating these two strands of research to address fundamental (...) questions that dreams pose for cognitive neuroscience: how conscious experiences in sleep relate to underlying brain activity; why the dreamer is largely disconnected from the environment; and whether dreaming is more closely related to mental imagery or to perception. (shrink)
- Using informed consent to save trust.Nir Eyal -2014 -Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (7):437-444.Increasingly, bioethicists defend informed consent as a safeguard for trust in caretakers and medical institutions. This paper discusses an ‘ideal type’ of that move. What I call the trust-promotion argument for informed consent states:1. Social trust, especially trust in caretakers and medical institutions, is necessary so that, for example, people seek medical advice, comply with it, and participate in medical research.2. Therefore, it is usually wrong to jeopardise that trust.3. Coercion, deception, manipulation and other violations of standard informed consent requirements (...) seriously jeopardise that trust.4. Thus, standard informed consent requirements are justified.This article describes the initial promise of this argument, then identifies challenges to it. As I show, the value of trust fails to account for some commonsense intuitions about informed consent. We should revise the argument, commonsense morality, or both. (shrink)
- Hundertwasser – Inspiration for Environmental Ethics: Reformulating the Ecological Self.Nir Barak -2017 -Environmental Values 26 (3):317-342.This article analyses and interprets the works of Friedensreich Hundertwasser (1928–2000) as a source of inspiration for environmental ethics and offers an extended model of the Ecological Self based on an interpretation of his works. Hundertwasser was a prominent Jewish-Austrian artist and environmental activist, yet despite his commitment to environmental issues, he has not received the attention he deserves from the environmental ethics community. His works and writings suggest a critique and reformulation of the well-known concept of the Ecological Self. (...) This concept implies that humans are essentially embedded in the natural world – that the Self is porous and open rather than disengaged and atomistic. This article suggests an alternative, holistic and extended version of this concept. It assesses and incorporates additional layers found between humans and nature – clothing, architecture, urban environments, and social and political environments. (shrink)
- What cities can teach us about environmental political theory in the anthropocene.Nir Barak -2019 - In Manuel Arias-Maldonado & Zev Matthew Trachtenberg,Rethinking the environment for the anthropocene: political theory and socionatural relations in the new geological epoch. New York, NY: Routledge.Export citation Bookmark
- Poverty : poverty-reduction, incentives, and the brighter side of false needs.Nir Eyal -2007 - In Jesper Ryberg, Thomas S. Petersen & Clark Wolf,New waves in applied ethics. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.Export citation Bookmark
- Brain, mind and machine: What are the implications of deep brain stimulation for perceptions of personal identity, agency and free will?Nir Lipsman &Walter Glannon -2012 -Bioethics 27 (9):465-470.Brain implants, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), which are designed to improve motor, mood and behavioural pathology, present unique challenges to our understanding of identity, agency and free will. This is because these devices can have visible effects on persons' physical and psychological properties yet are essentially undetectable when operating correctly. They can supplement and compensate for one's inherent abilities and faculties when they are compromised by neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, unlike talk therapy or pharmacological treatments, patients need not ‘do’ (...) anything for the treatment to take effect. If one accepts, as we argue here, that brain implants are unique among implantable types of devices, then this can have significant implications for what it means to persist as the same person and be the source of one's thoughts and actions. By examining two of the most common indications for DBS in current use, namely in the motor (Parkinson's Disease) and psychiatric (Major Depression) domains, we further argue that although DBS, as it is currently applied, does not necessarily represent a unique threat to personal identity and agency per se, it introduces an unprecedented ‘third party’ into the debate on these concepts. In this way, DBS can be used as a tool to begin probing, both conceptually and empirically, some of philosophy's most perennial metaphysical questions. (shrink)
- Teleofunction in the Service of Computational Individuation.Nir Fresco,Marc Artiga &Marty J. Wolf -unknownOne type of computational indeterminacy arises from partitioning a system’s physical state space into state types that correspond to the abstract state types underlying the computation concerned. The mechanistic individuative strategy posits that computation can be uniquely identified through either narrow physical properties exclusively or wide, proximal properties. The semantic strategy posits that computation should be uniquely identified through semantic properties. We develop, and defend, an alternative functional individuative strategy that appeals—when needed—to wide, distal functions. We claim that there is (...) no actual computation outside of a functional context. Desiderata for the underlying notion of teleofunction are discussed. (shrink)No categories
- Truth and the Limits of Ethical Thought: Reading Wittgenstein with Diamond.Gilad Nir -2023 - In Jens Pier,Limits of Intelligibility: Issues from Kant and Wittgenstein. London: Routledge.This chapter investigates how a reading of Wittgenstein along the lines laid out by Cora Diamond makes room for a novel approach to ethical truth. Following Diamond, I develop the connection between the kinds of elucidatory propositions by means of which we spell out and maintain the shape of our theoretical thinking, such as “‘someone’ is not the name of someone” and “five plus seven equals twelve,” and the kind of propositions by means of which we spell out and maintain (...) the shape of ethical thinking, such as “slavery is unjust.” As Diamond points out in connection with the last example, this is a proposition that we take to be an undeniable truth; for anyone who would attempt to negate it would become unintelligible to us. In this sense this ethical truth spells out the limits of ethical thinking. And yet what counts as coherent thought about such matters tends to shift over time. Indeed the great difficulty of overcoming ethical disagreements has to do with the fact that what is at stake in them is not just the content, but the form and limits of thought. Nonetheless, Diamond proposes that ethical propositions may count as genuine truths. For this to make sense, a middle path between realism and relativism must be found. In order to show how this is possible, and in order to defend Diamond’s view, I propose to approach ethical truth by means of a disjunctivist strategy. On this approach, while we, just as much as our interlocutor, may at times be misled in our ethical thinking, and while we may at times fail to shape our ethical thought in ways that prevent us from gaining clarity on ethical matters, this does not detract from the fact that we may at times be right, and that we may then genuinely possess ethical truth. (shrink)
- Measuring the Global Burden of Disease: Philosophical Dimensions.Nir Eyal,Samia A. Hurst,Christopher J. L. Murray,S. Andrew Schroeder &Daniel Wikler (eds.) -2020 - New York, USA: Oup Usa.The Global Burden of Disease Study is one of the largest-scale research collaborations in global health, producing critical data for researchers, policy-makers, and health workers about more than 350 diseases, injuries, and risk factors. Such an undertaking is, of course, extremely complex from an empirical perspective. But it also raises complex ethical and philosophical questions. In this volume, a group of leading philosophers, economists, epidemiologists, and policy scholars identify and discuss these philosophical questions. Better appreciating the philosophical dimensions of a (...) study like the GBD can make possible a more sophisticated interpretation of its results, and it can improve epidemiological studies in the future, so that they are better suited to produce results that help us to improve global health. (shrink)
- The Explanatory Role of Computation in Cognitive Science.Nir Fresco -2012 -Minds and Machines 22 (4):353-380.Which notion of computation (if any) is essential for explaining cognition? Five answers to this question are discussed in the paper. (1) The classicist answer: symbolic (digital) computation is required for explaining cognition; (2) The broad digital computationalist answer: digital computation broadly construed is required for explaining cognition; (3) The connectionist answer: sub-symbolic computation is required for explaining cognition; (4) The computational neuroscientist answer: neural computation (that, strictly, is neither digital nor analogue) is required for explaining cognition; (5) The extreme (...) dynamicist answer: computation is not required for explaining cognition. The first four answers are only accurate to a first approximation. But the “devil” is in the details. The last answer cashes in on the parenthetical “if any” in the question above. The classicist argues that cognition is symbolic computation. But digital computationalism need not be equated with classicism. Indeed, computationalism can, in principle, range from digital (and analogue) computationalism through (the weaker thesis of) generic computationalism to (the even weaker thesis of) digital (or analogue) pancomputationalism. Connectionism, which has traditionally been criticised by classicists for being non-computational, can be plausibly construed as being either analogue or digital computationalism (depending on the type of connectionist networks used). Computational neuroscience invokes the notion of neural computation that may (possibly) be interpreted as a sui generis type of computation. The extreme dynamicist argues that the time has come for a post-computational cognitive science. This paper is an attempt to shed some light on this debate by examining various conceptions and misconceptions of (particularly digital) computation. (shrink)
- Subjective logic and arguing with evidence.Nir Oren,Timothy J. Norman &Alun Preece -2007 -Artificial Intelligence 171 (10-15):838-854.
- Precommitting to Serve the Underserved.Nir Eyal &Till Bärnighausen -2012 -American Journal of Bioethics 12 (5):23-34.In many countries worldwide, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, a shortage of physicians limits the provision of lifesaving interventions. One existing strategy to increase the number of physicians in areas of critical shortage is conditioning medical school scholarships on a precommitment to work in medically underserved areas later. Current practice is usually to demand only one year of service for each year of funded studies. We show the effectiveness of scholarships conditional on such precommitment for increasing physician supplies in underserved areas. (...) Then we defend these scholarships against ethical worries that they constitute slavery contracts; rely on involuntary, biased, or unauthorized early consent by a young signatory; put excessive strains on signed commitments; give rise to domination; and raise suspicion of slavery contracts. Importantly, we find that scholarships involving far longer commitment than current practice allows would also withstand these worries. Policymakers should consider introducing conditional scholarships, including long-term versions, as a means to increasing the supply of physicians to medically underserved areas. (shrink)
- Eyes wide open: Regulation of arousal by temporal expectations.Nir Shalev &Anna C. Nobre -2022 -Cognition 224 (C):105062.
- First-order conditional logic for default reasoning revisited.Nir Friedman,Joseph Halpern,Koller Y. & Daphne -2000 -Acm Trans. Comput. Logic 1 (2):175--207.
- Are Rules of Inference Superfluous? Wittgenstein vs. Frege and Russell.Gilad Nir -2021 -Teorema: International Journal of Philosophy 40 (2):45-61.In Tractatus 5.132 Wittgenstein argues that inferential justification depends solely on the understanding of the premises and conclusion, and is not mediated by any further act. On this basis he argues that Frege’s and Russell’s rules of inference are “senseless” and “superfluous”. This line of argument is puzzling, since it is unclear that there could be any viable account of inference according to which no such mediation takes place. I show that Wittgenstein’s rejection of rules of inference can be motivated (...) by taking account of his holistic construal of the relation between inference and understanding. (shrink)
- A Revised Attack on Computational Ontology.Nir Fresco &Phillip J. Staines -2014 -Minds and Machines 24 (1):101-122.There has been an ongoing conflict regarding whether reality is fundamentally digital or analogue. Recently, Floridi has argued that this dichotomy is misapplied. For any attempt to analyse noumenal reality independently of any level of abstraction at which the analysis is conducted is mistaken. In the pars destruens of this paper, we argue that Floridi does not establish that it is only levels of abstraction that are analogue or digital, rather than noumenal reality. In the pars construens of this paper, (...) we reject a classification of noumenal reality as a deterministic discrete computational system. We show, based on considerations from classical physics, why a deterministic computational view of the universe faces problems (e.g., a reversible computational universe cannot be strictly deterministic). (shrink)
- Non-Consequentialist Utilitarianism.Nir Eyal -2014 -Ethics and Economics 11 (2).No categories
- What is it like to be a bird? : Wikler and Brock on the ethics of population health.Nir Eyal -2008 - In Ronald Michael Green, Aine Donovan & Steven A. Jauss,Global bioethics: issues of conscience for the twenty-first century. New York: Oxford University Press.Export citation Bookmark
- ha-Yom atem yotsʼim: ʻiyune daʻat ṿa-lev le-ḥag ha-ḥerut ule-khol ha-shanah = On this day you go forth.Elḥanan Nir -2022 - Rishon le-Tsiyon: Sifre ḥemed."היום אתם יצאים עוסק בתכנים הבסיסיים של חג היווצרות העם היהודי - חג החירות. הוא מוצא בהם ממדים חדשים של עומק ורלוונטיות וקושר את השאלות שמעלה החג לאלו העומדות במרכז השיח הציבורי בימינו: משמעות הגיור, אנטישמיות, רוחניות וגבולות ההלכה, מקום המסורת וזיכרון העבר ביחס לאתגרי ההווה, חיים בטבע למול חיים אורבניים ועוד.פרקי היום אתם יצאים נוגעים בנושאים גדולים בשפה אישית ומלאת לב והופכים את המפגש עם החג למסע מקורי בשאלות הזהות הקיומיות ביותר שלנו. הספר מתחיל בפסוקי המקרא, בדברי חז"ל ופוסקי (...) ההלכה, מצרף אליהם את תורות המקובלים והחסידים ואת מחשבת הרב קוק והרב שג"ר ומשלב בהם עושר ספרותי, פילוסופי ופסיכולוגי.". (shrink)
- Information Processing as an Account of Concrete Digital Computation.Nir Fresco -2013 -Philosophy and Technology 26 (1):31-60.It is common in cognitive science to equate computation (and in particular digital computation) with information processing. Yet, it is hard to find a comprehensive explicit account of concrete digital computation in information processing terms. An information processing account seems like a natural candidate to explain digital computation. But when ‘information’ comes under scrutiny, this account becomes a less obvious candidate. Four interpretations of information are examined here as the basis for an information processing account of digital computation, namely Shannon (...) information, algorithmic information, factual information and instructional information. I argue that any plausible account of concrete computation has to be capable of explaining at least the three key algorithmic notions of input, output and procedures. Whist algorithmic information fares better than Shannon information, the most plausible candidate for an information processing account is instructional information. (shrink)
- “In a certain sense we cannot make mistakes in logic”: Wittgenstein’s Anti-Psychologism and the Normativity of Logic.Gilad Nir -2021 -Disputatio 10 (18):165-185.Wittgenstein’s Tractatus construes the nature of reasoning in a manner which sharply conflicts with the conventional wisdom that logic is normative, not descriptive of thought. For although we sometimes seem to reason incorrectly, Wittgenstein denies that we can make logical mistakes (5.473). My aim in this paper is to show that the Tractatus provides us with good reasons to rethink some of the central assumptions that are standardly made in thinking about the relation between logic and thought. In particular, the (...) rejection of logical mistakes is to be understood in connection with Wittgenstein’s non-psychological approach to the thinking subject (5.641). On Wittgenstein's view, inference, understanding, and meaning are holistically related; cases of defective reasoning are to be explained in terms of a defective grasp of meaning which manifests in an indeterminate use of signs. Invalid reasoning therefore does not count for Wittgenstein as a species of reasoning, but rather as the mere illusion of reasoning. The rejection of logical mistakes thus gives voice to a radical disjunctivist approach. (shrink)
- The emerging role of Big Data in key development issues: Opportunities, challenges, and concerns.Nir Kshetri -2014 -Big Data and Society 1 (2).This paper presents a review of academic literature, policy documents from government organizations and international agencies, and reports from industries and popular media on the trends in Big Data utilization in key development issues and its worthwhileness, usefulness, and relevance. By looking at Big Data deployment in a number of key economic sectors, it seeks to provide a better understanding of the opportunities and challenges of using it for addressing key issues facing the developing world. It reviews the uses of (...) Big Data in agriculture and farming activities in developing countries to assess the capabilities required at various levels to benefit from Big Data. It also provides insights into how the current digital divide is associated with and facilitated by the pattern of Big Data diffusion and its effective use in key development areas. It also discusses the lessons that developing countries can learn from the utilization of Big Data in big corporations as well as in other activities in industrialized countries. (shrink)No categories
- Glory, humiliation, and the drive to war.Nir Eisikovits -2024 - New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.If wars are so bad, why do we keep fighting? Drawing on philosophy, psychology, history, and literature to explain how political leaders exploit old resentments and injuries to fuel new conflicts, this book argues that feelings of political humiliation and promises of glory are central in the drive to war.
- A Deleuzian Critique of Queer Thought: Overcoming Sexuality.Nir Kedem -2024 - Edinburgh University Press.Offers a forceful encounter between Deleuze's work and contemporary queer thought to provide both critical and practical means to re-evaluate and rework key concepts and methods, especially sexuality.
- Introduction: Prophetism and the Problem of Betrayal.Nir Kedem -2011 -Deleuze and Guatarri Studies 5 (Suppl):1-6.
- The indeterminacy of computation.Nir Fresco,B. Jack Copeland &Marty J. Wolf -2021 -Synthese 199 (5-6):12753-12775.Do the dynamics of a physical system determine what function the system computes? Except in special cases, the answer is no: it is often indeterminate what function a given physical system computes. Accordingly, care should be taken when the question ‘What does a particular neuronal system do?’ is answered by hypothesising that the system computes a particular function. The phenomenon of the indeterminacy of computation has important implications for the development of computational explanations of biological systems. Additionally, the phenomenon lends (...) some support to the idea that a single neuronal structure may perform multiple cognitive functions, each subserved by a different computation. We provide an overarching conceptual framework in order to further the philosophical debate on the nature of computational indeterminacy and computational explanation. (shrink)No categories
- Mechanistic Computational Individuation without Biting the Bullet.Nir Fresco &Marcin Miłkowski -2021 -British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 72 (2):431-438.Is the mathematical function being computed by a given physical system determined by the system’s dynamics? This question is at the heart of the indeterminacy of computation phenomenon (Fresco et al. [unpublished]). A paradigmatic example is a conventional electrical AND-gate that is often said to compute conjunction, but it can just as well be used to compute disjunction. Despite the pervasiveness of this phenomenon in physical computational systems, it has been discussed in the philosophical literature only indirectly, mostly with reference (...) to the debate over realism about physical computation and computationalism. A welcome exception is Dewhurst’s ([2018]) recent analysis of computational individuation under the mechanistic framework. He rejects the idea of appealing to semantic properties for determining the computational identity of a physical system. But Dewhurst seems to be too quick to pay the price of giving up the notion of computational equivalence. We aim to show that the mechanist need not pay this price. The mechanistic framework can, in principle, preserve the idea of computational equivalence even between two different enough kinds of physical systems, say, electrical and hydraulic ones. (shrink)
- Mechanistic Computational Individuation without Biting the Bullet.Nir Fresco &Marcin Miłkowski -2019 -British Journal for the Philosophy of Science:axz005.Is the mathematical function being computed by a given physical system determined by the system’s dynamics? This question is at the heart of the indeterminacy of computation phenomenon (Fresco et al. [unpublished]). A paradigmatic example is a conventional electrical AND-gate that is often said to compute conjunction, but it can just as well be used to compute disjunction. Despite the pervasiveness of this phenomenon in physical computational systems, it has been discussed in the philosophical literature only indirectly, mostly with reference (...) to the debate over realism about physical computation and computationalism. A welcome exception is Dewhurst’s ([2018]) recent analysis of computational individuation under the mechanistic framework. He rejects the idea of appealing to semantic properties for determining the computational identity of a physical system. But Dewhurst seems to be too quick to pay the price of giving up the notion of computational equivalence. We aim to show that the mechanist need not pay this price. The mechanistic framework can, in principle, preserve the idea of computational equivalence even between two different enough kinds of physical systems, say, electrical and hydraulic ones. (shrink)
- Functional Information: a Graded Taxonomy of Difference Makers.Nir Fresco,Simona Ginsburg &Eva Jablonka -2020 -Review of Philosophy and Psychology 11 (3):547-567.There are many different notions of information in logic, epistemology, psychology, biology and cognitive science, which are employed differently in each discipline, often with little overlap. Since our interest here is in biological processes and organisms, we develop a taxonomy of functional information that extends the standard cue/signal distinction (in animal communication theory). Three general, main claims are advanced here. (1) This new taxonomy can be useful in describing learning and communication. (2) It avoids some problems that the natural/non-natural information (...) distinction faces. (3) Functional information is produced through exploration and stabilisation processes. (shrink)
- Fear can promote competition, defensive aggression, and dominance complementarity.Nir Halevy -2023 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 46:e63.Fear can undermine cooperation. It may discourage individuals from collaborating with others because of concerns about potential exploitation; prompt them to engage in defensive aggression by launching a preemptive strike; and propel power-seeking individuals to act dominantly rather than compassionately. Therefore, accumulated evidence requires a more contextualized consideration of the link between fear and cooperation in adults.
- A typology of the localism-regionalism nexus.Nir Barak -2023 -Theoretical Inquiries in Law 24 (2):213-239.Cities are traditionally characterized as a sub-unit of the state that functions as a socioeconomic node. However, global trends in recent decades indicate that cities are gradually acquiring a semi-independent political role, challenging and contesting the nation state`s authority. Into the twenty-first century, cities` actions in global politics (e.g., supranational city-based networks) and within the state (e.g., sanctuary cities) indicate that they aspire to attain or even directly claim more political autonomy. However, achieving these localist goals sometimes warrants regional cooperation (...) with neighboring municipal jurisdictions, thereby engendering ad-hoc and bottom-up regionalisms. Addressing this phenomenon theoretically, this Article analyzes three empirically and conceptually distinct types of the localist-regionalist nexus, demonstrating different rationales: (1) regional cooperation supporting localist innovation independent of state intervention; (2) regional cooperation supporting localist contestation of state policies; and (3) regional solidarity in the face of national tensions. Based on recent examples from Israel, it analyzes these three types along with their political and normative implications. Despite various discrepancies and possible tensions between localism and regionalism, the main conclusion emerging from this Article is that these two principles are not mutually exclusive. Moreover, although there are legal, institutional, political, and ideological tensions between them, the analysis suggests a third way between localism or regionalism. Likewise, some types of regionalization may act as a mechanism or tactic to support and deepen localist agendas. (shrink)No categories
- The Tractatus and the Riddles of Philosophy.Gilad Nir -2020 -Philosophical Investigations 44 (1):19-42.The notion of the riddle plays a pivotal role in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus . By examining the comparisons he draws between philosophical problems and riddles, this paper offers a reassessment of the aims and methods of the book. Solving an ordinary riddle does not consist in learning a new fact; what it requires is that we transform the way we use words. Similarly, Wittgenstein proposes to transform the way philosophers understand the nature of their problems. But since he holds that these (...) problems are ultimately unsolvable, rather than attempting to solve the riddles of philosophy, he aims to dissolve them. (shrink)
- Informed consent for clinical trials of deep brain stimulation in psychiatric disease: challenges and implications for trial design: Table 1.Nir Lipsman,Peter Giacobbe,Mark Bernstein &Andres M. Lozano -2012 -Journal of Medical Ethics 38 (2):107-111.Advances in neuromodulation and an improved understanding of the anatomy and circuitry of psychopathology have led to a resurgence of interest in surgery for psychiatric disease. Clinical trials exploring deep brain stimulation (DBS), a focally targeted, adjustable and reversible form of neurosurgery, are being developed to address the use of this technology in highly selected patient populations. Psychiatric patients deemed eligible for surgical intervention, such as DBS, typically meet stringent inclusion criteria, including demonstrated severity, chronicity and a failure of conventional (...) therapy. Although a humanitarian device exemption by the US Food and Drug Administration exists for its use in obsessive-compulsive disorder, DBS remains a largely experimental treatment in the psychiatric context, with its use currently limited to clinical trials and investigative studies. The combination of a patient population at the limits of conventional therapy and a novel technology in a new indication poses interesting challenges to the informed consent process as it relates to clinical trial enrollment. These challenges can be divided into those that relate to the patient, their disease and the technology, with each illustrating how traditional conceptualisations of research consent may be inadequate in the surgical psychiatry context. With specific reference to risk analysis, patient autonomy, voluntariness and the duty of the clinician-researcher, this paper will discuss the unique challenges that clinical trials of surgery for refractory psychiatric disease present to the consent process. Recommendations are also made for an ethical approach to clinical trial consent acquisition in this unique patient population. (shrink)
- Miscomputation.Nir Fresco &Giuseppe Primiero -2013 -Philosophy and Technology 26 (3):253-272.The phenomenon of digital computation is explained (often differently) in computer science, computer engineering and more broadly in cognitive science. Although the semantics and implications of malfunctions have received attention in the philosophy of biology and philosophy of technology, errors in computational systems remain of interest only to computer science. Miscomputation has not gotten the philosophical attention it deserves. Our paper fills this gap by offering a taxonomy of miscomputations. This taxonomy is underpinned by a conceptual analysis of the design (...) and implementation of conventional computational systems at various levels of abstraction. It shows that ‘malfunction’ as it is typically used in the philosophy of artefacts only represents one type of miscomputation. (shrink)
- (1 other version)Civic Ecologism: Environmental Politics in Cities.Nir Barak -2020 -Tandf: Ethics, Policy and Environment 23 (1):53-69.Volume 23, Issue 1, March 2020, Page 53-69.
- Intergroup Conflict is Our Business: CEOs’ Ethical Intergroup Leadership Fuels Stakeholder Support for Corporate Intergroup Responsibility.Nir Halevy,Sora Jun &Eileen Y. Chou -2020 -Journal of Business Ethics 162 (1):229-246.Is reducing large-scale intergroup conflict the business of corporations? Although large corporations can use their power and prominence to reduce intergroup conflict in society, it is unclear to what extent stakeholders support corporate Intergroup Responsibility. Study 1 showed that support for CIR correlates in theoretically meaningful ways with relevant economic, social, and moral attitudes, including fair market ideology, consumer support for corporate social responsibility, social dominance orientation, symbolic racism, and moral foundations. Studies 2 and 3 employed experimental designs to test (...) the hypothesis that business leaders who advocate for intergroup tolerance boost perceptions of corporations and their leaders as moral, just, and fair, which in turn, increases stakeholders’ support for CIR. We found support for this hypothesis across two highly publicized and contentious events related to racial conflict in the U.S.: The White supremacy rally in Charlottesville and the federal government’s announcement about the planned rescinding of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals immigration policy. Specifically, exposing participants to real-world tweets by CEOs who advocated intergroup tolerance following these events increased participants’ support for CIR. This effect was mediated by heightened perceptions of corporations and their leaders as moral, just, and fair. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of the factors that shape stakeholders’ reactions to CIR; highlight intergroup conflict as an emerging arena for CSR; and illustrate the power of ethical intergroup leadership. (shrink)
- Resolving attacker-defender conflicts through intergroup negotiation.Nir Halevy -2019 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 42.The target article focuses on how attacker-defender conflicts are fought. This commentary complements it by considering how attacker-defender conflicts may be resolved at the bargaining table. I highlight multiple linkages between asymmetric intergroup conflict as modeled with the attacker-defender game and negotiation research and illustrate how the proposed model of attacker-defender conflicts can inspire new research on intergroup negotiation.
- Development and validation of an instrument for assessing the learning environment of outdoor science activities.Nir Orion,Avi Hofstein,Pinchas Tamir &Geoffrey J. Giddings -1997 -Science Education 81 (2):161-171.No categories
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
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Area Editors:
David Bourget
Gwen Bradford
Berit Brogaard
Margaret Cameron
David Chalmers
James Chase
Rafael De Clercq
Ezio Di Nucci
Esa Diaz-Leon
Barry Hallen
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Jonathan Ichikawa
Monte Johnson
Michelle Kosch
Øystein Linnebo
Paul Livingston
Brandon Look
Manolo Martínez
Matthew McGrath
Michiru Nagatsu
Susana Nuccetelli
Giuseppe Primiero
Jack Alan Reynolds
Darrell P. Rowbottom
Aleksandra Samonek
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