The physician and prison hunger strikes: reflecting on the experience in Turkey.N. Y.Oguz -2005 -Journal of Medical Ethics 31 (3):169-172.detailsThe medical ethics of a physician’s relationship with a prisoner who is participating in a collective hunger strike has become a major public, professional, and governmental concern in The Republic of Turkey. This article examines the Turkish experience and debate about physician ethics during prison hunger strikes. It is hoped that this analysis will be of use to those formulating policy in similar situations.
Critique of the "tragic case" method in ethics education.J. Liaschenko,N. Y.Oguz &D. Brunnquell -2006 -Journal of Medical Ethics 32 (11):672-677.detailsIt is time for the noon conference. Your job is to impart a career-changing experience in ethics to a group of students and interns gathered from four different schools with varying curriculums in ethics. They have just finished 1½ h of didactic sessions and lunch. One third of them were on call last night. Your first job is to keep them awake. The authors argue that this “tragic case” approach to ethics education is of limited value because it limits understanding (...) of moral problems to dilemmas; negates the moral agency of the student; encourages solutions that are merely intellectual; and suggests that ethical encounters are a matter for experts. The authors propose an alternative that focuses on three issues: the provider-patient relationship, the relationships between providers in the everyday world of health work and, the social position of healthcare providers in society. In this approach, teachers are not experts but more like guides on a journey who help students to learn that much of ethical practice comprises living through difficult situations of caring for vulnerable others and who help students to navigate some of these difficulties. (shrink)
Murat Ak. Şair ve Peygamber Naʻt Geleneğinde Hz. Peygamber İmgesi. İstanbul: KETEBE Yayınları / Publishing, 2018.Oğuz Yılmaz -2019 -Ilahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 52:341-346.detailsEdebî türler bağlamında Hz. Peygamber; doğumu (mevlid), mucizeleri (mi ʻ râciyye), fazileti (fazîletnâme), risâleti (bi’setnâme), savaşları (gazavât), sözleri (kırk, yüz, bin hadîs), fizikî ve ahlakî yönleriyle şemâili (şemâil, hilye), isimleri-sıfatları (esmâ-i nebî, evsâf-ı nebî), nesebi (neseb-i şerîf), vefatı (vefât-ı nebî) kısacası hayatının (siyer/sîre) tüm yönleri mensûr, manzûm, manzûm-mensûr gibi tarzlarla çeşitli şekillerde ele alınmıştır. Bunların dışında ilk dönem ürünlerinden itibaren Türk İslam Edebiyatında O’nu övmek maksadıyla hemen her şair tarafından kaleme alınan na ʻ tların nitelik ve nicelik itibariyle Hz. Peygamber (...) ile ilgili edebî türler içerisinde ayrı bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Bu türün özellikle nicelik bakımından ön plana çıkmasında; Hz. Peygamber’e duyulan derin sevginin tezahür etmesinin yanı sıra İslâmî telîf tertibinde kitaplara besmele ve hamdelenin yanı sıra salvele ile başlanması, dîvân ya da mesnevîlere tevhîd ve münâcâttan sonra na ʻ t ile devam edilmesi geleneği de etki etmiştir. Hatta edebî eser özelinde her şair na ʻ t yazmaya çalıştığı gibi tertip ettikleri eserlerini sadece na ʻ tlardan oluşturan (dîvân-ı nu ʻ ût) şairler de mevcuttur. Ayrıca farklı şairlerin gerek dinî gerekse de tasavvufî biçim ve muhtevayla kaleme aldıkları na ʻ tların derlenerek na ʻ t mecmualarının oluşturulduğu da görülmektedir. Tanıtmaya ve değerlendirmeye temel alınan eserin de hareket merkezini bu mecmualarda yer alan na ʻ tlar oluşturmaktadır. Tasavvuf düşüncesindeki Hz. Peygamber telakkisinin/tasavvururun Türk İslam toplumuna, kültürüne özelde ise na ʻ tlara etkisinin ve kaynaklığının yansımasını hedef alan çalışma; varlık, bilgi ve ahlak konuları ekseninde na ʻ t yazarlarının, metinlerini oluştururken temellerine bu düşünceden neleri koyduklarını ilmî veriler ışığında ve örnekler eşliğinde ele almaktadır. (shrink)
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Osmanlı Devleti ile Sırbistan Prensliği - Karadağ Arasındaki Savaşlar Sırasında Görülen Eşkıyalık Faaliyetleri (1875-1877). [REVIEW]Yaşar Arslanyürek &Oğuz Alpoğlu -2023 -Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi 18 (2):308-327.detailsBu araştırmanın esas amacı 1875-1877 yılları arasında meydana gelen Osmanlı-Sırp, Karadağ Savaşları esnasında bölgede yaşanan eşkıyalık faaliyetlerine tarihsel bir bakış açısı ile yaklaşmaktır. Çalışmada gerek 1875 Hersek Ayaklanması, gerekse 1876’da Bulgaristan’da Müslüman Türkler aleyhine Rusların kışkırtmaları neticesinde meydana gelen bazı eşkıyalık olayları ele alındı. Bu olaylar neticesinde ortaya çıkan konjonktürde Avrupalı devletler, Osmanlı Devleti karşısında Sırbistan ve Karadağ’ın bağımsızlık süreçlerini desteklediler. Bu dönemde Sırbistan ve Karadağ Osmanlı Devleti karşısında bazı konularda Avrupalı devletlerle birlikte hareket etti. Yaşanan olaylar sonucunda önce Sırbistan, (...) sonra da Karadağ aralarındaki ittifak antlaşması sonucu Osmanlı Devleti’ne savaş açtı. Bu durumda Rusya oldukça etkili oldu. Savaşın başlaması ile Bosna, Sırplar tarafından, Hersek de Karadağlılar tarafından işgal edildi. İngiltere bölgedeki çıkarları gereği Balkanlardaki statükonun korunmasından yana bir tavır takınarak Rusya’nın Panslavist politikasına karşı çıktı. İngiltere’nin bu politikasındaki temel dayanak noktası ise Balkanlarda ve Akdeniz’de Rus yayılmacılığını engelleme düşüncesiydi. Ayrıca Rusya’nın Panslavizm ideolojisi doğrultusunda geliştirdiği politikalarına karşılık Avusturya, orta ve güney Avrupa’da Almanya ve İtalya’ya karşı kaybettiği toprakları ve prestijini geri kazanmak amacıyla, Balkanlardaki siyasetini yeni bir temele oturtmuştu. Bu temel, Bosna ve Hersek’i ele geçirdikten sonra, Arnavutluk ve Makedonya’ya uzanıp oradan da Selanik’e kadar olan yerleri ele geçirmekti. Buna mukabil Almanya, bu dönemde Balkanlarda doğrudan herhangi bir çıkarı olmamasına rağmen Fransa’nın kendisine karşı bir intikam politikası takip etmesine engel olmak düşüncesindeydi. Bu sebepten dolayı Almanya, Fransa’nın Balkanlardaki sorunlarla meşgul olmasını kendi çıkarları adına faydalı görüyordu. (shrink)
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Cajal beyond the brain: Don Santiago contemplates the mind and its education: 20 essays of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Santiago Ramón Y. Cajal -2015 - Indianapolis, IN: Corpus Callosum. Edited by Lazaros Constantinos Triarhou.detailsThis compilation brings together 20 essays of Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934), the neuroscientist par excellence and 1906 Nobel Laureate in Medicine, on topics beyond neuroanatomy, most appearing in English for the first time. The annotated collection makes available in one handy volume Cajal's ideas on psychology, art and education, still current and still relevant, derived from his books La Psicología de los Artistas, Charlas de Café, El Mundo Visto a los Ochenta Años, Pensamientos Pedagógicos and Escritos Inéditos. An acute (...) observer of the intellectual and social scene of the avant-garde, Cajal emerged in 20th-century Spain in a further role as a philosopher and educator. The contents bespeak Cajal's inquiry into the varieties of human experience and shed new light on the breadth of his genius, imagination and passion, helping us to rethink what we thought we already understood about Don Santiago's own mind. (shrink)
Doctrinal de antropología.Nicolás Salmerón Y. Alonso -2009 - Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Edited by Antonio Heredia Soriano.detailsEn 1868, impulsado por el krausismo, se introdujo en el Bachillerato español una nueva asignatura, la Antropología. Nicolás Salmerón que no fue ajeno a la novedad, comenzó a escribir un texto para ella sobre la base de las explicaciones de clase que él mismo impartía en su Colegio Internacional. Ese texto dio lugar al libro que nos ocupa que, aunque inédito e incompleto, permite ofrecer una visión filosófica más completa de su etapa juvenil. Su mérito estriba en haber articulado en (...) disciplina una de las materias clave de la filosofía krausista y ofrecer una idea global e integradora de lo que con el tiempo se llamaría Antropología filosófica. (shrink)
Gadfly or praying mantis? Three philosophical perspectives on the Delhi student protests.N. Y. Manoj,Joff P. N. Bradley &Alex Taek-Gwang Lee -2023 -Educational Philosophy and Theory 55 (6):685-695.detailsHere presented are three singular, philosophical perspectives on the Delhi student protests which took place in 2019 and 2020, before the coronavirus pandemic. The writers hail from India, England...
Increasing Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks Using GA-ANFIS to Choose a Cluster Head and Assess Routing and Weighted Trusts to Demodulate Attacker Nodes.Shaymaa Al Hayali,Javad Rahebi,Osman N. Ucan &Oguz Bayat -2020 -Foundations of Science 25 (4):1227-1246.detailsDemodulating harmful nodes and diminishing the energy waste in sensor nodes can prolong the lifespan of wireless sensor networks. In this study, a genetic algorithm and an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system were used to diminish the energy waste of sensors. Weighted trust evaluation was applied to search for harmful nodes in the network to prolong the lifespan of WSNs. A low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy method was used to analyze the results. It was discovered that searching for harmful nodes with (...) GA-ANFIS using weighted trust evaluation significantly increased the lifespan of WSNs. For evaluation of the proposed method we used the mean of energy of all sensors against of the round, data packets received in base station, minimum energy versus rounds and number of alive sensors versus rounds. Also, in this paper we compared the proposed method results with LEACH, LEACH-DT, Random, SIF and GA-Fuzzy methods. As results the proposed method has high life time than other methods. A representation of the overall system was implemented using MATLAB software. (shrink)
Determinants of cognitive variability.Sangeet S. Khemlani,N. Y. Louis Lee &Monica Bucciarelli -2010 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2-3):37.detailsHenrich et al. address how culture leads to cognitive variability and recommend that researchers be critical about the samples they investigate. However, there are other sources of variability, such as individual strategies in reasoning and the content and context on which processes operate. Because strategy and content drive variability, those factors are of primary interest, while culture is merely incidental.
Schnorr trivial sets and truth-table reducibility.Johanna N. Y. Franklin &Frank Stephan -2010 -Journal of Symbolic Logic 75 (2):501-521.detailsWe give several characterizations of Schnorr trivial sets, including a new lowness notion for Schnorr triviality based on truth-table reducibility. These characterizations allow us to see not only that some natural classes of sets, including maximal sets, are composed entirely of Schnorr trivials, but also that the Schnorr trivial sets form an ideal in the truth-table degrees but not the weak truth-table degrees. This answers a question of Downey, Griffiths and LaForte.
Subclasses of the Weakly Random Reals.Johanna N. Y. Franklin -2010 -Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 51 (4):417-426.detailsThe weakly random reals contain not only the Schnorr random reals as a subclass but also the weakly 1-generic reals and therefore the n -generic reals for every n . While the class of Schnorr random reals does not overlap with any of these classes of generic reals, their degrees may. In this paper, we describe the extent to which this is possible for the Turing, weak truth-table, and truth-table degrees and then extend our analysis to the Schnorr random and (...) hyperimmune reals. (shrink)
Schnorr triviality and genericity.Johanna N. Y. Franklin -2010 -Journal of Symbolic Logic 75 (1):191-207.detailsWe study the connection between Schnorr triviality and genericity. We show that while no 2-generic is Turing equivalent to a Schnorr trivial and no 1-generic is tt-equivalent to a Schnorr trivial, there is a 1-generic that is Turing equivalent to a Schnorr trivial. However, every such 1-generic must be high. As a corollary, we prove that not all K-trivials are Schnorr trivial. We also use these techniques to extend a previous result and show that the bases of cones of Schnorr (...) trivial Turing degrees are precisely those whose jumps are at least 0". (shrink)
Van Lambalgen's Theorem and High Degrees.Johanna N. Y. Franklin &Frank Stephan -2011 -Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 52 (2):173-185.detailsWe show that van Lambalgen's Theorem fails with respect to recursive randomness and Schnorr randomness for some real in every high degree and provide a full characterization of the Turing degrees for which van Lambalgen's Theorem can fail with respect to Kurtz randomness. However, we also show that there is a recursively random real that is not Martin-Löf random for which van Lambalgen's Theorem holds with respect to recursive randomness.
Lowness for isomorphism, countable ideals, and computable traceability.Johanna N. Y. Franklin &Reed Solomon -2020 -Mathematical Logic Quarterly 66 (1):104-114.detailsWe show that every countable ideal of degrees that are low for isomorphism is contained in a principal ideal of degrees that are low for isomorphism by adapting an exact pair construction. We further show that within the hyperimmune free degrees, lowness for isomorphism is entirely independent of computable traceability.
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Hyperimmune-free degrees and Schnorr triviality.Johanna N. Y. Franklin -2008 -Journal of Symbolic Logic 73 (3):999-1008.detailsWe investigate the relationship between lowness for Schnorr randomness and Schnorr triviality. We show that a real is low for Schnorr randomness if and only if it is Schnorr trivial and hyperimmune free.
Determinants of cognitive variability.Sangeet S. Khemlani,N. Y. Louis Lee &Monica Bucciarelli -2010 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2-3):97-98.detailsHenrich et al. address how culture leads to cognitive variability and recommend that researchers be critical about the samples they investigate. However, there are other sources of variability, such as individual strategies in reasoning and the content and context on which processes operate. Because strategy and content drive variability, those factors are of primary interest, while culture is merely incidental.
Performance Pressure and Employee Expediency: The Role of Moral Decoupling.Julie N. Y. Zhu,Long W. Lam,Yan Liu &Ning Jiang -2023 -Journal of Business Ethics 186 (2):465-478.detailsAlthough performance pressure has desirable consequences, there is evidence that it can produce unintended outcomes as employees tend to engage in dysfunctional and unethical behaviors to meet performance goals. Thus, the process through which employees think and behave unethically under performance pressure deserves more research attention. This study goes beyond the stress-appraisal perspective and investigates whether and when performance pressure influences individual work mindsets and behaviors from a moral reasoning perspective. Specifically, we contend that performance pressure is related to employee (...) expediency through moral decoupling. We further hypothesize dialectical thinking and moral identity to be the boundary conditions of the proposed relationships. Analyses of data from a field study in three waves provide support for most of the hypotheses. In particular, we find that moral decoupling accounts for additional variance after we control for the stress-appraisal effect of performance pressure on employee expediency. The study offers several contributions to the literature on performance pressure and unethical behavior. (shrink)
Cajal and consciousness: scientific approaches to consciousness on the centennial of Ramón y Cajal's Textura.Pedro C. Marijuán &Santiago Ramón Y. Cajal (eds.) -2001 - New York: New York Academy of Sciences.detailsMachine generated contents note: Cajal and Consciousness: Introduction. By PEDRO C. MARIJUAN1 -- Part I. Consciousness, One Hundred Years after Textura -- Progress in the Neural Sciences in the Century after Cajal (and the Mysteries -- That Remain). By THOMAS D. ALBRIGHT, THOMAS M. JESSELL, -- ERIC R. KANDEL, AND MICHAEL I. POSNER11 -- Part II. Biological Complexity and the Emergence of Consciousness -- Consciousness, Reduction, and Emergence: Some Remarks. -- By MURRAY GELL-MANN41 -- The Epistemic Paradox of Mind and (...) Matter. By HAROLD J. MOROWITZ50 -- The Conscious Cell. BY LYNN MARGULIS55 -- Complexity and Tinkering. By FRANCOIS JACOB71 -- Consciousness, the Brain, and Spacetime Geometry. By STUART HAMEROFF. 74 -- Consciousness, the Brain, and Spacetime Geometry: An Addendum-Some -- New Developments on the Orch OR Model for Consciousness. -- By ROGER PENROSE105 -- Part III. From Primary to Higher-level Consciousness -- Consciousness: The Remembered Present. By GERALD EDELMAN111 -- Consciousness and the Binding Problem. By WOLF SINGER123 -- Cajal on Neurons, Molecules, and Consciousness. By JEAN-PIERRE CHANGEUX 147 -- A Neuronal Model of a Global Workspace in Effortful Cognitive Tasks. By -- STANISLAS DEHAENE, MICHEL KERSZBERG, AND JEAN-PIERRE -- CHANGEUX152 -- Consciousness and the Brain: The Thalamocortical Dialogue in Health and -- Disease. By RODOLFO LLINAS AND URS RIBARY166 -- The Neuroanatomy of Phenomenal Vision: A Psychological Perspective. -- ByPETRA STOERIG176 -- Co-evolution of Human Consciousness and Language. By MICHAEL A. ARBIB 195 -- From Computing with Numbers to Computing with Words-From -- Manipulation of Measurements to Manipulations of Perceptions. -- By LOTFI A. ZADEH221 -- Part IV. Closing Remarks -- Who Was Cajal? By ALBERTO PORTERA-SANCHEZ253 -- Index of Contributors259 -- Subject Index261. (shrink)
Schnorr trivial reals: a construction. [REVIEW]Johanna N. Y. Franklin -2008 -Archive for Mathematical Logic 46 (7-8):665-678.detailsA real is Martin-Löf (Schnorr) random if it does not belong to any effectively presented null ${\Sigma^0_1}$ (recursive) class of reals. Although these randomness notions are very closely related, the set of Turing degrees containing reals that are K-trivial has very different properties from the set of Turing degrees that are Schnorr trivial. Nies proved in (Adv Math 197(1):274–305, 2005) that all K-trivial reals are low. In this paper, we prove that if ${{\bf h'} \geq_T {\bf 0''}}$ , then h (...) contains a Schnorr trivial real. Since this concept appears to separate computational complexity from computational strength, it suggests that Schnorr trivial reals should be considered in a structure other than the Turing degrees. (shrink)
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End-of-Life Care in Turkey.N. YaseminOguz,Steven H. Miles,Nuket Buken &Murat Civaner -2003 -Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12 (3):279-284.detailsMost physicians confront the moral and technical challenges of treating persons who are coming to the natural end of their lives. At the level of the health system, this issue becomes a more pressing area for reform as premature death decreases and more people live a full life span. Well-developed countries and international organizations such as the World Health Organization and the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development have made recommendations for improving healthcare problems in aging societies. Turkey belongs to (...) the WHO and the OECD. This article describes end-of-life healthcare in Turkey, the design of the healthcare system to meet this need, challenges that should be addressed, and solutions that would be appropriate to Turkish culture and resources. (shrink)
The psychological puzzle of Sudoku.P. N. Johnson-Laird,Geoffrey P. Goodwin &N. Y. Louis Lee -2008 -Thinking and Reasoning 14 (4):342-364.detailsSudoku puzzles, which are popular worldwide, require individuals to infer the missing digits in a 9 9 array according to the general rule that every digit from 1 to 9 must occur once in each row, in each column, and in each of the 3-by-3 boxes in the array. We present a theory of how individuals solve these puzzles. It postulates that they rely solely on pure deductions, and that they spontaneously acquire various deductive tactics, which differ in their difficulty (...) depending on their “relational complexity”, i.e., the number of constraints on which they depend. A major strategic shift is necessary to acquire tactics for more difficult puzzles: solvers have to keep track of possible digits in a cell. We report three experiments corroborating this theory. We also discuss their implications for theories of reasoning that downplay the role of deduction in everyday reasoning. (shrink)
Doing It Purposely? Mediation of Moral Disengagement in the Relationship Between Illegitimate Tasks and Counterproductive Work Behavior.Lijing Zhao,Long W. Lam,Julie N. Y. Zhu &Shuming Zhao -2022 -Journal of Business Ethics 179 (3):733-747.detailsEmployees perceive illegitimate tasks as inappropriate assignments because such tasks are beyond what they expect to do in any given job position. Extant literature indicates that, in addition to creating psychological strain and reducing well-being, illegitimate task assignments can result in counterproductive work behavior. This study extends the literature by examining whether illegitimate tasks may lead to two specific forms of CWB targeting organizations: destructive voice and time theft. To understand how and when this happens, we investigate the mediating role (...) of moral disengagement and the moderating role of psychological entitlement. Survey results based on 258 supervisor–subordinate dyads in China reveal that illegitimate tasks are positively related to destructive voice and time theft through moral disengagement. Furthermore, psychological entitlement strengthens the positive relationship between illegitimate tasks and moral disengagement and the indirect effect of illegitimate tasks on destructive voice and time theft. Overall, the findings provide insightful theoretical and managerial implications for research related to illegitimate tasks and CWB. (shrink)