Returning a Research Participant's Genomic Results to Relatives: Analysis and Recommendations.Susan M. Wolf,Rebecca Branum,Barbara A. Koenig,Gloria M. Petersen,Susan A. Berry,Laura M. Beskow,Mary B. Daly,Conrad V. Fernandez,Robert C. Green,Bonnie S. LeRoy,Noralane M. Lindor,P. Pearl O'Rourke,Carmen Radecki Breitkopf,Mark A. Rothstein,Brian Van Ness &Benjamin S. Wilfond -2015 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 43 (3):440-463.detailsGenomic research results and incidental findings with health implications for a research participant are of potential interest not only to the participant, but also to the participant's family. Yet investigators lack guidance on return of results to relatives, including after the participant's death. In this paper, a national working group offers consensus analysis and recommendations, including an ethical framework to guide investigators in managing this challenging issue, before and after the participant's death.
Una ética empática como fundamento de la apreciación estética no antropomorfista de los animales.Carmen Gutiérrez-Jordano -2024 -Perseitas 12:246-272.detailsEste artículo tiene como objetivo fundamental analizar las bases de una apreciación estética de los animales en clave no antropomorfista, una con la que valorarlos en sus propios términos. Otras apreciaciones tienen un fundamento antropomórfico: la concepción de los animales desde el modelo artístico o desde nuestras necesidades evolutivas, por ejemplo. El contexto de esta investigación es doble: por una parte, la actitud antropomórfica dominante en la cultura moderna y, por otra, las nuevas iniciativas artísticas y culturales alejadas de la (...) comprensión del ser humano como centro de todo lo que existe. La metodología empleada en este estudio es hermenéutica y dialéctica. Hermenéutica porque pretende, ante todo, comprender estas nuevas manifestaciones estéticas animalistas, y dialéctica porque para comprenderlas establecemos un debate crítico con las anteriores posiciones antropocentristas. La conclusión del trabajo es que la apreciación estética de los animales no antropomorfista solo puede fundarse en una ética animalista. Para lograrlo, es necesario, primero, tener conciencia de nuestra tendencia antropomórfica. Y, segundo, adoptar una ética empática que nos permita acceder al punto de vista de los animales, porque solo así podremos percibirlos en sí mismos. (shrink)
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The brush as a dagger. The dialectical structure of Titian’s painting as wound and refuge.Carmen GutiÉrrez-Jordano -2023 -Alpha (Osorno) 57:173-196.detailsResumen Este artículo muestra que la pintura de Tiziano contiene en el fondo un esquema dialéctico de tensión entre elementos opuestos: jovial/trágico, clásico/cristiano, puñal/refugio. Esta tensión alimenta la intersección de estructuras significativas que caracteriza a toda obra de arte. Esta dialéctica explica el sentido último que tiene la pintura para Tiziano. Centramos esta dialéctica en la obra Desollamiento de Marsias, obra que enseña que la pintura, el arte en general, para Tiziano abre heridas, es un puñal, pero también es un (...) abrigo donde el que refugiarnos del horror del mundo. Abstract This article shows that Titian's painting contains at its core a dialectical scheme of tension between opposing elements: jovial/tragic, classical/christian, dagger/refuge. This tension feeds the intersection of meaningful structures that characterize every work of art. This dialectic explains the ultimate meaning of painting for Titian. We focus this dialectic on the work The Flaying of Marsyas, a work that teaches that painting, art in general, for Titian opens wounds, it is a dagger, but it is also a shelter in which to take refuge from the horror of the world. (shrink)
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La política social.Sergio Fernández Riquelme &Carmen Caravaca Llamas -2011 -Aposta 50:7-46.detailsWe propose a review of the theoretical assumptions of Social Policy as autonomous and normative science, in his history, doctrinal plurality and institutional diversity, especially on the current model of the Welfare State. Also, we discuss the impact on the same issue of a new social question, the integral human development, at the beginning of XXI century, in relation with the “social Europe”, the welfare society and the globalization.
Carmen de Burgos, traductora.María DelCarmen Simón Palmer -2010 -Arbor 186 (Extra):157-168.detailsEn el primer tercio del siglo XX,Carmen de Burgos realizó una notable tarea para lograr el conocimiento de la literatura extranjera en España y tradujo más de treinta obras de autores tan variados como Ruskin, Renan, Moebius, Salgari o Rachilde. Se ha elegido ordenar sus traducciones de acuerdo con las editoriales que las publicaron para distinguir la línea editorial de cada una de ellas.
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Dr Lawrence's acceptance speech: Australia's Indigenous heritage.Carmen Lawrence -2015 -Australian Humanist, The 119:2.detailsLawrence,Carmen Why should we protect our heritage? In the broadest sense our heritage is what we inherit; it's what we value of that inheritance and what we decide to keep and protect for future generations. Heritage is both global enough to encompass our shock at the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan and as local as our own sepia-tinted family photographs. Everything which our predecessors have bequeathed, both tangible and intangible, may be called heritage - landscapes, (...) structures, objects, traditions, stories and language. (shrink)
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Shaping Social Media Minds: Scaffolding Empathy in Digitally Mediated Interactions?Carmen Mossner &Sven Walter -2024 -Topoi 43 (3):645-658.detailsEmpathy is an integral aspect of human existence. Without at least a basic ability to access others’ affective life, social interactions would be well-nigh impossible. Yet, recent studies seem to show that the means we have acquired to access others’ emotional life no longer function well in what has become our everyday business – technologically mediated interactions in digital spaces. If this is correct, there are two important questions: (1) What makes empathy for frequent internet users so difficult? and (2) (...) What can we do to alleviate the negative consequences? Correspondingly, the aim of this paper is twofold. First, we identify structural differences between offline and technologically mediated interactions that can explain why digital empathy is harder to achieve. Second, drawing on the literature on ‘situated affectivity,’ we consider the idea of modifying digital spaces in ways specifically designed to ‘scaffold’ empathy where our evolved mechanisms fail. Section 2 argues that empathy is requires _interpreting_ the behavior of _embodied subjects_. Section 3 identifies three factors that are crucial for this interpretative endeavor: the empathizer’s _affective repertoire_, their _perceptual input_, and their _background knowledge_. Section 4 argues that technologically mediated interactions differ from face-to-face interactions with regard to these factors in ways which render our evolved empathy mechanisms less effective in the digital world. Section 5 introduces the idea that situational factors can serve as ‘empathic scaffolds,’ i.e., as ‘tools’ that can ‘shape’ people’s empathic reactions. Section 6 wraps up the main line of reasoning, responds to objections and invites further scholarship. (shrink)
Birds and Bird Habitat: What Are the Risks From Industrial Wind Turbine Exposure?Carmen M. E. Krogh,M. Elizabeth Harrington &Terry Sprague -2011 -Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 31 (5):377-388.detailsBird kill rate and disruption of habitat has been reported when industrial wind turbines are introduced into migratory bird paths or other environments. While the literature could be more complete regarding the documentation of negative effects on birds and bird habitats during the planning, construction, and operation of wind power projects, there is sufficient evidence to raise concerns. Authoritative and mandatory vigilance monitoring and long-term surveillance over the life of the industrial wind facility are lacking. By the time the documentation (...) of the rate of bird kills, including that of endangered species is available in an environs of an industrial wind turbine facility, the damage may be irreversible. This article briefly explores the negative environmental impacts of the siting of industrial wind turbines and associated infrastructure, including transformer stations and transmission lines, in proximity to migratory bird corridors, wetlands, and nesting grounds. Research is required prior to proceeding with further industrial wind development in these environs. The authors propose that there is sufficient scientific evidence to require invoking the precautionary principle and halting further development until these risks are resolved. (shrink)
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Selection does operate primarily on Genes : In defense of the Gene as the unit of selection.Carmen Sapienza -2009 - In Francisco José Ayala & Robert Arp,Contemporary debates in philosophy of biology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 127--140.detailsNatural selection is an important force that shapes the evolution of all living things by determining which individuals contribute the most descendents to future generations. The biological unit upon which selection acts has been the subject of serious debate, with reasonable arguments made on behalf of populations, individuals, individual phenotypic characters and, finally, individual genes themselves. In this essay, I argue that the usual unit of selection is the gene. There are powerful logical arguments in favor of this conclusion, as (...) well as many real-world examples. I also explore the possibility that epigenetic differences between individuals may be heritable between generations. Although few such examples exist, epigenetic differences provide an exciting source of potentially heritable variation that may allow rapid evolutionary change to occur, perhaps in response to environmental influences. (shrink)
Questioning explicit properties of implicit individuals in knowledge representation.Carmen E. Westerberg &Chad J. Marsolek -1999 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (5):788-789.detailsDienes & Perner argue that the explicit representation of an individual to which a property is attributed requires explicit representation of the attributed property. The reasons for this conclusion are similar to the reasons why another of their conclusions may be considered suspect: A property may be explicit without an explicit representation of an individual or the predication of the property to an individual. We question the latter conclusion and draw connections to neurophysiological and cognitive evidence.
Relationship of business and ngos: An empirical analysis of strategies and mediators of their private relationship.Carmen Valor &Amparo MerinoDiego -2009 -Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility 18 (2):110-126.detailsManaging the relationship with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) is a key capability for most companies, because dialogue with stakeholders is a requested feature of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This paper analyses the relationship between businesses and NGOs in Spain. By applying grounded theory, the authors summarize this relationship in the dynamics of conflict and cooperation. NGOs' strategies vis-à-vis companies are categorized and the variables explaining different approaches on both companies' and NGOs' side are examined. The paper concludes by placing the private (...) relationship with NGOs in a wider context (the public arena), dominated by the approach-withdrawal dynamics between firms and NGOs. Finally, this paper presents the theory that results from this research. (shrink)
Healthcare: between a human and a conventional right.Carmen E. Pavel -2019 -Economics and Philosophy 35 (3):499-520.detailsOne of the most prevalent rationales for public healthcare policies is a human right to healthcare. Governments are the typical duty-bearers, but they differ vastly in their capacity to help those vulnerable to serious health problems and those with severe disabilities. A right to healthcare is out of the reach of many developing economies that struggle to provide the most basic services to their citizens. If human rights to provision of such goods exist, then governments would be violating rights without (...) doing anything wrong. I argue that such variable ability to provide healthcare depends not only on financial resources, but on institutional capacity, and that the latter represents a more fundamental challenge to the existence of a human right to healthcare than previously recognized. This challenge does not imply that government has no obligations to protect and improve the health of their citizens, but that it is best to think of such obligations as generated by conventional rights, namely rights arising from local legal and social conventions, which require governments to pursue health-related moral goals such as reducing suffering, closing opportunity gaps for the disadvantaged, and preventing the spread of contagious diseases. We need not think of such moral goals in terms of human rights. (shrink)
Emerging sociotechnical imaginaries for gene edited crops for foods in the United States: implications for governance.Carmen Bain,Sonja Lindberg &Theresa Selfa -2020 -Agriculture and Human Values 37 (2):265-279.detailsGene editing techniques, such as CRISPR, are being heralded as powerful new tools for delivering agricultural products and foods with a variety of beneficial traits quickly, easily, and cheaply. Proponents are concerned, however, about whether the public will accept the new technology and that excessive regulatory oversight could limit the technology’s potential. In this paper, we draw on the sociotechnical imaginaries literature to examine how proponents are imagining the potential benefits and risks of gene editing technologies within agriculture. We derive (...) our data from a content analysis of public comments submitted to the Food and Drug Administration’s 2017 docket titled “Genome Editing in New Plant Varieties Used for Food.” Our sample frame consists of 26 comments representing 30 agriculture and biotech companies, organizations, and trade associations. Our findings reveal three key sociotechnical imaginaries, including that gene editing technologies in agriculture: are not GMO but instead equivalent to traditional plant breeding; have the potential to usher in a new Green Revolution; and could facilitate the democratization of agricultural biotechnologies. We argue that forming and projecting these collective interpretations of the potential of gene editing technologies for crops and foods plays an important role in efforts by proponents to influence regulatory oversight, modes of governance, and build public acceptance. This research contributes to calls by science and technology studies scholars to investigate emergent concerns and imaginaries for novel technoscientific advances to help inform upstream models of public engagement and governance decisions. (shrink)
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Sentido de la pertenencia eclesial hoy.Carmen Bernabé -2010 -Critica: La Reflexion Calmada Desenreda Nudos 60 (965):82-86.detailsEs muy posible que en más de una ocasión hayamos oído expresiones como ¡Si no está de acuerdo con tal decisión de la jerarquía eclesial que se vaya! O bien, ¡La Iglesia no es un club! En el fondo de ambas expresiones y de otras que hablan sobre la pertenencia a la Iglesia hay una precomprensión de lo que es ésta y lo que implica su pertenencia a ella. En algún caso parece pensarse que la Iglesia es un club fundado (...) por Jesucristo que estableció unos estatutos imposibles de modificar que al entrar te comprometes a acatar y que quien no está de acuerdo puede entregar el carné e irse porque las normas están claras, o dicho de otro modo que la Iglesia es una "entidad" tan especial que no tiene nada que ver con la decisión personal y comunitaria de sus integrantes. En el fondo estamos ante un tema de gran importancia como es la pertenencia grupal y su dinámica. (shrink)
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To act or not to act: Nonconsequentialism in environmental decision-making.Carmen Tanner -2009 -Ethics and Behavior 19 (6):479 – 495.detailsResearch on environmental-decision making is usually based on utilitarian models, which imply that people's decisions are only influenced by the outcomes. This research provides evidence for values and moral positions that reflect nonconsequentialist rather than consequentialist views. In doing this, this article refers to “sacred values,” which are values that are seen as not-substitutable and nontradable. Two studies were designed to examine evidence for sacred values and their role on act versus omission choices within the environmental domain. The studies revealed (...) that sacred values were closely associated with preferences for actions, trade-off reluctance, deontological focus, and position of moral universalism. The results suggest that it is important to account for sacred values and nonconsequentialist views in environmental decision-making research. (shrink)
Reflexiones Sobre Las Narrativas Difundidas Por la Extrema Derecha Contemporánea Desde Hannah Arendt.Carmen Lúcia Costa Brotas -2024 -Logeion Filosofia da Informação 11 (1):e-7071.detailsThe informational disorder that permeated recent events such as the Brazilian and American elections, the pandemic crisis and the refutation of climate issues highlighted by several scientists highlights a complex phenomenon that presents itself with transnational characteristics, as it is experienced in societies on all continents. Therefore, this scenario has led social and international actors to reflect on this informational environment, seeking to understand its causes and characteristics and point out measures that can mitigate the harmful effects they are capable (...) of causing. The emergence of the extreme right in several countries contributed to this situation being established and maintained. Thus, Hannah Arendt's understanding of the relationship between truth, lies and politics, as well as the contributions regarding propaganda perpetrated by the totalitarian regimes she studied - Nazism and Bolshevism - prove to be a pertinent reference for approaching the phenomena that cause informational disorder in society. present. This article aims to establish a dialogue between Arendt's understandings and the contemporary scenario, in which there is an intense dissemination of untrue and disinformative content, such as fake news and denialism. The intention of this work is, therefore, to identify to what extent Arendt's conclusions about totalitarian propaganda are close to/far from the communicational model of the contemporary extreme right. The research is qualitative and documentary and aims to carry out context analysis based on Arendtian understandings. In the end, we can see points of rapprochement between the two movements – totalitarianism and the contemporary extreme right. (shrink)
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Preferences Regarding Return of Genomic Results to Relatives of Research Participants, Including after Participant Death: Empirical Results from a Cancer Biobank.Carmen Radecki Breitkopf,Gloria M. Petersen,Susan M. Wolf,Kari G. Chaffee,Marguerite E. Robinson,Deborah R. Gordon,Noralane M. Lindor &Barbara A. Koenig -2015 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 43 (3):464-475.detailsData are lacking with regard to participants' perspectives on return of genetic research results to relatives, including after the participant's death. This paper reports descriptive results from 3,630 survey respondents: 464 participants in a pancreatic cancer biobank, 1,439 family registry participants, and 1,727 healthy individuals. Our findings indicate that most participants would feel obligated to share their results with blood relatives while alive and would want results to be shared with relatives after their death.
Luz Pozo Garza: Memoria radiante de una mujer solar.Carmen Blanco -2006 -Arbor 182 (720):505-515.detailsLa poesía de Luz Pozo Garza es un cosmos fulgurante de belleza platónica regida por la claridad, la profundidad y la armonía simbolizadas en el nombre que lo dio a luz, el de una “mujer solar” plenamente autoafirmada en su vida y en su obra, unidas en el “corazón de Luz” de su poesía. Memoria solar, el título de su obra poética completa contiene su memoria radiante de mujer solar, un cosmos curvo de plenitud que guarda un microcosmos primero, el (...) de su poesía de juventud, de fruto rojo, cual naranja o manzana de la carne, y un microcosmos segundo, el de su poesía de madurez, de flor blanca o azul de la total lucidez mística, cual camelia, rosa o loto solares. (shrink)
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Education political function in Antonio Gramsci.Carmen Gloria Jarpa -2015 -Cinta de Moebio 53:124-134.detailsThis article proposes that education, according to Antonio Gramsci, is a political act. To support our thesis, first we review the concepts hegemony, organic intellectual and historic bloc. In a second level, we use those concepts to understand education. In a third level we present a proposal for a functional political and ethical approach of education in current society. La tesis del artículo es que la educación en el pensamiento de Antonio Gramsci constituye un acto político. Para dar sustento a (...) nuestra tesis, en una primera aproximación hacemos una revisión de los conceptos de hegemonía, intelectual orgánico y bloque histórico. En un segundo nivel, nos aproximamos a la utilidad de dichos conceptos para una comprensión del fenómeno educativo. En un tercer y final nivel presentamos al lector una primera exploración de la función política y ética de la educación en la sociedad actual. (shrink)
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