Results for 'Motoko Hara'
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- Ōhara Yūgaku zenshū.Yūgaku Ōhara -1943Export citation
Bookmark - Japanese values: A thematic analysis of contemporary children’s literature.Motoko Huthwait -1978 -Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 5 (1):59-74.No categories
- Japanese Women in Science and Technology.Motoko Kuwahara -2001 -Minerva 39 (2):203-216.Women make up about ten per cent of the scientists and engineers in Japan. The aim of this essay is to make clear why, even in the year 2001, there are so few women in these disciplines. I will suggest that the socio-economic structure and gender ideology of Japan since the Second World War is responsible for this shortage which is often erroneously attributed to the cultural traditions of feudal Japan.
- Depth and Distance in Berkeley's Theory of Vision.AkiraHara -2004 -History of Philosophy Quarterly 21 (1):101 - 117.
- Leaflets.Motoko Hani -1932 - [Tokyo,: Jiyu Gakuen].Export citation Bookmark
- Gendai no yukue.TasukuHara -1955Export citation Bookmark
- Mingen to dōtoku no ron.TomioHara -1973No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Mapping the space of time: temporal representation in the historical sciences.Robert J. O'Hara -1996 -Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 20: 7–17.William Whewell (1794–1866), polymathic Victorian scientist, philosopher, historian, and educator, was one of the great neologists of the nineteenth century. Although Whewell's name is little remembered today except by professional historians and philosophers of science, researchers in many scientific fields work each day in a world that Whewell named. "Miocene" and "Pliocene," "uniformitarian" and "catastrophist," "anode" and "cathode," even the word "scientist" itself—all of these were Whewell coinages. Whewell is particularly important to students of the historical sciences for another word (...) he coined, one that was unfortunately not as successful as many of his others because it is difficult to pronounce. This word, "palaetiology," was the name Whewell gave to the class of sciences that are concerned with historical causation: the class we might today refer to as historical sciences. Although the disciplines Whewell included under the heading of palaetiology might seem to cut across conventional academic boundaries of his day and ours—his exemplary palaetiological sciences were geology and comparative philology—all these fields may be examined together, Whewell argued, because of their common interest in reconstructing the past. ¶ This paper is an essay in the palaetiological sciences, dedicated to Whewell on the bicentennial of his birth, an essay that examines some of the principles, maxims, and rules of procedure that these sciences have all in common. Its first purpose is to demonstrate the continuing validity of Whewell's classification of these sciences through a study of historical representation in three different palaetiological fields: systematics, historical linguistics, and textual transmission. Its second purpose is to continue the development of an extended analogy between historical representation and cartographic representation that I began in an earlier paper (O'Hara, 1993, Systematic Biology), an analogy that makes especially clear the common representational practices that are found throughout palaetiology. (shrink)
- Homage to Clio, or, toward an historical philosophy for evolutionary biology.Robert J. O'Hara -1988 -Systematic Zoology 37 (2): 142–155.Discussions of the theory and practice of systematics and evolutionary biology have heretofore revolved around the views of philosophers of science. I reexamine these issues from the different perspective of the philosophy of history. Just as philosophers of history distinguish between chronicle (non-interpretive or non-explanatory writing) and narrative history (interpretive or explanatory writing), I distinguish between evolutionary chronicle (cladograms, broadly construed) and narrative evolutionary history. Systematics is the discipline which estimates the evolutionary chronicle. ¶ Explanations of the events described in (...) the evolutionary chronicle are not of the covering-law type described by philosophers of science, but rather of the how-possibly, continuous series, and integrating types described by philosophers of history. Pre-evolutionary explanations of states (in contrast to chroniclar events) are still widespread in "evolutionary" biology, however, because evolutionary chronicles are in general poorly known. To the extent that chronicles are known, the narrative evolutionary histories based on them are structured like conventional historical narratives, in that they treat their central subjects as ontological individuals. This conventional treatment is incorrect. The central subjects of evolutionary narratives are clades, branched entities which have some of the properties of individuals and some of the properties of classes. Our unconscious treatment of the subjects of evolutionary narratives as individuals has been the cause of erroneous notions of progress in evolution, and of views that taxa "develop" ontogenetically in ways analogous to individual organisms. We must rewrite our narrative evolutionary histories so that they properly represent the branching nature of evolution, and we must reframe our evolutionary philosophies so that they properly reflect the historical nature of our subject. (shrink)
- Avoiding Omnidoxasticity in Logics of Belief: A Reply to MacPherson.Kieron O'Hara,Han Reichgelt &Nigel Shadbolt -1995 -Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 36 (3):475-495.In recent work MacPherson argues that the standard method of modeling belief logically, as a necessity operator in a modal logic, is doomed to fail. The problem with normal modal logics as logics of belief is that they treat believers as "ideal" in unrealistic ways (i.e., as omnidoxastic); however, similar problems re-emerge for candidate non-normal logics. The authors argue that logics used to model belief in artificial intelligence (AI) are also flawed in this way. But for AI systems, omnidoxasticity is (...) impossible because of their finite nature, and this fact can be exploited to produce operational models of fallible belief. The relevance of this point to various philosophical views about belief is discussed. (shrink)
- Population thinking and tree thinking in systematics.Robert J. O'Hara -1997 -Zoologica Scripta 26 (4): 323–329.Two new modes of thinking have spread through systematics in the twentieth century. Both have deep historical roots, but they have been widely accepted only during this century. Population thinking overtook the field in the early part of the century, culminating in the full development of population systematics in the 1930s and 1940s, and the subsequent growth of the entire field of population biology. Population thinking rejects the idea that each species has a natural type (as the earlier essentialist view (...) had assumed), and instead sees every species as a varying population of interbreeding individuals. Tree thinking has spread through the field since the 1960s with the development of phylogenetic systematics. Tree thinking recognizes that species are not independent replicates within a class (as earlier group thinkers had tended to see them), but are instead interconnected parts of an evolutionary tree. It lays emphasis on the explanation of evolutionary events in the context of a tree, rather than on the states exhibited by collections of species, and it sees evolutionary history as a story of divergence rather than a story of development. Just as population thinking gave rise to the new field of population biology, so tree thinking is giving rise to the new field of phylogenetic biology. (shrink)
- Systematic generalization, historical fate, and the species problem.Robert J. O'Hara -1993 -Systematic Biology 42 (3): 231–246.The species problem is one of the oldest controversies in natural history. Its persistence suggests that it is something more than a problem of fact or definition. Considerable light is shed on the species problem when it is viewed as a problem in the representation of the natural system (sensu Griffiths, 1974, Acta Biotheor. 23: 85–131; de Queiroz, 1998, Philos. Sci. 55: 238–259). Just as maps are representations of the earth, and are subject to what is called cartographic generalization, so (...) diagrams of the natural system (evolutionary trees) are representations of the evolutionary chronicle, and are subject to a temporal version of cartographic generalization which may be termed systematic generalization. Cartographic generalization is based on judgements of geographical importance, and systematic generalization is based on judgements of historical importance, judgements expressed in narrative sentences (sensu Danto, 1985, Narration and knowledge, Columbia Univ. Press, New York). At higher systematic levels these narrative sentences are conventional and retrospective, but near the "species" level they become prospective, that is, dependent upon expectations of the future. The truth of prospective narrative sentences is logically indeterminable in the present, and since all the common species concepts depend upon prospective narration, it is impossible for any of them to be applied with precision. (shrink)
- Representations of the natural system in the nineteenth century.Robert J. O'Hara -1991 -Biology and Philosophy 6 (2): 255–274."The Natural System" is the abstract notion of the order in living diversity. The richness and complexity of this notion is revealed by the diversity of representations of the Natural System drawn by ornithologists in the Nineteenth Century. These representations varied in overall form from stars, to circles, to maps, to evolutionary trees and cross-sections through trees. They differed in their depiction of affinity, analogy, continuity, directionality, symmetry, reticulation and branching, evolution, and morphological convergence and divergence. Some representations were two-dimensional, (...) and some were three-dimensional; n-dimensional representations were discussed but never illustrated. The study of diagrammatic representations of the Natural System is made difficult by the frequent failure of authors to discuss them in their texts, and by the consequent problem of distinguishing features which carried meaning from arbitrary features and printing conventions which did not. Many of the systematics controversies of the last thirty years have their roots in the conceptual problems which surrounded the Natural System in the late 1800s, problems which were left unresolved when interest in higher-level systematics declined at the turn of this century. (shrink)
- Tetsugaku nyūmon.Kazunari Kōhara -1948No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Experiments in Reading.Daniel T. O'Hara -2009 -New Nietzsche Studies 8 (1-2):151-160.
- Vergil's Aeneid and the Roman Self: Subject and Nation in Literary Discourse (review).James J. O'Hara -2006 -American Journal of Philology 127 (2):317-320.In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Vergil's Aeneid and the Roman Self: Subject and Nation in Literary DiscourseJames J. O'HaraYasmin Syed. Vergil's Aeneid and the Roman Self: Subject and Nation in Literary Discourse. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2005. x + 277 pp. Cloth, $65.This book, which "began as a PhD dissertation at the University of California, Berkeley" (1997), tackles a timely, large, and difficult topic, possibly a topic too difficult to (...) be handled in a satisfactory way in a dissertation and first book. In sum, it makes a decent but flawed contribution on a topic that needs much more work, and in some ways, much more careful work.Two introductory chapters describe the importance of the Aeneid in imperial culture and the role of manipulation of the emotions in ancient theories of rhetoric. In a section called "The Reader's Subject Position," two chapters (both largely on Aeneas and Dido) treat "The Gaze" and "The Spectacle of Emotions." In the next section, on "Gender and Ethnicity," four chapters treat "Gendered Emotions" (before Allecto's visit, Amata is worried, but Turnus is calm; "frenzy, then, is female," 122), "Gendered Ethnicity" (Dido's characterization as Punic "is hard to detect because it is blended with her lover's persona," but it is still significant, 145), "Cleopatra and the Politics of Gendered Ethnicity" ("Augustan representations of Cleopatra form the birth of the Western discourse of orientalism," 177, somewhat overstated, but with interesting ideas about the connection between Cleopatra and Dido), and "Romanitas" (Greek stereotypes, and others, define Romans but are characterized by a "fundamental ambivalence," 203). A brief conclusion ends the book.The interesting argument that Syed makes in the first few chapters is "that the Aeneid used its visuality and its sublime style to appeal to the readers' emotions, and that it created a fictional space for an internal reader within the poem for [End Page 317] 316 whom the poem could articulate an identity by creating various fictional characters as figures of identification" (35). Both these and later chapters offer a mix of the new, the familiar, and, at times, the unconvincing. Two of the book's flaws are actually signaled in the surprising final paragraph, which declares that the book's "most glaring omission has been that of considering more Italian characters and generally of giving more attention to the second half of the poem" (227). Syed says that this "focus" on other aspects of the poem "has been a personal decision on my part," but it is hard to imagine thinking about "subject and nation" in the Aeneid without discussing the relationship between Rome and Italy both in the poem and in Vergil's world; see C. Ando, "Vergil's Italy: ethnography and politics in first-century Rome," pp. 123–42 in D. S. Levene and D. Nelis, eds., Clio and the Poets (Leiden, 2002), whose date is probably too close to Syed's publication date. Presumably there will be a full discussion of Rome and Italy in Alessandro Barchiesi's forthcoming The Geopoetics of Vergil's Aeneid.The lack of attention to Books 7–12 is also a problem, because often the arguments Syed makes about the parts of the Aeneid that she does treat are less convincing when we think about passages in the second half of the poem. The claims that Aeneas has a special ability "to control his emotional responses to the world" (70) and that "in contrast to Aeneas, whose emotions are carefully controlled, many characters in the poem give free rein to their emotions" (87), surely cry out for a consideration of Aeneas' rampage after the death of Pallas in Book 10 and the rage with which he kills Turnus in the poem's final lines. The discussion of Dido's wounds and of Lavinia's association, through allusive simile, with the wound of Menelaus (125–35) is fairly good. But Syed does not mention that Turnus at the start of Aeneid 12 is compared to a wounded deer, or that right before the Lavinia scene Vergil says Turnus "grows sicker with the attempt to heal" (aegrescitque medendo, 45). Lavinia is indeed associated with Menelaus by allusion, but Aeneas... (shrink)No categories
- How neuroscience might advance the law.Erin O'Hara -2006 - In Semir Zeki & Oliver Goodenough,Law and the Brain. Oxford University Press.
- Evolutionary history and the species problem.Robert J. O'Hara -1994 -American Zoologist 34 (1): 12–22.In the last thirty years systematics has transformed itself from a discipline concerned with classification into a discipline concerned with reconstructing the evolutionary history of life. This transformation has been driven by cladistic analysis, a set of techniques for reconstructing evolutionary trees. Long interested in the large-scale structure of evolutionary history, cladistically oriented systematists have recently begun to apply "tree thinking" to problems near the species level. ¶ In any local ("non-dimensional") situation species are usually well-defined, but across space and (...) time the grouping of populations into species is often problematic. Three views of species are in common use today, the biological species concept, the evolutionary species concept, and the phylogenetic species concept. Each of these has strengths and weaknesses, but no matter which is applied, exact counts of the number of species in any extended area will always be ambiguous no matter how much factual information is available. This ambiguity arises because evolution is an historical process, and the grouping of organisms into species always depends to some extent upon expectations of the future behavior of those organisms and their descendants, expectations that cannot be evaluated in the present. The existence and special character of the species problem is itself one of the central pieces of evidence for evolution. (shrink)
- Outside In, Inside Out, Again and Yet Again: Foucault’s Game in Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling.Daniel T. O’Hara -2014 -Foucault Studies 18:274-278.No categories
- Lokayata and vratya.Hara Prasad Shastri -1982 - Calcutta: available with Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay.Export citation Bookmark
- Between Individuality and Universality: An Explication of Chuang-Tzu’s Theses of Chien-Tu and Ch’i-Wu.Wing-HanHara -1993 -Journal of Chinese Philosophy 20 (1):87-99.
- Reforming the politics of animal research.LisaHara Levin &William A. Reppy -2015 -Journal of Medical Ethics 41 (7):563-566.
- Daigaku kaikaku no senkusha Tachibana Seiji: gyō wa isogu ni yabure, okotaru ni susamu--.TerushiHara -1984 - Tōkyō: Kōjinsha. Edited by Seiji Tachibana.Export citation Bookmark
- Gendai hyūmanizumu kōza.IchirōHara,Risaku Mutai,Tetsuzō Tanikawa &Senroku Uehara (eds.) -1969No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Reflection: space, vision, and faith: linear perspective in Renaissance art and architecture.Mari YokoHara -2020 - In Andrew Janiak,Space: a history. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Export citation Bookmark
- Shiron.TomioHara -1977 - Daimeido.Export citation Bookmark
- Shinʾōdōshugi.ShigeharuHara -1933Export citation Bookmark
- Shinbun kisha.ToshioHara -1979Export citation Bookmark
- Conservatism, Epistemology, and Value.Kieron O’Hara -2016 -The Monist 99 (4):423-440.No categories
- Kanʾi tōzai tetsugaku shisō jiten.TomioHara -1983 - Tōkyō: Sanshin Tosho. Edited by Tomio Hara.
- The Person and the Body: Roman Rhetors and Greek Naturalists.Mary L. O'Hara -1977 -Apeiron 11 (1):43.
- American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam (review).Daniel T. O’Hara -2008 -Symploke 16 (1-2):366-368.
- Bristol Bay and Pebble Mine: Mutual Flourishing or Midas’ Touch.David L. O’Hara -2018 -Ethics, Policy and Environment 21 (1):26-28.The Pebble Limited Partnership proposes to create the Pebble Mine, one of the world’s largest open-pit mines, in the Bristol Bay watershed, home to Alaska’s largest sockeye salmon fishery. De...
- Orpheus turning : the reader to come in Camera Lucida.Daniel T. O'Hara -2023 - In Jeffrey R. Di Leo & Zahi Anbra Zalloua,Understanding Žižek, understanding modernism. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Word unitization examined using an interference paradigm.William O’Hara &Charles W. Eriksen -1979 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 14 (2):81-84.
- A Note on dharmasya suksma gatih.MinoruHara -1997 -Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 59:515-532.
- Ch-uka shisō no kontai to jugaku no yūi.TomioHara -1947Export citation Bookmark
- Dōtokurōn.TomioHara -1954Export citation Bookmark
- Gendai no sekaikanteki jōkyō.TasukuHara -1964 - 39 i.: E..Export citation Bookmark
- Gendai to jitsuzon.TasukuHara -1970Export citation Bookmark
- Hyūmanizumu.IchirōHara -1965No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- (1 other version)Jinseiron.TomioHara -1966No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Kōa no dōhō.ShigeharuHara -1940 - Edited by Confucius.Export citation Bookmark
- Kage no jiryoku.TakeshiHara -2012 - Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Genki Shobō.Shōwashi e no renketsu -- Higashi Ajia kara no me -- Tennō to iu jiba -- Watashi no kaikōki -- Jikokuhyō katate ni ekisoba o.
- Kachi sōtaishugi hōtetsugaku no kenkyū.HideoHara -1968Export citation Bookmark
- Nïche sekaikan no tenbō.TasukuHara -1950Export citation Bookmark
- Ronrigaku.TasukuHara -1952Export citation Bookmark
- Shūsei dōtokuron taikei.TomioHara -1981No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Sentetsuzōden. Kinsei kijinden. Hyakka kikōden.TokusaiHara -1917 - Tōkyō: Yūhōdō. Edited by Kōkei Ban & Gogaku Yajima.Export citation Bookmark
- (1 other version)Sentetsuzōden.TokusaiHara -1844 - Tōkyō: Yumani Shobō. Edited by Hakashi[From Old Catalog] Tanaka.Export citation Bookmark
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Area Editors:
David Bourget
Gwen Bradford
Berit Brogaard
Margaret Cameron
David Chalmers
James Chase
Rafael De Clercq
Ezio Di Nucci
Esa Diaz-Leon
Barry Hallen
Hans Halvorson
Jonathan Ichikawa
Monte Johnson
Michelle Kosch
Øystein Linnebo
Paul Livingston
Brandon Look
Manolo Martínez
Matthew McGrath
Michiru Nagatsu
Susana Nuccetelli
Giuseppe Primiero
Jack Alan Reynolds
Darrell P. Rowbottom
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