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Quantum uncertainty relations have deep-rooted significance in the formalism of quantum mechanics. Heisenberg’s uncertainty relations attracted a renewed interest for its applications in quantum information science. Following the discovery of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Robertson derived a general form of Heisenberg’s uncertainty relations for a pair of arbitrary observables represented by Hermitian operators. In the present work, we discover a temporal version of the Heisenberg–Robertson uncertainty relations for the measurement of two observables at two different times, where the dynamical uncertainties (...) crucially depend on the time evolution of the observables. The uncertainties not only depend on the choice of observables but also depend on the times at which the physical observables are measured. The time correlated two-time commutator dictates the trade-off between the dynamical uncertainties. We demonstrate the dynamics of these uncertainty relations for a spin-1/2 quantum system and for a quantum harmonic oscillator. We also present the dynamical uncertainty relation in terms of entropies, where the temporal entropic uncertainties are restricted by a time-dependent complementarity factor. The temporal uncertainty relations explored in this work can be experimentally verified with the present quantum technology. (shrink)

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800x600 Normal 0 21 false false false RO X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Suicide attack has become a dangerous trend in the contemporary history of some Asian societies. While it has been used by some people as a means of protest, it has been largely rejected by humanity for its severe debilitating effects. Instances of suicide attack can be found in the contexts of the Israel-Palestine conflict, September 11 attacks, Bali bombing, Sunni-Shiite disagreement, struggle of the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, as (...) well as the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan by foreign powers. The recent contours of suicide attacks are basically largely related to various groups or organizations. The paper therefore examines the meaning, brief history, and the causes of suicide attack, and analyzes these within the purview of contemporary Islamic thought which is based on the textual arguments of the Qur'an and Sunnah. The paper concludes that though a tiny fraction of the whole Muslim spectrum tries to justify the suicide attack as a "weapon of the weak", the majority of the Muslim scholars has viewed it as a crime against humanity and therefore vehemently rejects this practice in any form. (shrink)

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The abundance of information technology and electronic resources for academic materials has contributed to the attention given to research on plagiarism from various perspectives. Among the issues that have attracted researchers’ attention are perceptions of plagiarism and attitudes toward plagiarism. This article presents a critical review of studies that have been conducted to examine staff’s and students’ perceptions of and attitudes toward plagiarism. It also presents a review of studies that have focused on factors contributing to plagiarism. Our review of (...) studies reveals that most of the studies on perceptions of plagiarism and attitudes toward plagiarism lack an in-depth analysis of the relationship between the perceptions of plagiarism and other contextual, sociocultural and institutional variables, or the relationship between attitudes toward plagiarism and students’ perceptions of various forms of plagiarism. Although our review shows that various factors can contribute to plagiarism, there is no taxonomy that can account for all these factors. Some suggestions for future research are provided in this review article. (shrink)

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Background The use of lengthy, detailed, and complex informed consent forms is of paramount concern in biomedical research as it may not truly promote the rights and interests of research participants. The extent of information in ICFs has been the subject of debates for decades; however, no clear guidance is given. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the perspectives of research participants about the type and extent of information they need when they are invited to participate in (...) biomedical research. Methods This multi-center, cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted at 54 study sites in seven Asia-Pacific countries. A modified Likert-scale questionnaire was used to determine the importance of each element in the ICF among research participants of a biomedical study, with an anchored rating scale from 1 to 5. Results Of the 2484 questionnaires distributed, 2113 were returned. The majority of respondents considered most elements required in the ICF to be ‘moderately important’ to ‘very important’ for their decision making. Major foreseeable risk, direct benefit, and common adverse effects of the intervention were considered to be of most concerned elements in the ICF. Conclusions Research participants would like to be informed of the ICF elements required by ethical guidelines and regulations; however, the importance of each element varied, e.g., risk and benefit associated with research participants were considered to be more important than the general nature or technical details of research. Using a participant-oriented approach by providing more details of the participant-interested elements while avoiding unnecessarily lengthy details of other less important elements would enhance the quality of the ICF. (shrink)

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The integration of cellular networks and vehicular networks is complex and heterogeneous. Synchronization among vehicles in heterogeneous vehicular clusters plays an important role in effective data sharing and the stability of the cluster. This synchronization depends on the smooth exchange of information between vehicles and remote servers over the Internet. The remote servers predict road traffic patterns by adopting deep learning methods to help drivers on the roads. At the same time, local data processing at the vehicular cluster level may (...) increase the capabilities of remote servers. However, global positioning system signal interruption, especially in the urban environment, plays a big part in the detritions of synchronization among the vehicles that lead to the instability of the cluster. Instability of connections is a major hurdle in developing cost-effective solutions for deriving assistance and route planning applications. To solve this problem, a self-localization scheme within the vehicular cluster is proposed. The proposed self-localization scheme handles GPS signal interruption to the vehicle within the cluster. A unique clustering criterion and a synchronization mechanism for sharing traffic information system data among multiple vehicles are developed. The developed scheme is simulated and compared with existing known approaches. The results show the better performance of our proposed scheme over others. (shrink)

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The connected and acyclic components contained in a network are identified by the computation of its complexity, where complexity of a network refers to the total number of spanning trees present within. The article in hand deals with the enumeration of the complexity of various networks’ operations such as sum, product, difference K 2, n ⊖ K 2, and the conjunction of S n with K 2. All our computations have been concluded by implementation of the methods of linear algebra (...) and matrix theory. Our derivations will also be highlighted with the assistance of 3D plots at the end of this article. (shrink)

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Nowadays, higher education worldwide is affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. It has affected students’ attendance in the universities and causes universities to close down in more than 190 countries. On the other hand, novice engineers studied only a few lectures related to highway engineering. Their lectures have included very little knowledge about asphalt pavement construction as highway engineering consists of many areas that are not studied in detail during their studying years subject to their traditional education. Due to all mentioned, (...) a new drive to promote online learning paves the way to evaluate our future approach to curriculum development and delivery of educational materials for engineering courses. However, experts can offer solutions to these problems using their past experience. Hence, a system that allows experts to share their experience with other engineers after completing a project is needed. Nevertheless, the web-based expert system for maintaining flexible pavement problems in tropical regions designed in this study is a novel concept. Prior to developing this system, the need for such a system was determined through literature review and validated through a questionnaire survey. Experts were interviewed, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to construct the knowledge base of the system. Knowledge was presented as rules and coded in software through PHP programming. Web pages that support the user interface were designed using a framework that consists of CSS, HTML, and J-Query. Furthermore, the system was tested by an array of users engaged in highway engineering, namely, experts, teaching experts, novice engineers, and students. The mean values of the overall system evaluation performed by 20 users using a five-point Likert scale were 4, 4.5, 3.75, 4.25, 5, 4, and 3.5. Expert and user satisfaction prove the effectiveness of the proposed system. (shrink)

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The impetus of this study is to gauge the nexus between economic policy uncertainty and financial innovation in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa nations for the period from 2004M1 to 2018M12. This study utilizes both the linear and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag models to evaluate the long-run and the short-run association between EPU and financial innovation; furthermore, the causal effects are investigated by following the non-Granger casualty framework. The results of long-run cointegration, i.e., the test statistics of modified (...) F-test, standard Wald test, and tBDM, reject the null hypothesis and establish the presence of the long-run association between EPU and financial innovation. Conversely, long-run asymmetry cointegration revealed the test statistics of FPSS, WPSS, and tBDM in non-linear estimation. Furthermore, both in the long run and short run, the Wald test results disclose asymmetric effects running from EPU to financial innovation. In regards to the asymmetric impact of EPU on financial innovation, this study documents that the positive and negative shocks in EPU are negatively linked with financial innovation in the long run but are insignificant for short-run effects. Besides, financial innovation measured by R&D investment exhibits a positive linkage with shocks in EPU, implying that uncertainty induces innovation in the economy. Referring to causality effects, this study divulges the feedback hypothesis, i.e., bidirectional causality prevails between EPU and financial innovation in all sample countries. (shrink)

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Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) have been practiced in Islamic societies within married couples since their introduction. However, there are divergent views over the issue of third-party donation among Sunni and Shia scholars. This paper illustrates the different perspectives of Shia Muslims surrounding, sperm, egg, and embryo donation and ethical aspects thereof. The study reveals that there are different views regarding sperm, egg, and embryo donation among the Shia religious leaders around the world. Many Shia religious scholars, including the Iranian supreme (...) religious leader Ali Hussein Khamenei allow sperm, egg, and embryo donation with certain conditions. However, the conditions stipulated by Shia religious scholars contradict the ethical and legal practices of sperm, egg, and embryo donation. Regarding sperm and egg donation, they declared that the donor child would inherit from a third-party donor and the commissioning parents would be adoptive parents. Thus, according to them, donor anonymity is impossible. Moreover, the Iranian act on embryo donation did not stipulate the right and responsibilities of the donor child and recipient couples and did not clarify the nature and number of embryos that can be donated and implanted. The paper argues that the lack of laws and guidelines on sperm, egg, and embryo donation raises many ethical problems. Based only on religious rulings, third-party donation has been practiced without foreseeing the well-being and safety of donor children, donors, and recipient couples. (shrink)

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Öz: Bu makale Neolitik döneme ait ve Anadolu’da inşa edilen ilk tapınak olma özelliğine sahip Göbeklitepe’yi ele almaktadır. Arkeologlara göre burası insanlığın en eski tapınaklarından biridir. Göbeklitepe, yerleşik hayattan ve tarımsal üretimden yoksun olan avcı-toplayıcı toplulukların dinsel inanışları hakkında çok önemli bilgiler sunar. Bu tapınak, arkaik insanların dinden ve inançtan yoksun ilkel bir hayat sürmediklerini, aksine bir inanca sahip olduklarını, inançlarını yaşamak için tapınak inşa ettiklerini ve zengin bir dinî sembol kullandıklarını göstermektedir. Göbeklitepe, insanların yerleşik hayata geçip kendisi için konut (...) yapmadan, hayvanları evcilleştirmeden ve tarımsal üretime başlamadan önce dinî ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için tapınak yaptığının bir göstergesidir. Özet: Bu makale Neolitik döneme ait ve Anadolu’da inşa edilen ilk tapınak olma özelliğine sahip Göbeklitepe’yi ele almaktadır. Şanlıurfa yakınlarında 1995 yılında başlatılan arkeolojik kazılar, insanlık tarihine bakış açımızı değiştirmiş ve geçmiş hakkında sahip olduğumuz bilgilerin doğruluğunu test etme imkânı sunmuştur. Göbeklitepe, arkaik insanın inanç ve düşünce dünyası hakkındaki bilgilerimizin gerçeği yansıtmadığını göstermiştir. Yaşamını avcı-toplayıcı olarak sağlamaya çalışan, din ve soyut düşünceden yoksun olduğu düşünülen, çanak-çömlek yapmasını bile bilmeyen, tarımı ve yerleşik hayatı keşfetmemiş insanların yoğun ve zengin bir sembolik anlatıma sahip tapınaklar yapması, bilim adamlarını derinden etkilemiştir. Toplamda 20 adet olan ve çapı 10 -30 metre arasında değişen dairesel yapılardan oluşan Göbeklitepe tapınaklarının en ilgi çekici unsuru, T biçiminde olan ve üzerinde soyut sembol ve hayvan kabartmalarını bulunduran dikili taşlardır. Dairesel yapının merkezinde iki adet ve çevresinde 10 ile 12 adet arasında T biçiminde yaklaşık 200 tane dikili taş bulunmaktadır. Bu T biçimindeki dikili taşlar üzerinde kapsamlı bir inceleme yapıldığında ve kadim Anadolu ve Mezopotamya uygarlıklarının dinsel inanışları ve tapınak kültü göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, bu dikili taşların tanrıları sembolize ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Göbeklitepe, çocukları veya daha küçük dereceli tanrılar tarafından çevrelenen ve bu tanrıların oluşturduğu çemberin merkezinde yer alan tanrı ve tanrıça çiftinin oluşturduğu tanrılar panteonunun kutsal alanıdır. Göbeklitepe bir tapınak olmanın ötesinde karanlıkta kalmış bir inanç sisteminin en önemli temsilcisi olarak karşımızda durmaktadır. Yazılı kaynakların bulunmadığı ve sınırlı arkeolojik verilerin elde edilebildiği Neolitik Dönemin erken evresine ait olan Göbeklitepe, bu dönemde yaşamış arkaik insanın inanç ve düşünce dünyasını bize göstermektedir. Bu megalitik yapının yapısal ve biçimsel özellikleri, arkaik insanın sanıldığı gibi ilkel olmadığını kanıtlamaktadır. Göbeklitepe, dinin doğuşu ve gelişimi konusunda çok önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır. Özellikle evrimci ve pozitivist bakış açılarıyla oluşturulmuş ve dinin büyü, ruh, korku, atalara tapma gibi basit ve asılsız yapılardan doğup zamanla karmaşık ve kurumsal inançlar biçimine dönüştüğünü öne süren teorilerin gerçeği yansıtmadığını göstermiştir. Araştırmacılar, avcı-toplayıcı toplulukların yerleşik hayata ve tarımsal üretime geçtikten sonra toplumsal yaşamla birlikte bazı sorunlarla karşılaştıklarını ve bu sorunlara çözüm arayışının dinlerin doğuşunu hazırladığını düşünüyorlardı. Diğer bir ifade ile kurumsal dinler, karmaşık toplumsal yaşamın bir ürünü ve sonucu olarak görülüyordu. Fakat Göbeklitepe dinsel inanışların düşünülenden çok daha eski dönemlerde, kurumsal olarak ve basit olmayan formlarda bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Göbeklitepe’nin, bilinen en eski ve ilk tapınak yapısı olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Kendisinden önce bilinen antik tapınaklardan en az 5000 yıl eski olan bu megalitik yapı, uygarlığın gelişiminde dinsel inanışların ne kadar etkili ve önemli olduğunu açık bir şekilde göstermektedir. Uzun yıllar kazı başkanlığını yapmış olan arkeolog Klaus Schmidt, Göbeklitepe’nin ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte “.. önce tapınak kuruldu sonra şehir. ” sözleriyle, insanoğlunun genlerinde bulunan inanma ihtiyacının ne kadar öncelikli olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Göbeklitepe insanoğlunun konut, tarım ve çanak çömlek gibi temel ihtiyaçlardan önce görkemli ve karmaşık tapınaklar yaptığını ve bunun arkaik insan topluluklarının güçlü inanç duygusundan kaynaklandığını göstermiştir. İnsanın genlerinde bulunan inanma ihtiyacı insana her şeyden önce tapınak yapmayı ilham etmiştir. Göbeklitepe ile temsil edilen inanç sistemi ve düşünce dünyasının ne kadar zengin ve etkili olduğunu, aynı bölgede en az 5000 yıl sonra ortaya çıkan Anadolu ve Mezopotamya uygarlıkları üzerindeki etkisinden anlayabiliriz. Bu uygarlıkların tapınak yapıları ve dinsel inanışları, bu megalitik yapı ile dikkate değer bir biçimde uyuşmaktadır. Bu uygarlıkların karanlıkta kalmış yönlerini ortaya çıkarmada, Göbeklitepe kaçırılmayacak bir fırsat sunmaktadır. Bu megalitik yapı ortaya çıktığında büyük ses getirmiş ve bilim insanlarının ilgisini çekmiştir. Hakkında yazılı ve görsel basında çok sayıda haberin çıktığı bu tapınak kompleksinin, Aden bahçesi, Babil Asma Bahçelerinin kalıntısı, Şaman tapınağı ve uzaylıların merkezi olduğu iddiaları ortaya atılmıştır. Göbeklitepe üzerinde yapılan arkeolojik kazıların ilerlemesi ve onun hakkında daha fazla bilgiye ulaşılması, onun bir ritüel merkezi olarak tapınak olduğunu göstermiştir. Göbeklitepe’nin yapısal ve biçimsel özellikleri, bu yapının her şeyden önce bir tapınak olduğunu göstermiştir. Gerek dikili taşlardan oluşan dairesel yapıları ve gerekse yerleşim yerlerinden uzak yüksek bir tepede bulunması bu düşünceyi güçlendirmektedir. Göbeklitepe’yi avcı-toplayıcı toplulukların ibadet ettikleri, tanrılara kurbanlar sundukları, yılın belirli dönemlerinde dinî festival ve şölenler gerçekleştirdikleri, tanrıların yaşadığı kutsal mekânlar olarak gördükleri ve kutsalı tecrübe ettikleri bir tapınak olarak düşünmek daha doğru bir yaklaşımdır. Göbeklitepe’nin, tarih boyunca inanç merkezi olarak kalmış ve peygamberler şehri olarak bilinen Şanlıurfa’da ortaya çıkması ülkemiz için önemli bir ekonomik ve kültürel fırsat oluşturmuştur. Anadolu’nun ne kadar kadim ve zengin bir kültürel dokuya sahip olduğunu kanıtlayan bu megalitik yapı, ortaya çıktığı günden beri birçok yerli ve yabancı araştırmacının akınına uğramıştır. Bilimsel literatürün en eski ve ilk tapınağı olan Göbeklitepe, arkaik insanın günümüz insanına miras olarak bıraktığı ve insanlığın ilk dönem sırlarını taşıyan gizemli bir tapınak kompleksidir. (shrink)

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The Ontology Summit 2012 explored the current and potential uses of ontology, its methods and paradigms, in big systems and big data: How ontology can be used to design, develop, and operate such systems. The systems addressed were not just software systems, although software systems are typically core and necessary components, but more complex systems that include multiple kinds and levels of human and community interaction with physical-software systems, systems of systems, and the socio-technical environments for those systems which can (...) include cultural, legal, and economic components. The focus themes used for this exploration were Big Systems Engineering, Big Data Challenge, Large Scale Domain Applications, and cross-cutting aspects Ontology Quality, and Federation and Integration of Systems. The Ontology Summit 2012 consisted of over three months of intensive virtual collaborative elaboration of these issues in presentations, panels, and group email. The culmination of these activities was a face-to-face Symposium at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 12–13 April 2012. The primary product of this Ontology Summit is the communiqué reported here. But there are other products, some continuing as collaborative, more specifically focused analysis and modeling efforts aligned with various open standards activities. Behind all of these particular products, of course, is the real overriding purpose of the Ontology Summit 2012, which was: the joint collaboration of three distinct communities, the ontology, systems engineering and big systems stakeholder communities, who came together to address common problems, create common understanding and propose common solutions. (shrink)

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This article critically studies coronavirus pandemic news in the press. The article attempts to study the way the news of COVID-19 is used for political and ideological purposes. In order to achieve the aim, two newspapers namely, The New York Times from the United States of America and Global Times from China are selected. Van Dijk’s news schemata framework is used for the analysis of the reports selected from the two newspapers. Van Dijk’s news schemata is crucial for the analysis (...) of any news story whether such a news story is taken from a news channel or a newspaper and whether broadcasted or printed. Based on data analysis, the article found out that the news of COVID-19 has been politicized and used for ideological interests. The article recommends that pandemics should not be politicized, instead we should work together to save our lives and live peacefully. (shrink)

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The article addresses the gendered implications of Covid-19 in the Global South by paying attention to the intersectional pre-existing inequalities that have given rise to specific risks and vulnerabilities. It explores various aspects of the pandemic-induced ‘crisis of social reproduction’ that affects women as the main caregivers as well as addressing the drastic increase of various forms of gender-based violence. Both, in addition to growing poverty and severely limited access to resources and health services, are particularly devastating in marginalized and (...) vulnerable communities in the Global South. The article looks at specific regions and countries to illustrate wider challenges faced by LGBTQ populations, ethnic minorities, domestic workers, migrants and sex workers. Against the background of these gendered intersectional challenges, the article then moves to discuss feminist initiatives and mobilizations to deal with the crisis in specific local contexts as well as nationally, regionally and transnationally. It concludes by highlighting a number of visions, tensions and dilemmas faced by feminists in the Global South that will need to be taken into consideration in terms of transnational feminist solidarities. (shrink)

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Generally, there are two interpretative approaches to quantum theory: psi-ontic and psi-epistemic. According to the psi-ontic interpretations, quantum theory does/should describe or represent what...

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This research was conducted in order to determine job stress, job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intention of employees of religious affairs.In addition, within the scope of the research, the interrelationships between related concepts, demographic variables that these employees belong to, and their level of relationship within the concepts are also examined. The research was conducted on 1125 employees of religious affairs from Turkey's seven geographical regions, especially from the metropolitan centers (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Mersin, Gaziantep, Samsun and Erzurum). In order (...) to collect the data, four different scale forms were used and the analysis was interpreted through a statistical analysis program.According to the results of the research, these employees have a low level of job satisfaction while experiencing moderate burnout. The employees of religious affairs, on the other hand, have a high level of job stress and moderate turnover intentions.While there are different researches in the literature that try to determine the burnout and job satisfaction of employees of religious affairs, this research is important because it is a pioneering study aiming to measure the work stress, which is known as the source of job satisfaction and burnout, and the turnover intention, which is the most important result of job stress. (shrink)

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In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in organizational trends to hire irregular workers. This inclination, in a time of great flux and uncertainty, exacerbates human resource issues faced by firms. We argue that corporate social responsibility can be an important antecedent to improve the workplace attitudes of irregular workers and as a result reduce the negative impact on organizations of the increased use of an irregular workforce. Hence, we explore the relationship between perceived CSR and unfairness perception (...) and social relations of subcontracted workers with regular workers. We further attempt to explain these relationships through the mediating effects of psychological contract violation and organizational identity, respectively. Our analysis supports a negative effect of composite and external CSR on unfairness perception and positive effect on social relations. Additionally, our results support partial mediating roles of psychological contract violation and organizational identity. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are also discussed. (shrink)

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This work underscores the importance of answering the question: who are organizational stakeholders? It argues that stakeholder theory is a normative management theory, and there is a need to differentiate between stakeholder and non-stakeholder firms. It further argues that the overall organizational stakeholder orientation indicates how narrowly or broadly organizations define their stakeholders. Therefore, this work attempts to provide a stakeholder salience scheme for stakeholder organizations, i.e., organizations with accommodative and proactive stakeholder orientations. In the process, this work reviews key (...) scholarly contributions and points out some potential weaknesses in these contributions with an aim to develop a new stakeholder typology. This work contributes to the existing literature by: introducing a contingent variable, i.e., organizational strategy, in a stakeholder typology scheme; reaffirming the normative aspect of stakeholder theory by placing normative considerations at the center of stakeholder salience typology; and improving the descriptive validity of stakeholder theory by adding a new stakeholder variable, i.e., organization, in the presented stakeholder salience typology scheme. (shrink)

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Basṭāmī, ʻAlī ibn Ṭayfūr, active 16th century-17th century. Akhlāq-i ḥusnaʹ ; Islamic ethics- Early works to 1800.

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Terrorist organisations have increased and widened in Iraq in particular and the world in general in recent years. People have suffered a lot from these terrorist organisations due to their thirst for killing innocent civilians. The study aims to convey the suffering of innocent Iraqis caused by terrorist acts to the world. In order to achieve the aim, the research adopted Barthes’s framework to analyse the selected photographs. The researchers have selected iconic photographs for the analysis. The photographs are taken (...) from the main websites of the local, Arabic, and foreign media. The study found out that terrorism is the brutal enemy of all Iraqi societies including Sunnis, Shia, Kurds, Christians, and Yazidis. This research is a clear example that shows the world the extent of the suffering, pain, and fear Iraqi people are facing because of terrorism. (shrink)

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This study explored the impact of financial literacy on potential entrepreneurs' intent in Saudi Arabia. It also examined saving behavior as a mediator in the relationship between financial literacy and entrepreneurial intention. The study's data were collected by an online questionnaire sent to a sample of 270 potential entrepreneurs at Abqaiq Applied College, affiliated with King Faisal University. Data analysis was done using partial least squares structural equation modeling. According to the findings, there is no direct relationship between financial literacy (...) and entrepreneurial intent. However, it has been reported that saving behavior can mediate between financial literacy and entrepreneurial intent. (shrink)

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Work values and the loyalty (commitment to hard work, profession, and principles) of 762 managers in Kuwait were investigated. The results indicated that managers scored high on work values and loyalty. Furthermore, there was a high positive correlation between the two measures. Demographic and organizational variables had significant influence on managerial orientations. Specifically, expatriates and female managers showed a high commitment to work values and loyalty.

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Children are an integral part of any society as they are not born to work but to study. Unfortunately children are facing hindrance either in economic term or in social term that forced them into labor work. Getting better idea of the real determinants of child labor can only provide the better policy options to tackle this menace. The major objective of the study is to highlight the supply-side determinants of child-labor in case of Punjab, Pakistan. Using data of Multiple (...) Indicator Cluster Survey 2007-08 for Punjab, the study examined the supply side determinants of child labor in Punjab. A binary logistic model was used for empirical analysis. Major findings of the study unveiled that although, low family income, family size, and physical access to the institutions are pushing children to child labor but more significantly mother’s education and household head’s education are the major factors that force parents to put their children to work. In line with aforementioned findings, some suitable policy implications were given for government to counter this substantial barrier to the nation’s growth. (shrink)

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The current debate on “free agency” seems to highlight the romantic aspects of free agent and considers it a genuine response to changing economic conditions (e.g., high-unemployment rate, importance of knowledge in the labor market, the eclipse of organizational loyalty, and self pride). Little attention, if any, has been given to the religious root of the free agency concept and its persistent existence across history. In this paper, the current discourse on free agency and the conditions that have led to (...) its emergence are briefly discussed. The paper focuses on the theological perspectives of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the concept. Implications for management and business organizations are provided. (shrink)

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This book advances and enriches the debates and discussions about the value of art. It offers a close reading of passages from Marx’s entire body of work and an engaging and accessible narrative of the beginnings, development and discoveries of Marx’s thoughts on art.

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Islamic law; interpretation and construction; Shiites.

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The genome of two completely unrelated individuals is quite similar apart from minor variations called single nucleotide polymorphisms which contribute to the uniqueness of each and every person. These single nucleotide polymorphisms are of great interest clinically as they are useful in figuring out the susceptibility of certain individuals to particular diseases and for recognizing varied responses to pharmacological interventions. This gives rise to the idea of ‘personalized medicine’ as an exciting new therapeutic science in this genomic era. Personalized medicine (...) suggests a unique treatment strategy based on an individual’s genetic make-up. Its key principles revolve around applied pharmaco-genomics, pharmaco-kinetics and pharmaco-proteomics. Herein, the ethical and legal aspects of personalized medicine in a new genomic era are briefly addressed. The ultimate goal is to comprehensively recognize all relevant forms of genetic variation in each individual and be able to interpret this information in a clinically meaningful manner within the ambit of ethical and legal considerations. The authors of this article firmly believe that personalized medicine has the potential to revolutionize the current landscape of medicine as it makes its way into clinical practice. (shrink)

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Although scholars have long known that entrepreneurship involves the interaction of countless individuals beyond the entrepreneur, traditional performance metrics are limited to capturing the economic value that is created for shareholders. Multiple scholars have suggested that it should be possible to develop a more complete assessment that is able to simultaneously capture both the economic and non-economic consequences of entrepreneurship that exist for the broader network of firm stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more nuanced understanding (...) of entrepreneurial performance by operationalizing the concept of stakeholder capabilities. Building on concepts from stakeholder theory and the human development and capability approach in welfare economics, we argue that the pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities can either create or destroy value for multiple stakeholders, and that this value is best conceived in terms of increases and decreases in individual capabilities. Approaching entrepreneurial performance from a stakeholder capabilities lens has implications for how we view entrepreneurs’ impact on society, what we mean by the creation and destruction of “value,” and how we define failure and success in entrepreneurship. (shrink)

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The aim of present paper is to introduce the concept of ‘expressive perception’ in Ernst Cassirer’s philosophical mythology. Having Cited Dorothy Emmet’s methodological objection, the author, by recalling Kantian aspect of Cassirer’s thought and referring to the concept of ‘expressive perception’, would make an attempt to reply on his part: according to Cassirer, this level of perceptive experience is the origin of the mythical form of thinking as a whole and, at the same time, is the original and irreducible altogether. (...) Thus, taking ‘mythical thought’ as an independent form of thinking, beside the ‘critical-empirical’ form of thinking, is, for one thing, completely cogent; for another, due to its dependency upon expressive form of perception, mythical thought would never be quite omitted, rather, keep living latently beneath the skin of mental life. In addition, author explains how much Cassirer owes, regarding to the concept of ‘expressive form of perception’, to Max Scheler. Avoiding to elaborate on Scheler’s detailed argument, Cassirer relies strongly on the consequences Scheler draws from his considerations in his work ‘Wesen und Formen der Sympathie’. Restating Scheler’s argument briefly should help in understanding Cassirer’s idea. (shrink)

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Neutrosophic LA-semigroup is a midway structure between a neutrosophic groupoid and a commutative neutrosophic semigroup. Rings are the old concept in algebraic structures. We combine the neutrosophic LA-semigroup and ring together to form the notion of neutrosophic LA-semigroup ring. Neutrosophic LAsemigroup ring is defined analogously to neutrosophic group ring and neutrosophic semigroup ring.

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Generalizedn-gons are certain geometric structures (incidence geometries) that generalize the concept of projective planes (the nontrivial generalized 3-gons are exactly the projective planes).In a simplified world, every generalizedn-gon of finite Morley rank would be an algebraic one, i.e., one of the three families described in [9] for example. To our horror, John Baldwin [2], using methods discovered by Hrushovski [7], constructed ℵ1-categorical projective planes which are not algebraic. The projective planes that Baldwin constructed fail to be algebraic in a dramatic (...) way.Indeed, every algebraic projective plane over an algebraically closed field is Desarguesian [12]. In particular, an algebraically closed field (isomorphic to the base field) can be interpreted in every one of them. However, in the projective planes that Baldwin constructed, one cannot even interpret an infinite group.In this article we show that the same phenomenon occurs for the generalizedn-gons ifn≥ 3 is an odd integer. For each suchnwe constructmany nonisomorphic generalizedn-gons of finite Morley rank that do not interpret an infinite group. As one may expect, our method is inspired by Hrushovski and Baldwin, and we follow Baldwin's line of approach. Quite often our proofs are a verification of the fact that the proofs of Baldwin [2] forn= 3 carry over to an arbitrary positive odd integern(which is sometimes far from being obvious). As in [2], we begin by defining a certain collection of finite graphsK* and a binary relation ≤ on these graphs. We show that (K*, ≤) satisfies the amalgamation property. (shrink)

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