Plato.R. M. Hare -1982 - New York: Oxford University Press UK.detailsEven after twenty-three centuries Plato's work remains the starting-point for the study of logic, metaphysics, and moral and political philosophy. But though his dialogues retain their freshness and immediacy, they can be difficult to follow. Professor Hare has provided a short introduction to Plato's thought that makes their meaning clear.
Research biopsies in phase I studies: views and perspectives of participants and investigators.R. D. Pentz,R. D. Harvey,M. White,Z. L. Farmer,O. Dashevskaya,Z. Chen,C. Lewis,T. K. Owonikoko &F. R. Khuri -2012 -IRB: Ethics & Human Research 34 (2):1-8.detailsIn many research studies, tumor biopsies are an unavoidable requirement for achieving key scientific aims. Yet some commentators view mandatory research biopsies as coercive and suggest they should be optional, or at least optional until further data are obtained regarding their scientific usefulness. Further complicating the ethical picture is the fact that some research biopsies offer a potential for clinical benefit to trial participants. We interviewed and surveyed a convenience sample of participants in phase I clinical trials at a single (...) institution. Our primary aim was to describe phase I participants’ understanding of whether a research biopsy offered them the prospect of medical benefit. We also endeavored to describe participants’ views about biopsies—specifically, the benefits of biopsies, if any, and whether biopsies were acceptable, risky, or discouraged trial participation. Finally, we collected data on demographics and attitudes to see if any strong correlations with misunderstanding, acceptability, or riskiness existed. Overall, the respondents tended to view research biopsies as acceptable, though they did not succeed in identifying the lack of benefit of a research biopsy. These findings call for renewed efforts in consent conversations and documents to carefully describe the benefits, or lack thereof, of research biopsies. (shrink)
Malikīyah (muntakhab-i Akhlāq-i Jalālī bih nām-i Ẓahīr al-Dīn Muḥammad Bābar).Bahrām ibn Ḥaydar Mihmāndār -2016 - Bun: Muʼassasah-ʼi Ibn Sīnā. Edited by Muḥammad Karīmī Zanjānīʹaṣl, Āzādah Karbāsiyān & Muḥammad ibn Asʻad Dawwānī.detailsDawwānī, Muḥammad ibn Asʻad, 1426 or 1427-1512 or 1513; Akhlāq-i Jalālī ; Islamic ethics -- Early works to 1800.
Demosthenis Orationes Ii: Tomvs Ii.M. R. Dilts (ed.) -2002 - Oxford University Press UK.detailsThis new edition corrects shortcomings of earlier editors by providing a text which incorporates neglected or unavailable material from Greek manuscripts, recently published papyri, and quotations from the orations by rhetoricians dating from antiquity through to the Byzantine period. All this information is presented in notes in Greek and Latin, which will not only allow convenient access to evidence for the text but will also provide references to ancient and medieval interpretations of the orations.
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Reason and Necessity: Essays on Plato's Timaeus.M. R. Wright (ed.) -2000 - Classical Press of Wales.detailsPlato's Timaeus contains a powerful and influential myth, of the construction of the universe by a divine craftsman. A god imposes reason on necessity, to bring order from a primeval 'receptacle' of disordered matter. There results the 'child' that is the cosmos - a copy of an eternally-existing perfect model. Here eight new essays from a distinguished international cast, explore aspects of this challenging work: the principles of the mythical narrative, how the world soul and human body are formed, implications (...) for illness - mental and physical, the importance of music and harmonious proportion. Later developments are also treated: Aristotle's theory of generation, the commentary of Proclus and elements of modern evolutionary theory. (shrink)
Computational scientific discovery and cognitive science theories.M. Addis,Peter D. Sozou,F. Gobet &Philip R. Lane -unknowndetailsThis study is concerned with processes for discovering new theories in science. It considers a computational approach to scientific discovery, as applied to the discovery of theories in cognitive science. The approach combines two ideas. First, a process-based scientific theory can be represented as a computer program. Second, an evolutionary computational method, genetic programming, allows computer programs to be improved through a process of computational trialand-error. Putting these two ideas together leads to a system that can automatically generate and improve (...) scientific theories. The application of this method to the discovery of theories in cognitive science is examined. Theories are built up from primitive operators. These are contained in a theory language that defines the space of possible theories. An example of a theory generated by this method is described. These results support the idea that scientific discovery can be achieved through a heuristic search process, even for theories involving a sequence of steps. However, this computational approach to scientific discovery does not eliminate the need for human input. Human judgment is needed to make reasonable prior assumptions about the characteristics of operators used in the theory generation process, and to interpret and provide context for the computationally generated theories. (shrink)