Clarifying the Ethics and Oversight of Chimeric Research.Josephine Johnston,Insoo Hyun,Carolyn P. Neuhaus,Karen J. Maschke,Patricia Marshall,Kaitlynn P. Craig,Margaret M. Matthews,Kara Drolet,Henry T. Greely,Lori R.Hill,Amy Hinterberger,Elisa A. Hurley,Robert Kesterson,Jonathan Kimmelman,Nancy M. P. King,Melissa J. Lopes,P. Pearl O'Rourke,Brendan Parent,Steven Peckman,Monika Piotrowska,May Schwarz,Jeff Sebo,Chris Stodgell,Robert Streiffer &Amy Wilkerson -2022 -Hastings Center Report 52 (S2):2-23.detailsThis article is the lead piece in a special report that presents the results of a bioethical investigation into chimeric research, which involves the insertion of human cells into nonhuman animals and nonhuman animal embryos, including into their brains. Rapid scientific developments in this field may advance knowledge and could lead to new therapies for humans. They also reveal the conceptual, ethical, and procedural limitations of existing ethics guidance for human‐nonhuman chimeric research. Led by bioethics researchers working closely with an (...) interdisciplinary work group, the investigation focused on generating conceptual clarity and identifying improvements to governance approaches, with the goal of helping scholars, funders, scientists, institutional leaders, and oversight bodies (embryonic stem cell research oversight [ESCRO] committees and institutional animal care and use committees [IACUCs]) deliver principled and trustworthy oversight of this area of science. The article, which focuses on human‐nonhuman animal chimeric research that is stem cell based, identifies key ethical issues in and offers ten recommendations regarding the ethics and oversight of this research. Turning from bioethics’ previous focus on human‐centered questions about the ethics of “humanization” and this research's potential impact on concepts like human dignity, this article emphasizes the importance of nonhuman animal welfare concerns in chimeric research and argues for less‐siloed governance and oversight and more‐comprehensive public communication. (shrink)
Standing at the crossroads of modernist thought: Collins, Smith, and the new feminist epistemologies.Lori R. Kelley &Susan A. Mann -1997 -Gender and Society 11 (4):391-408.detailsRecent debates between modernists and postmodernists have shaken the foundations of modern social science. The epistemological assumptions of long-established procedures for constructing and validating knowledge claims have been called into question. This article discusses how two major contributors to the “new feminist epistemologies”—Dorothy Smith and PatriciaHill Collins—selectively integrate premises of modernist and postmodernist thought into their standpoint approaches. However, the particular premises they select result in significant ontological and epistemological differences between their works. These differences reflect major controversies (...) over materialism versus idealism, as well as essentialism versus diversity. As such, these different standpoints have important implications for feminist scholarship and political practice. (shrink)
The Power of Plato.Stephen R. Plato &Hill -2002 - Gerald Duckworth.detailsA collection of Plato's work showing the unsurpassed power of his writing, which ultimately lies in the fact that he was as much a literary as a philosophic genius.
Ethical Assurance Statements in Political Science Journals.Sara R. Jordan &Kim Q.Hill -2012 -Journal of Academic Ethics 10 (3):243-250.detailsMany journals in the physical sciences require authors to submit assurances of compliance with human subjects and other research ethics standards. These requirements do not cover all disciplines equally, however. In this paper we report on the findings of a survey of perceptions of ethical and managerial problems from journal editors in political science and related disciplines. Our results show that few journals in political science require assurance statements common to journals for other scientific disciplines. We offer some reasons for (...) this as well as some recommendations for implementing ethical assurance safeguards for political science. (shrink)
Toward discovering a national identity for millennials: Examining their personal value orientations for regional, institutional, and demographic similarities or variations.James Weber,Jeffrey Loewenstein,Patsy Lewellyn,Dawn R. Elm,VanessaHill &Jessica McManus Warnell -2019 -Business and Society Review 124 (3):301-323.detailsMillennials are a powerful workforce group and are quickly becoming established business leaders, consumers, and investors. Yet, millennials are often described as a uniformly homogeneous generation, despite mounting evidence of variances across their private and workplace behaviors, attitudes and preferences, and personal values. This article examines the personal value orientations of millennials in the Unites States, reporting consistencies, variations, and contrasts based on a large sample drawn from seven diverse universities. Results of this article suggest more similarities across a national (...) population of millennials than differences, suggesting a national identity among American millennials. Practical implications of our findings and future research are discussed. (shrink)
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Some comments on ‘forming new physics communities: Australia and Japan, 1914–1950’, by R. W. Home and M. Watanabe.R. D.Hill -1991 -Annals of Science 48 (6):583-587.detailsThe broad analysis made by Home and Watanabe of the development of physics in Australia during the period from 1914 to 1945 is generally accepted; however, details relating to the backgrounds of certain of these developments are questioned.
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Reply to George Walsh: Rethinking Rand and Kant.R. KevinHill -2001 -Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 3 (1):195 - 204.detailsR. KevinHill argues that while Walsh is correct in urging caution regarding Rand's polemical characterizations of Kant, interpreting her charitably reveals surprising insights into the underlying structure of Kant's thought. Rand's objections to Kant's epistemology, psychology and metaphysics are truer to Kant's intentions than revisionist attempts to save him from himself. Her objections to Kantian ethics contain promising critiques of both Kant's rational reconstructive-methodology and his misuse of the concept of agent-neutral reasons. Lastly, though she paints too broadly (...) in her account of Kant's influence, two questionable tendencies in contemporary thought are traceable to him. (shrink)
Nurses' Sensitivity To the Ethical Aspects of Clinical Practice.Lorys F. Oddi,Virginia R. Cassidy &Cheryl Fisher -1995 -Nursing Ethics 2 (3):197-209.detailsThe purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which nurses perceive the ethical dimensions of clinical practice situations involving patients, families and health care professionals. Using the composite theory of basic moral principles and the professional standard of care established by legal custom as a framework, situations involving ethical dilemmas were gleaned from the nursing literature. They were reviewed for content validity, clarity and representativeness in a two-stage process by expert panels. The situations were presented in a (...) written format to a convenience sample of nurses (n = 125), who were primarily staff nurses (65.6%). Respondents' judgements about whether the main issue of each situation concerned ethics ranged from a low of 0.8% to a high of 40%. From analyses of the categories into which the majority of subjects placed each situation, it was concluded that these nurses generally perceived ethics as the main issue in situations that directly involve patients' autonomy. Analysis yielded unanticipated findings about the themes in ethical situations to which nurses in practice may respond. (shrink)
Nietzsche's Critiques: The Kantian Foundations of His Thought.R. KevinHill -2003 - New York: Oxford University Press UK.detailsKevinHill's highly original new interpretation of Nietzsche's philosophy is the first to examine in detail his debt to Kant, in particular the Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, and Critique of Judgement. Nietzsche,Hill argues, knew Kant far better than is commonly thought, and can only be thoroughly understood in relation to Kant.Nietzsche's Critiques maintains that beneath the surface of his texts there is a systematic commitment to a form of early Neo-Kantianism in metaphysics and (...) epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics, grounded in his reading of the three Critiques, Kuno Fischer's commentary on the first Critique, and Friedrich Lange's discussion of Kant in The History of Materialism. The book also documents the decisive influence Nietzsche's close reading of the Critique of Judgement had on the writing of the Birth of Tragedy, and offers a remarkably accessible interpretation of Kant's system, while clarifying such difficult issues as the interpretation of Kant's 'Transcendental Deduction' and his notion of reflective judgement.Lucid and thorough,Hill's work will be of great value to scholars and students with interests in either of these philosophical giants, or in the history of ideas generally. (shrink)
Government, Justice, and Human Rights.R. A.Hill -1998 -The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy 41:110-115.detailsThis paper explores the relationship between justice and government, examining views on the subject expressed by traditional political philosophers such as Rousseau and Locke, as well as those expressed by contemporary political theorists such as John Rawls and Robert Nozick. According to Rawls, justice is one of the fundamental concerns of a governing body; Locke and Rousseau agree that government and justice are essentially connected. Nozick and Max Weber, however, claim that the essential characteristic of government is not justice, but (...) power. This paper argues that government, as an institution formed and controlled by human beings, is subject to the moral injunction to treat human beings as entities accorded certain rights, and included among these rights is the right to just treatment. Governments are therefore enjoined to be just because human beings, as rational agents, and therefore persons, are owed the minimal respect due a person, such as the right to freedom and the right to forbearance from harm by others to self and property. (shrink)
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Immanent maternal: figures of time in Aristotle, Bergson and Irigaray.R.Hill -2019 - In Emanuela Bianchi, Sara Brill & Brooke Holmes,Antiquities Beyond Humanism. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 271-286.detailsThis chapter affirm a thinking of time as difference. It does not claim to figure time as such, because whatever time is, time remains essentially in excess of figuration. Instead this chapter elaborates instances of the effort to think time as difference in Aristotle, Henri Bergson, and Luce Irigaray. I suggest that each of these philosophers affirms the fundamentally elusive nature of time while also articulating valuable ideas for thinking time as difference.
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Social network size in humans.R. A.Hill &R. I. M. Dunbar -2003 -Human Nature 14 (1):53-72.detailsThis paper examines social network size in contemporary Western society based on the exchange of Christmas cards. Maximum network size averaged 153.5 individuals, with a mean network size of 124.9 for those individuals explicitly contacted; these values are remarkably close to the group size of 150 predicted for humans on the basis of the size of their neocortex. Age, household type, and the relationship to the individual influence network structure, although the proportion of kin remained relatively constant at around 21%. (...) Frequency of contact between network members was primarily determined by two classes of variable: passive factors (distance, work colleague, overseas) and active factors (emotional closeness, genetic relatedness). Controlling for the influence of passive factors on contact rates allowed the hierarchical structure of human social groups to be delimited. These findings suggest that there may be cognitive constraints on network size. (shrink)
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The Interregnum.R. A. P.Hill -2011 - Cambridge University Press.detailsFirst published in 1913, this collection of essays was created with the intention of promoting Christianity as a valid system in the face of scientific rationalism. Specifically written for young men experiencing a crisis of belief between childhood and adulthood, the 'Interregnum' of the title, the book avoids dogmatic assertions in favour of a sympathetic approach towards the potential reader, one that emphasises openness within religious faith. The text is divided into two parts: part one argues for the ethical and (...) practical benefits of Christianity; part two constitutes an argument for the truth value of the Christian system in the face of scepticism from rival modes of thought. This volume will be of value to anyone with an interest in theology and the crisis of faith caused by scientific development. (shrink)
Daily and trait rumination: diurnal cortisol patterns in adolescent girls.Lori M. Hilt,Michael R. Sladek,Leah D. Doane &Catherine B. Stroud -2017 -Cognition and Emotion 31 (8):1757-1767.detailsRumination is a maladaptive form of emotion regulation associated with psychopathology. Research with adults suggests that rumination covaries with diurnal cortisol rhythms, yet this has not been examined among adolescents. Here, we examine the day-to-day covariation between rumination and cortisol, and explore whether trait rumination is associated with alterations in diurnal cortisol rhythms among adolescent girls. Participants provided saliva samples 3 times per day over 3 days, along with daily reports of stress and rumination, questionnaires assessing trait rumination related to (...) peer stress, and diagnostic interviews assessing depression and anxiety. Greater rumination than usual during the day was associated with lower cortisol awakening responses the following morning, but this effect was not significant after accounting for wake time and an objective measure of adherence to the saliva sampling protocol. Trait rumination was associated with lower average cortisol levels at waking and flatter diurnal slopes, accounting for wake time, protocol compliance, and other factors. These patterns may help to explain why rumination is related to the development of psychopathology. (shrink)
Commercial bakers and the relocalization of wheat in western Washington State.Karen M. Hills,Jessica R. Goldberger &Stephen S. Jones -2013 -Agriculture and Human Values 30 (3):365-378.detailsInterest is growing in the relocalization of staple crops, including wheat, in western Washington (WWA), a nontraditional wheat-growing area. Commercial bakers are potentially important food chain intermediaries in the case of relocalized wheat production. We conducted a mail survey of commercial bakers in WWA to assess their interest in sourcing wheat/flour from WWA, identify the characteristics of bakeries most likely to purchase wheat/flour from WWA, understand the factors important to bakers in purchasing regionally produced wheat/flour, and identify perceived barriers to (...) making such purchases. Sixty-one percent of survey respondents were interested in purchasing WWA wheat/flour. Bakers who used retail strategies to market their products were more likely to be interested in WWA wheat/flour compared to those not using retail methods. Bakers’ current purchases of Washington wheat/flour were not related to their interest in purchasing WWA flour. The most important factors bakers would consider in purchasing regionally produced wheat/flour were consistency of flour quality, quality of flour, and reliability of supply. Cost was the most frequently mentioned barrier to the purchase of regionally produced wheat/flour. Our results are relevant for other areas attempting to reconnect grain producers, commercial bakers, and consumers in mutually beneficial ways. (shrink)
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Architectural variations of inducible eukaryotic promoters: Preset and remodeling chromatin structures.Lori L. Wallrath,Quinn Lu,Howard Granok &Sarah C. R. Elgin -1994 -Bioessays 16 (3):165-170.detailsThe DNA in a eukaryotic nucleus is packaged into a nucleosome array, punctuated by variations in the regular pattern. The local chromatin structure of inducible genes appears to fall into two categories: preset and remodeling. Preset genes are those in which the binding sites for trans‐acting factors are accessible (;i.e. in a non‐nucleosomal, DNase I hypersensitive configuration) prior to activation. In response to the activation signal, positive factors bind to cis‐acting regulatory elements and trigger transcription with no major alterations in (...) the chromatin structure of the promoter region. In contrast, remodeling genes are those in which some of the required cis‐acting regulatory elements are packaged into nucleosomes. The nucleosomes must be perturbed in response to an activation signal in order for the trans‐acting factors to gain access to cis‐acting elements; a chromatin remodeling process which forms DNase I hypersensitive sites must occur. In both cases, precise positioning of nucleosomes along the promoter region of a gene appears to be critical for appropriate regulation of expression. (shrink)