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Results for 'Lindsey E. Richland'

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  1.  29
    Generating Relations Elicits a Relational Mindset in Children.Nina K. Simms &Lindsey E.Richland -2019 -Cognitive Science 43 (10):e12795.
    Relational reasoning is a hallmark of human higher cognition and creativity, yet it is notoriously difficult to encourage in abstract tasks, even in adults. Generally, young children initially focus more on objects, but with age become more focused on relations. While prerequisite knowledge and cognitive resource maturation partially explains this pattern, here we propose a new facet important for children's relational reasoning development: a general orientation to relational information, or a relational mindset. We demonstrate that a relational mindset can be (...) elicited, even in 4‐year‐old children, yielding greater than expected spontaneous attention to relations. Children either generated or listened to an experimenter state the relationships between objects in a set of formal analogy problems, and then in a second task, selected object or relational matches according to their preference. Children tended to make object mappings, but those who generated relations on the first task selected relational matches more often on the second task, signaling that relational attention is malleable even in young children. (shrink)
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  2.  74
    Editorial: The role of reasoning in mathematical thinking.Kinga Morsanyi,Jérôme Prado &Lindsey E.Richland -2018 -Thinking and Reasoning 24 (2):129-137.
    Research into mathematics often focuses on basic numerical and spatial intuitions, and one key property of numbers: their magnitude. The fact that mathematics is a system of complex relationships that invokes reasoning usually receives less attention. The purpose of this special issue is to highlight the intricate connections between reasoning and mathematics, and to use insights from the reasoning literature to obtain a more complete understanding of the processes that underlie mathematical cognition. The topics that are discussed range from the (...) basic heuristics and biases to the various ways in which complex, effortful reasoning contributes to mathematical cognition, while also considering the role of individual differences in mathematics performance. These investigations are not only important at a theoretical level, but they also have broad and important practical implications, including the possibility to improve classroom practices and educational outcomes, to facilitate people's decision-making, as well as the clear and accessible communication of numerical information. (shrink)
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  3.  23
    The origins of higher-order thinking lie in children's spontaneous talk across the pre-school years.Rebecca R. Frausel,Catriona Silvey,Cassie Freeman,Natalie Dowling,Lindsey E.Richland,Susan C. Levine,Steve Raudenbush &Susan Goldin-Meadow -2020 -Cognition 200 (C):104274.
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  4. Differences in development of analogy across cultures: a computational account.Leonidas Aa Doumas,Robert G. Morrison &Lindsey E.Richland -2010 - In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone,Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society.
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  5.  57
    Individual Differences in Relational Learning and Analogical Reasoning: A Computational Model of Longitudinal Change.Leonidas A. A. Doumas,Robert G. Morrison &Lindsey E.Richland -2018 -Frontiers in Psychology 9:304110.
    Children’s cognitive control and knowledge at school entry predict growth rates in analogical reasoning skill over time; however, the mechanisms by which these factors interact and impact learning are unclear. We propose that inhibitory control (IC) is critical for developing both the relational representations necessary to reason and the ability to use these representations in complex problem solving. We evaluate this hypothesis using computational simulations in a model of analogical thinking, Discovery of Relations by Analogy/Learning and Inference with Schemas and (...) Analogy (DORA/LISA; Doumas et al., 2008 ). Longitudinal data from children who solved geometric analogy problems repeatedly over 6 months show three distinct learning trajectories though all gained somewhat: analogical reasoners throughout, non-analogical reasoners throughout, and transitional – those who start non-analogical and grew to be analogical. Varying the base level of top-down lateral inhibition in DORA affected the model’s ability to learn relational representations, which, in conjunction with inhibition levels used in LISA during reasoning, simulated accuracy rates and error types seen in the three different learning trajectories. These simulations suggest that IC may not only impact reasoning ability but may also shape the ability to acquire relational knowledge given reasoning opportunities. (shrink)
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  6.  51
    Stereotype Threat Effects on Learning From a Cognitively Demanding Mathematics Lesson.Emily McLaughlin Lyons,Nina Simms,Kreshnik N. Begolli &Lindsey E.Richland -2018 -Cognitive Science 42 (2):678-690.
    Stereotype threat—a situational context in which individuals are concerned about confirming a negative stereotype—is often shown to impact test performance, with one hypothesized mechanism being that cognitive resources are temporarily co-opted by intrusive thoughts and worries, leading individuals to underperform despite high content knowledge and ability. We test here whether stereotype threat may also impact initial student learning and knowledge formation when experienced prior to instruction. Predominantly African American fifth-grade students provided either their race or the date before a videotaped, (...) conceptually demanding mathematics lesson. Students who gave their race retained less learning over time, enjoyed the lesson less, reported a diminished desire to learn more, and were less likely to choose to engage in an optional math activity. The detrimental impact was greatest among students with high baseline cognitive resources. While stereotype threat has been well documented to harm test performance, the finding that effects extend to initial learning suggests that stereotype threat's contribution to achievement gaps may be greatly underestimated. (shrink)
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  7.  44
    Developing structured representations.Leonidas A. A. Doumas &Lindsey E.Richland -2008 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (4):384-385.
    Leech et al.'s model proposes representing relations as primed transformations rather than as structured representations (explicit representations of relations and their roles dynamically bound to fillers). However, this renders the model unable to explain several developmental trends (including relational integration and all changes not attributable to growth in relational knowledge). We suggest looking to an alternative computational model that learns structured representations from examples.
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  8.  15
    Linking Signal Relevancy and Intensity in Predictive Tactile Suppression.Marie C. Beyvers,Lindsey E. Fraser &Katja Fiehler -2022 -Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 16.
    Predictable somatosensory feedback leads to a reduction in tactile sensitivity. This phenomenon, called tactile suppression, relies on a mechanism that uses an efference copy of motor commands to help select relevant aspects of incoming sensory signals. We investigated whether tactile suppression is modulated by the task-relevancy of the predicted consequences of movement and the intensity of related somatosensory feedback signals. Participants reached to a target region in the air in front of a screen; visual or tactile feedback indicated the reach (...) was successful. Furthermore, tactile feedback intensity varied across two groups of participants. We measured tactile suppression by comparing detection thresholds for a probing vibration applied to the finger either early or late during reach and at rest. As expected, we found an overall decrease in late-reach suppression, as no touch was involved at the end of the reach. We observed an increase in the degree of tactile suppression when strong tactile feedback was given at the end of the reach, compared to when weak tactile feedback or visual feedback was given. Our results suggest that the extent of tactile suppression can be adapted to different demands of somatosensory processing. Downregulation of this mechanism is invoked only when the consequences of missing a weak movement sequence are severe for the task. The decisive factor for the presence of tactile suppression seems not to be the predicted action effect as such, but the need to detect and process anticipated feedback signals occurring during movement. (shrink)
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  9.  48
    Executive function in learning mathematics by comparison: incorporating everyday classrooms into the science of learning.Kreshnik Nasi Begolli,Lindsey EngleRichland,Susanne M. Jaeggi,Emily McLaughlin Lyons,Ellen C. Klostermann &Bryan J. Matlen -2018 -Thinking and Reasoning 24 (2):280-313.
  10. Coda : creating an equitable and fruitful contact zone of philosophers and teachers.E. Furman Cara, Vikramaditya,Stephanie A. Brindley,Joy Dangora Erickson A. BurdickShepherd,Michelle Johnson Hillary Post,A. F. Lash Holly,P. Rousseau Kyleigh &Lindsey Young -2025 - In Cara E. Furman & Tomas de Rezende Rocha,Teachers and philosophy: essays on the contact zone. Albany: State University of New York Press.
     
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  11. Learning together to stay with trouble : sustaining educators across time and space.E. Furman Cara,A. F. Lash Holly &Lindsey Young Hillary Post -2025 - In Cara E. Furman & Tomas de Rezende Rocha,Teachers and philosophy: essays on the contact zone. Albany: State University of New York Press.
     
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  12.  34
    Why Are Low-Income Teens More Likely to Lack Health Insurance than their Younger Peers?Lindsey Jeanne Leininger &Marguerite E. Burns -2011 -Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 48 (2):123-137.
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  13.  40
    Marginalized and Misunderstood: How Anti-Rohingya Language Policies Fuel Genocide.Lindsey N. Kingston &Aroline E. Seibert Hanson -2022 -Human Rights Review 23 (2):289-303.
    Language plays a role in the genocide of the Rohingya people in Myanmar and continues to shape their experiences in displacement, yet their linguistic rights are rarely discussed in relation to their human rights and humanitarian concerns. International human rights standards offer important foundations for conceptualizing the “right to language” and identifying how linguistic rights can be violated both in situ and in displacement. The Rohingya case highlights how language policies are weaponized to oppress unwanted minorities; their outsider status is (...) reinforced by the country’s language education policy and they face additional rights challenges in displacement—including obstacles to effectively accessing humanitarian aid. Moving forward, norms associated with self-determination and language rights offer a conceptual foundation for shifting attitudes and altering negative perceptions of Rohingya identity. (shrink)
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  14.  35
    Positive Organizational Ethics: Cultivating and Sustaining Moral Performance. [REVIEW]Leslie E. Sekerka,Debra R. Comer &Lindsey N. Godwin -2014 -Journal of Business Ethics 119 (4):1-10.
    We present this special issue on positive organizational ethics (POE) to highlight those pursuing positive subjective experiences, positive attributes of individuals and groups, and positive practices that contribute to ethical and virtuous behavior in organizations. Although prior research has offered some insight in this area, there is still much to be learned about how to cultivate and sustain ethical strength in different types of organizations and how goodness can emerge from and in spite of human failings. After describing the positive (...) movement, we position POE as a discrete area of inquiry within the broader positive behavioral sciences, at the intersection of positive behavioral studies and business ethics. After defining our terms and purpose for creating the POE domain, we introduce the articles in this special issue. The introduction concludes with suggested topics for future research. (shrink)
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  15.  43
    The relation of frequency and extent of action currents to intensity of muscular contraction.L. E. Travis &D. B.Lindsey -1931 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 14 (4):359.
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  16.  27
    Automatic and controlled antecedents of suicidal ideation and action: A dual-process conceptualization of suicidality.Michael A. Olson,James K. McNulty,David S. March,Thomas E. Joiner,Megan L. Rogers &Lindsey L. Hicks -2022 -Psychological Review 129 (2):388-414.
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  17. The development of analogy: task learning and individual differences.L. A. A. Doumas,R. G. Morrison &L. E.Richland -2009 - In N. A. Taatgen & H. van Rijn,Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
  18.  47
    Evolução, religião e ambiente (Evolution, religion and environment) - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2010v8n17p109.MartinLindsey Christoffersen -2010 -Horizonte 8 (17):109-124.
    Neste Ano Internacional da Biodiversidade, reflito sobre as responsabilidades crescentes das entidades religiosas no contexto atual da Crise Ambiental. Faço uma retrospectiva sobre a origem evolutiva das religiões no contexto da evolução cultural do homem. Em seguida, menciono algumas dimensões ecológicas do pensamento religioso, significativas para os problemas ambientais. Paradigmas religiosos se originam de forma semelhante aos das ciências. As doutrinas sociais das igrejas, especialmente a igreja católica, estabelecem compromissos com os excluídos e promovem o desenvolvimento integral da pessoa humana, (...) buscando justiça social e econômica. Isto tem implicações para o equilíbrio ecológico e para o futuro da humanidade. Sugiro que as igrejas atuem mais intensamente, de forma integrada com a ciência, na intermediação política em prol da solução dos problemas ambientais. A moral religiosa ajudaria a reverter os ganhos econômicos advindos da utilização sustentável da biodiversidade genética para as culturas locais. Também antevejo um papel maior na conscientização das comunidades sobre os benefícios de uma vida equilibrada com a natureza e de uma exploração racional dos recursos naturais. A preservação da biodiversidade constitui uma questão moral de cuja conscientização e regulamentação legal urgentíssima dependemos para a sobrevivência dos ecossistemas naturais e da própria espécie humana. Palavras-chave: Evolução Cultural; Religião; Crise da Biodiversidade; Política Ambiental; Papel da Igreja.In this International Year for the Conservation of Biodiversity, I reflect on the increasing responsibilities of religious entities towards solving the present Environmental Crisis. I provide a retrospect on the debate over the origin of religions in the context of the cultural evolution of man. I then mention some ecological dimensions of religious thinking, which are particularly significant for approaching environmental problems. Religious paradigms originate in ways that are similar to those in science. The social doctrines of churches establish compromises for excluded groups and promote the unabridged development of the human individual, which includes social and economic justice. This has implications for the ecological balance of nature and for the future of humanity. I suggest that the Church should act more intensely, integrated with science, in the political intermediation that searches for solutions for our environmental problems. Religious morality could help to restore the economical benefits resulting from the sustainable use of genetic biodiversity to local cultures. I also foresee a larger role of the church in promoting human perceptions regarding the benefits involved in obtaining a more sustainable relationship with nature and in promoting a more rational exploitation of natural resources. The conservation of biodiversity represents a moral matter demanding urgent legislation for the survival of natural ecosystems and, ultimately, of the human species. Key words : Cultural Evolution; Religion; Biodiversity Crisis; Environmental Crisis; Role of Church. (shrink)
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  19.  12
    Philosophy of Communication Ethics: Alterity and the Other.Brenda Allen,Austin S. Babrow,Isaac E. Catt,Andreea Deciu Ritivoi,Gina Ercolini,Janie Harden Fritz,Pat Gehrke,John Hatch,Gerard A. Hauser,Alain Létourneau,Lisbeth Lipari,Annette Holba,Lester C. Olson &Lindsey M. Rose (eds.) -2014 - Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
    Philosophy of Communication Ethics is a unique and timely volume that creatively examines communication ethics, philosophy of communication, and "the other.".
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  20.  23
    The episodic flanker effect: Memory retrieval as attention turned inward.Gordon D. Logan,Gregory E. Cox,Jeffrey Annis &Dakota R. B.Lindsey -2021 -Psychological Review 128 (3):397-445.
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  21.  79
    Health Care Ethics: Theological Foundations, Contemporary Issues, and Controversial Cases, revised edition by Michael R. Panicola, David M. Belde, John Paul Slosar, and Mark F. Repenshek, and: On Moral Medicine: Theological Perspectives in Medical Ethics, third edition ed. by M. Therese Lysaught and Joseph J. Kotva Jr. with Stephen E. Lammers and Allen Verhey. [REVIEW]Lindsey Esbensen -2014 -Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics 34 (2):211-214.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Health Care Ethics: Theological Foundations, Contemporary Issues, and Controversial Cases, revised edition by Michael R. Panicola, David M. Belde, John Paul Slosar, and Mark F. Repenshek, and: On Moral Medicine: Theological Perspectives in Medical Ethics, third edition ed. by M. Therese Lysaught and Joseph J. Kotva Jr. with Stephen E. Lammers and Allen VerheyLindsey EsbensenReview of Health Care Ethics: Theological Foundations, Contemporary Issues, and Controversial Cases, revised edition (...) MICHAEL R. PANICOLA, DAVID M. BELDE, JOHN PAUL SLOSAR, AND MARK F. REPENSHEK Winona, MN: Anselm Academic, 2011. 438 pp. $37.95Review of On Moral Medicine: Theological Perspectives in Medical Ethics, third edition EDITED BY M. THERESE LYSAUGHT AND JOSEPH J. KOTVA JR. WITH STEPHEN E. LAMMERS AND ALLEN VERHEY Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2012. 1180 pp. $61.55Health Care Ethics and On Moral Medicine are excellent resources for those studying and teaching in the field of medical ethics. Each text on its own provides a very good initial evaluation of contemporary conversations in health care ethics. Together they provide a thorough foundation for the study of health care ethics that encourages further exploration of topics in the field. They both provide an excellent overview for undergraduate students as well as anyone interested in the field of medical morality.Health Care Ethics is especially helpful for those entering the field of ethics in general and the more particular realm of medical morality. User-friendly, [End Page 211] the book is accessible to beginners while also being relevant to those already well-versed in medical ethics. The book provides case studies culled from the experiences of the authors throughout their careers in the practice of medical ethics. Perhaps even more useful, however, are the other exercises in which readers are given the opportunity to actively engage the text in order to discover and more fully articulate their own moral stance. Although Health Care Ethics approaches the topic from a theological perspective, using scriptural passages as well as broader religious themes and contexts, the book is accessible to those outside of the religious arena as well.The first three chapters lay the framework for general theological and ethical inquiry while the later chapters discuss more specific topics in applied health care ethics. The opening chapters by Michael Panicola are thought-provoking, especially since they encourage readers to participate in exercises to determine how they would respond to particular scenarios in their personal decision making. For example, after laying out the classic ethical theories, readers are asked to take a “quiz” by responding to multiple-choice questions to determine how they would respond to various ethical situations. The exercise demonstrates that moral discernment that relies on one ethical theory alone or one single approach to ethics is too narrow and confining for authentic dialogue in ethics. Another exercise calls upon readers to examine their fundamental bases for personal decision making by asking them to create a list of what they think are the ten things that constitute human flourishing and then narrow that list down to the top two. In addition to being engaging, these exercises help readers establish their personal moral stance by asking them to appropriate foundational norms in the process of moral discernment to the case studies throughout the book. They also help readers apply these norms to the specific topics in health care ethics presented in the later chapters.The authors of Health Care Ethics clearly identify human flourishing as the center and goal for all ethical inquiry. Demonstrating that “human flourishing” has different connotations for different people, they also argue that certain norms can be agreed upon to establish a framework for all conversations regarding moral decision making in health care. They especially emphasize a concern for the optimization of human flourishing in final chapters of the text. Chapters 4–12 provide detailed examinations of current topics in medical ethics. Each chapter includes case studies that raise questions concerning social ethics as well as health care morality, employing sources from law, sociology, philosophy, and theology. Each case underscores the complexity of moral decision making in health care ethics as well as the point that there is no one, pure approach to medical ethics that... (shrink)
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  22. In L. Gleitman & M. Liberman.E. B. Zurif -1995 - In E. E. Smith & D. N. Osherson,Invitation to Cognitive Science. MIT Press.
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  23. Note discussioni E rassegne.Ontologia E. Creazione in Filone Alessandrino -1990 -Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica 82:146.
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  24.  7
    Ėpistemologii︠a︡ kreativnosti.E. N. Kni︠a︡zeva (ed.) -2013 - Moskva: Kanon+.
    В книге анализируются проблемы творчества с позиции новейших достижений когнитивной науки и неклассической эпистемологии. Предназначено специалистам по философии.
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  25. Consumo e Hipermodernidad. Una revisión de la obra de G. Lipovestky.Luís E. Alonso &Carlos J. Rodriguez Férnandez -forthcoming -Anuario Filosófico.
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  26. Semanticità e formalismo.Note E. Rassegne -1964 -Rivista di Estetica 9:132.
     
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  27. O rabote Ėngelʹsa.Ė Kolʹman -1946
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  28.  8
    Pravda i politika: nasleđe i granice političke filozofije Džona Rolsa.Đorđe Pavićević -2011 - Beograd: Fabrika knjiga.
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  29.  32
    Stability improvement of multimachine power system via new coordinated design of PSSs and SVC.E. S. Ali &S. M. Abd-Elazim -2016 -Complexity 21 (2):256-266.
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  30.  63
    The Pure and the Applied: Bourbakism Comes to Mathematical Economics.E. Roy Weintraub &Philip Mirowski -1994 -Science in Context 7 (2):245-272.
    The ArgumentIn the minds of many, the Bourbakist trend in mathematics was characterized by pursuit of rigor to the detriment of concern for applications or didactic concessions to the nonmathematician, which would seem to render the concept of a Bourbakist incursion into a field of applied mathematices an oxymoron. We argue that such a conjuncture did in fact happen in postwar mathematical economics, and describe the career of Gérard Debreu to illustrate how it happened. Using the work of Leo Corry (...) on the fate of the Bourbakist program in mathematics, we demonstrate that many of the same problems of the search for a formalstructurewith which to ground mathematical practice also happened in the case of Debreu. We view this case study as an alternative exemplar to conventional discussions concerning the “unreasonable effectiveness” of mathematics in science. (shrink)
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  31.  18
    "Kulʹturnoe pogranichʹe" Lʹva Shestova.H. I︠E︡ Ali︠a︡i︠e︡v,M. I︠U︡ Savelʹeva &Teti︠a︡na Sukhodub (eds.) -2016 - Kiev: Vydavnychyĭ Dim Dmytra Buraho.
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  32. Acesso à justiça: Delineamentos gerais E análise no projeto de novo código processual civil.Débora Daniele Rodrigues E. Melo &Denise Rocha Dias da Silveira -2013 -Revista Fides 4 (2):119-134.
    ACESSO À JUSTIÇA: DELINEAMENTOS GERAIS E ANÁLISE NO PROJETO DE NOVO CÓDIGO PROCESSUAL CIVIL.
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  33. L'arte e la musica in Giuseppe Mazzini.Note E. Rassegne -1966 -Rivista di Estetica 11:267.
     
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  34. E. S. Brightman on Conditional Immortality.Warren E. Steinkraus -1975 -Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 56 (1):80.
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  35.  59
    On knowing that.E. M. Adams -1958 -Philosophical Quarterly 8 (33):300-306.
  36.  15
    La ética del compromiso.José E. Burucúa (ed.) -2002 - Buenos Aires: Grupo Editor Altamira.
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  37.  6
    L'incommensurable, l'inouï, la vraie vie: dialogues avec François Jullien, II.Étienne Klein (ed.) -2023 - Paris, France: Descartes & cie.
    L'incommensurable fait apparaître qu'il est des fêlures irréductibles dans notre expérience révélant de l'infini du sein même de cette expérience: entre le plaisir et la jouissance ou bien le rapport social et l'intime. L'inouï dit, non pas l'extraordinaire ou l'insolite, mais ce qui peut être au contraire le plus commun de notre expérience--mais que nous n'entendons pas parce que nous ne savons pas déborder les cadres figés de cette expérience. La vraie vie fait signe vers ce que, tout en étant (...) en vie, nous risquons de n'être toujours que dans une apparence de vie, ou pseudo-vie, sans accéder à vraiment vivre. Trois concepts proposés par François Jullien pour ne pas laisser rabattre notre vie, mais la porter à son déploiement. Contre les facilités du prêche et du marché du Bonheur, il faut penser ces concepts comme outils pour 'changer la vie.'"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)
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  38. Aproximación a la ética que se plantea en la teoría crítica.Luis E. Ribón Pérez -2007 - In Onasis Ortega N., V. Rodríguez & G. Manuel,Lorenz, Adorno: 100 años. [Barranquilla, Colombia]: Universidad del Atlántico.
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  39. Funkt︠s︡ionalʹnai︠a︡ semantika: ot︠s︡enka, ėkspressivnostʹ, modalʹnostʹ: in memoriam E.M. Volʹf.E. M. Volʹf (ed.) -1996 - Moskva: Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk, In-t i︠a︡zykoznanii︠a︡.
     
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  40. Imperial Lives and Letters of the Eleventh Century. Translated by Theodor E. Mommsen and Karl F. Morrison.J. E. Weakland -2003 -The European Legacy 8 (2):264-266.
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  41. Microfoundations: The Compatibility of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.E. Roy Weintraub -1979 - Cambridge University Press.
    This is the first full-length survey of current work which examines the compatibility of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Its particular distinction is that it makes accessible, to non-specialists, those extensive modern refinements of general equilibrium theory which are linked to macroeconomics and monetary theory. Part I traces the development and interlocking nature of two scientific research prgrams, macroeconomics and neo-Walrasian analysis. The five chapters in this part examine general equilibrium theory, Keynes' contribution, the 'neoclassical synthesis', and the Clower–Leijonhufvud contributions to questions (...) of systemic coordination. The four chapters of Part II place recent work on the micro-foundations of macroeconomics within a taxonomic scheme of Walrasian equilibrium, Walrasian disequilibrium, Edgeworthian equilibrium, and Edgeworthian disequilibrium. Part III, a single chapter, provides an overview of the subject and ventures some conclusions. (shrink)
     
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  42.  29
    Entre o pragmatismo e a animal linguístico.Robert E. Innis -2018 -Cognitio 19 (1):133-147.
    Este artigo compara e contrapõe a abordagem naturalista pragmatista para a peculiaridade da linguagem, exemplificada, principalmente, mas, não exclusivamente, por John Dewey, com a extensa abordagem de Charles Taylor em seu O animal linguístico. Taylor, inspirado pelas obras de Hamann, Herder, e Humboldt, conta com recursos filosóficos e conceituais diferentes para o delineamento do que ele denomina de ‘a forma’ da capacidade linguística humana. Porém, Dewey e Taylor chegam a posições que se sobrepõem sem se identificar: a linguagem é a (...) característica definidora constitutiva dos seres humanos. Seres humanos são definidos pelo surgimento da ‘como’ consciência, uma ‘ruptura’ em nossa imersão imediata no mundo, e, como Peirce e Dewey mostraram de maneira tão lúcida, um reflexivo estar consciente do uso de signos e sistemas de signos de todos os tipos. Esses sistemas potencializam e transformam nosso acesso ao mundo e a nós mesmos. Eles não apenas rotulam um mudo já existente. Eles criam âmbitos de significados e valores que não surgiram sem eles. A distinção crucial de Taylor entre os modelos designativo e constitutivo da linguagem é apoiada plenamente pela consideração pragmatista da linguagem, a qual Taylor não declara. Essa distinção mostrará ser de importância especial para Dewey e Taylor na criação de paisagens existencialmente vitais de significado incorporados nas autodescrições e nas práticas delicadas das artes de auto-reflexão. Tanto Dewey quanto Taylor mostram que assim como as texturas abertas da experiência crescem por suas extremidades, assim a própria linguagem possui sua própria “extremidade” e nos aponta para os domínios “liminares” que sustentam o limiar do sentido para além do totalmente dizível. Esses domínios, que eles mostram de maneiras diferentes mas complementares, são acessados como realidades por formas não discursivas que abrangem as obras de arte, o que Taylor denomina de ‘representações,’ e rituais performativos e restaurativos, tanto pessoais, cívicos e religiosos que incorporam os significados. Dewey e Taylor, divergem, entretanto, sobre se e de que maneira estes domínios precisam transcender a natureza. (shrink)
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  43. Li Shih-tsʻên chiang yen chi.Shih-tsʻên Li -1929
     
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  44.  5
    Bu̇tėėl tuurvilyn ėmkhėtgėl.G. Luvsant︠s︡ėrėn -2019 - Ulaanbaatar: Mongol Ulsyn Ikh Surguulʹ, Mongol Sudlalyn Khu̇rėėlėn. Edited by Zh Lkhagvadėmchig, S. I︠A︡nzhinsu̇rėn & G. Luvsant︠s︡ėrėn.
    A collection of writings on Buddhist philosophy.
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  45. Die deutsche Litteratur über die sokratische und platonische Philosophie 1888.E. Zeller -1889 -Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 2:661.
     
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  46.  30
    X. Zu Aristippus.E. Zeller -1888 -Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 1 (2):172-177.
  47.  8
    Universitet. Khranitelʹ idealʹnogo: nechai︠a︡nnye ėsse, napisannye v uedinenii.S. Ė Zuev -2022 - Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.
    1.1. Universitet. Chto on myslit? -- 1.2. Universitet. Chto on mozhet? -- 1.3. ... i chego ne mozhet? -- 2.1. Nauka. Zachem ėto nuzhno? -- 2.2. Obrazovanie. Kakoe obrazovanie? -- 2.3. Akademicheskie vobody. Dli︠a︡ chego? -- Zakli︠u︡chenie -- Chto pochitatʹ ob Universitete?
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  48. Sot︠s︡ialʹnai︠a︡ priroda samosoznanii︠a︡.Ė. F. Zvezdkina -1986 - Krasnoi︠a︡rsk: Izd-vo Krasnoi︠a︡rskogo universiteta.
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  49.  69
    Cybernetics. Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. [REVIEW]E. N. -1949 -Journal of Philosophy 46 (22):736-737.
  50.  21
    Galileo's theory of the tides.E. J. Aiton -1954 -Annals of Science 10 (1):44-57.
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