Results for 'Leonard S. Kogan'
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- Interference in maze learning as a factorial function of similarity and goal gradient.Leonard S.Kogan -1951 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 42 (2):69.
- Conscious Orientation.Leonard S. Cottrell,J. H. Van der Hoop &Laura Hutton -1941 -Philosophical Review 50 (5):544.
- Cognitive strategy accessibility as a function of task requirement in educable mentally retarded adolescents.Leonard S. Blackman &Agnes Lin Burger -1976 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 8 (3):221-223.
- Discrete Mathematics: Applied Algebra for Computer and information Science.Leonard S. Bobrow &Michael A. Arbib -1981 -Journal of Symbolic Logic 46 (4):878-880.
- Lack of effects of numbering on learning of serial lists.S. DavidLeonard &Paul A. Tangeman -1973 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 97 (1):105.
- The undesired selves of repressors.Leonard S. Newman,Tracy L. Caldwell &Thomas D. Griffin -2008 -Cognition and Emotion 22 (4):709-719.People with a repressive coping style are highly motivated to defend themselves against self-concept threats. But what kinds of unfavourable personal characteristics are they most focused on avoiding? Weinberger (Citation1990) suggested that repressors are primarily concerned with seeing themselves (and having others see them) as calm, unemotional people who are not prone to experiencing negative affect. A content analysis of the actual (self-ascribed) and undesired attributes of 349 male and female college students, however, provided no support for that hypothesis. Instead, (...) relative to other participants, repressors’ undesired selves consisted more of traits exemplifying disagreeableness (as defined by the five-factor model). Repressors might not engage in affective self-regulation for its own sake, but because it allows them to control expression of traits with which they are more directly concerned. (shrink)
- Conscious mediating processes in a problem-solving task.Leonard S. Stein -1966 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 71 (2):212.
- Toward a strategy for demonstrating the perceptual independence of the global array from individual sensory arrays.Leonard S. Mark -2001 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2):227-227.This commentary discusses a strategy by which investigators can examine whether observers perceive properties of the global array independently of properties in individual sensory arrays. Research showing that perception of complex relationships appears to be independent of the perception of individual components is considered. Ashby and Townsend's (1986) methods for identifying perceptual independence are important tools for studying the global array.
- Medicine and war.Leonard S. Rubenstein -2004 -Hastings Center Report 34 (6):3-3.
- Punishing Health Care Providers for Treating Terrorists.Leonard S. Rubenstein -2015 -Hastings Center Report 45 (4):13-16.Imagine that an American physician volunteered to treat wounded children through the Ministry of Health in Gaza, controlled by Hamas. Or that a Palestinian nurse attending to injured fighters in Gaza spoke out against the firing of rockets into Israel, was threatened with arrest, and sought asylum in the United States. Under U.S. law, the doctor could be subject to prosecution, and the nurse could be denied asylum—in the first case, because she provided medical care under the direction or control (...) of a designated terrorist organization; in the second, because he knowingly provided care to a member of a terrorist organization. The question of whether a terrorist is entitled to medical care, though largely theoretical, has generated considerable discussion, with near unanimity that there is no moral basis to refuse to treat. But whether a health professional can be punished for providing medical care either to terrorists or under the auspices of a terrorist organization has received little attention from either a moral or legal perspective, although such situations arise throughout the world. (shrink)
- Experience And The Objects Of Perception.Leonard S. Carrier -1967 - Washington: University Press Of America.This work argues for a Direct Realist view of the perception of public objects. It argues against the need for special intermediary sensory objects, or sense impressions, requiring only stages in a physical process beginning with events at the surface of a physical object, the resultant stimulation of one's sense organs, and finally the excitation of the sensory portions of one's brain.
- Event identity and a significant physicalism.Leonard S. Carrier -1981 -Southern Journal of Philosophy 19 (2):171-180.
- The essential tie between knowing and believing: a causal account of knowledge and epistemic reasons.Leonard S. Carrier -2011 - Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press.This book offers a causal-explanatory account of knowledge as true belief caused by the worldly state of affairs that explains its existence. It also defends a contextual account of epistemic reasons, arguing that both foundationalism and coherentism cannot provide a satisfactory account of such reasons. Skeptical arguments are answered against a historical background from Plato to the present day.
- Patterns of adrenergic-cholinergic imbalance in the functional psychoses.Leonard S. Rubin -1962 -Psychological Review 69 (6):501-519.
- Longitudinal stability of facial attractiveness.John B. Pittenger,Leonard S. Mark &Douglas F. Johnson -1989 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 27 (2):171-174.
- Dual Loyalty among Military Health Professionals: Human Rights and Ethics in Times of Armed Conflict.Leslie London,Leonard S. Rubenstein,Laurel Baldwin-Ragaven &Adriaan van Es -2006 -Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 15 (4):381-391.Wars must be won if our country … is to be protected from unthinkable outcomes, as the events on September 11th most recently illustrated…. This best protection unequivocally requires armed forces having military physicians committed to doing what is required to secure victory…. As opposed to needing neutral physicians, we need military physicians who can and do identify as closely as possible with the military so that they, too, can carry out the vital part they play in meeting the needs (...) of the mission.Counterpoint:We believe the role of the “physician–soldier” to be an inherent moral impossibility because the military physician, in an environment of military control, is faced with the difficult problems of mixed agency that include obligations to the “fighting strength” and … “national security.”. (shrink)
- Book reviews and critical studies. [REVIEW]Leonard S. Carrier -1981 -Philosophia 9 (3-4):379-389.
- Aesthetic equivalence of three representations of the face.John B. Pittenger,Douglas F. Johnson &Leonard S. Mark -1983 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 21 (2):111-114.No categories
- False recognition as a function of lag and distinctiveness.G. William Hill &S. DavidLeonard -1979 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 13 (4):253-256.
- Event-Related Desynchronization During Mirror Visual Feedback: A Comparison of Older Adults and People After Stroke.Kenneth N. K. Fong,K. H. Ting,Jack J. Q. Zhang,Christina S. F. Yau &Leonard S. W. Li -2021 -Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15.Event-related desynchronization, as a proxy for mirror neuron activity, has been used as a neurophysiological marker for motor execution after mirror visual feedback. Using EEG, this study investigated ERD upon the immediate effects of single-session MVF in unimanual arm movements compared with the ERD effects occurring without a mirror, in two groups: stroke patients with left hemiplegia and their healthy counterparts. During EEG recordings, each group performed one session of mirror therapy training in three task conditions: with a mirror, with (...) no mirror, and with a covered mirror. An asymmetry index was calculated from the subtraction of the event-related spectrum perturbations between the C3 and C4 electrodes located over the sensorimotor cortices contralateral and ipsilateral to the moved arm. Results of the effect of task versus group in contralateral and ipsilateral motor areas showed that there was a significant effect of task condition at the contralateral motor area in the high beta band at C3. High beta ERD showed that the suppression was greater over the contralateral hemisphere than it was over the ipsilateral hemisphere in both study groups. The magnitude of low beta ERD in patients with stroke was more suppressed in contralesional C3 under the no mirror compared to that of the covered mirror and similarly more suppressed in ipsilesional C4 ERD under the no mirror compared to that of the mirror condition. The correlation analysis revealed that the magnitude of ERSP power correlated significantly with arm severity in the low and high beta bands in patients with stroke, and a higher asymmetry index in the low beta band was associated with higher arm functioning under the no-mirror condition. There was a shift in sensorimotor ERD toward the contralateral hemisphere as induced by MVF accompanying unimanual movement in both stroke patients and healthy controls. The use of ERD in the low beta band as a neurophysiological marker to indicate the relationships between the amount of MVF-induced ERD attenuation and motor severity, and the outcome indicator for improving stroke patients’ neuroplasticity in clinical trials using MVF are warranted to be explored in the future. (shrink)
- “It was like you were being literally punished for getting sick”: formerly incarcerated people’s perspectives on liberty restrictions during COVID-19.Minna Song,Camille T. Kramer,Carolyn B. Sufrin,Gabriel B. Eber,Leonard S. Rubenstein,Chris Beyrer &Brendan Saloner -2023 -AJOB Empirical Bioethics 14 (3):155-166.Background COVID-19 has greatly impacted the health of incarcerated individuals in the US. The goal of this study was to examine perspectives of recently incarcerated individuals on greater restrictions on liberty to mitigate COVID-19 transmission.Methods We conducted semi-structured phone interviews from August through October 2021 with 21 people who had been incarcerated in Bureau of Prisons (BOP) facilities during the pandemic. Transcripts were coded and analyzed, using a thematic analysis approach.Results Many facilities implemented universal “lockdowns,” with time out of the (...) cell often limited to one hour per day, with participants reporting not being able to meet all essential needs such as showers and calling loved ones. Several study participants reported that repurposed spaces and tents created for quarantine and isolation provided “unlivable conditions.” Participants reported receiving no medical attention while in isolation, and staff using spaces designated for disciplinary purposes (e.g., solitary housing units) for public health isolation purposes. This resulted in the conflation of isolation and discipline, which discouraged symptom reporting. Some participants felt guilty over potentially causing another lockdown by not reporting their symptoms. Programming was frequently stopped or curtailed and communication with the outside was limited. Some participants relayed that staff threatened to punish noncompliance with masking and testing. Liberty restrictions were purportedly rationalized by staff with the idea that incarcerated people should not expect freedoms, while those incarcerated blamed staff for bringing COVID-19 into the facility.Conclusions Our results highlighted how actions by staff and administrators decreased the legitimacy of the facilities’ COVID-19 response and were sometimes counterproductive. Legitimacy is key in building trust and obtaining cooperation with otherwise unpleasant but necessary restrictive measures. To prepare for future outbreaks facilities must consider the impact of liberty-restricting decisions on residents and build legitimacy for these decisions by communicating justifications to the extent possible. (shrink)No categories
- Sociology Today.Robert K. Merton,Leonard Broom &Leonard S. Cottrell -1959 -Les Etudes Philosophiques 14 (4):551-551.
- (1 other version)The calculus of individuals and its uses.Henry S.Leonard &Nelson Goodman -1940 -Journal of Symbolic Logic 5 (2):45-55.
- Phonetic coding in dyslexics and normal readers, by Hall, Ewing, Tinzmann, and Wilson: A reply.Donald Shankweiler,Isabelle Y. Liberman &Leonard S. Mark -1982 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 19 (2):78-79.No categories
- Visions, Verities, and Voices: The Love of God and the Pursuit of Wisdom in the Medieval Jewish Tradition.Barry S.Kogan -2012 -Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 86:53-74.In this presentation, I set out to clarify, first, what the Jewish tradition finds in the life of Abraham that accords special value to rational reflection and even philosophical inquiry. Second, I examine a specific example of how this characterization and valuation of Abraham plays out within the tradition of medieval Jewish scholastic theology in tenth-century Baghdad by examining Sa‘adia Gaon’s famous “Argument from Time” to establish both the creation of the universe in time and, by implication, the existence of (...) a Creator God. From there, I show how he draws upon the work of John Philoponus in constructing his argument. Third, I present and analyze a well-known philosophical parable that Moses Maimonides, representing the tradition of religious philosophy, introduces early on in The Guide of the Perplexed. This parable deals in a subtle and suggestive way with the possibilities and limitations of trying to free people from perplexity and guide them towards wisdom. It owes a great deal to the work of Abū Bakr ibn al-’ Ṣā’igh, otherwise known as Ibn Bājjah. I conclude with a number of observations on how Maimonides may have interpreted his sources so as to develop his distinctive view of God and how the pursuit of philosophical wisdom is compatible with the love of God. (shrink)
- The Expert Witness in Medical Liability Cases.S. S. Sanbar &Leonard I. Pataki -1978 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 6 (2):7-9.
- The logic of existence.Henry S.Leonard -1956 -Philosophical Studies 7 (4):49 - 64.
- (1 other version)Discussione.Leonard Nelson,F. Enriques,A. Trebitsch,F. C. S. Schiller &A. Aliotta -1911 -Atti Del IV Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia 1:275-296.No categories
- The Philosophy of Robert Holcot, Fourteenth-Century Skeptic.S. L. R. &Leonard A. Kennedy -1995 -Philosophical Quarterly 45 (180):416.
- American Philosophies: An Anthology.Leonard Harris,Scott L. Pratt &Anne S. Waters -2003 -Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 39 (1):147-149.No categories
- New books. [REVIEW]C. W. Valentine,James Drever,A. C. Ewing,Leonard Russell,S. S.,F. C. S. Schiller,H. Wildon Carr,T. E.,John Laird,G. C. Field,A. G. Widgery &C. D. Board -1923 -Mind 32 (1):357-376.
- Spinoza, a tercentenary perspective.Barry S.Kogan (ed.) -1979 - [Cincinnati, Ohio]: Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion.
- New on paternalism and public policy.Thomas C.Leonard,Robert S. Goldfarb &Steven M. Suranovic -2000 -Economics and Philosophy 16 (2):323-331.Bill New's (1999) thoughtful paper has performed the valuable service of clarifying the meaning and the policy implications of paternalism. His careful formulation delimits the domain of justified state paternalism. Having argued successfully, in our view, for a narrow ambit, New proceeds to identify situations that justify paternalism. This comment is written in the spirit of a friendly reformulation that refines and improves the specification of when paternalism is justified. Our argument is two-fold. First, we argue that New's formulation, properly (...) understood, will not readily permit the paternalistic interventions he argues are justified. Second, we identify a class of potentially justified interventions that have paternalistic aspects, but which are neither strictly paternalistic nor market-failure remedies. (shrink)
- Writing: A Habit of Mind.S.Leonard Rubinstein -1973 -Philosophy and Rhetoric 6 (4):255-257.No categoriesExport citation
Bookmark - Correspondence.Leonard Hayflick,Leonid A. Gavrilov,Natalia S. Gavrilova &Robin Holliday -1994 -Bioessays 16 (8):591-595.
- Control and health: An epidemiological perspective.S.Leonard Syme -1990 - In Judith Rodin, Carmi Schooler & K. Warner Schaie,Self-directedness: cause and effects throughout the life course. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. pp. 213--229.
- Availability and associative symmetry.Leonard M. Horowitz,Sandra A. Norman &Ruth S. Day -1966 -Psychological Review 73 (1):1-15.
- The Complete Writings of Menno Simons c. 1496–1561.Leonard Verduin,John Christian Wenger &Harold S. Bender -1956No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Interrogatives, imperatives, truth, falsity and lies.Henry S.Leonard -1959 -Philosophy of Science 26 (3):172-186.This paper aims to establish three major theses: (1) Not only declarative sentences, but also interrogatives and imperatives, may be classified as true or as false. (2) Declarative, imperative, and interrogative utterances may also be classified as honest or as dishonest. (3) Whether an utterance is honest or dishonest is logically independent of whether it is true or is false. The establishment of the above theses follows upon the adoption of a principle for identifying what is meant by any sentence, (...) declarative, interrogative, or imperative. The analysis aims to show that meaning is to be attributed to the uttered or written sentence-token, rather to the thereby exhibited sentence-type. Further, the meaning of the sentential token is to be identified with a purpose of the speaker, that the speaker would reveal to the addressee by uttering the sentence. The to be revealed purpose is analysed into two components: an ultimate concern (that the addressee stand in such and such a relation--e.g., of believing, or informing the speaker about, or making it true that) and an ultimate topic of concern (the state of affairs, i.e., proposition, relative to which the speaker would have the addressee stand in the specified relation). Sentential utterances "signify" different purposes by "expressing" different ultimate concerns and "indicating" different ultimate topics of concern. Variations in expressed concern are correlated with variations in sentential form, such as declarative, interrogative and imperative. Variations in indicated topic of concern are correlated with variations in the subject and predicate of the uttered sentence. Thus, for example, utterances of "Johnny will jump in the lake," "Will Johnny jump in the lake?" and "Johnny, go jump in the lake!" all indicate one and the same ultimate topic of concern but express different ultimate concerns with this topic. A sentential utterance is true or false according as its indicated topic of concern is true or false. Hence, declaratives, interrogatives and imperatives may all be classified as true or as false. But honesty or dishonesty is a function (explained in the paper) of the expressed concern, rather than of the topic of concern. Hence, although utterances of all sentential forms are honest or dishonest, their honesty or dishonesty is logically independent of their truth or falsity. (shrink)
- A reply to professor Wheatley.Henry S.Leonard -1961 -Philosophy of Science 28 (1):55-64.I am grateful to Professor Wheatley for his note, [3], on my analysis of interrogatives, [1]. His comments bring out very clearly a number of considerations that deserve our closest attention. For example, he shows that if we can classify interrogatives as true and false—as I proposed to do—then we can properly inquire about what sentences contradict them, and what sentences are contingently or logically equivalent to them. Furthermore, he shows that, on my analysis, no indirect question can contradict any (...) other indirect question and he accordingly, and correctly, looks for such contradictories among declarative sentences. Finally, he notes, [3], p. 54, that in my article, I have treated only inquisitive questions and have said nothing about deliberative or practical questions. While practical questions demand a different kind of treatment than that which Wheatley speculatively, albeit very tentatively, extrapolates for me, still these questions do form a kind of interrogative that did not get any attention in my article. (shrink)
- Ideal or Real: What is the “Nature of Science?”.Clare S.Leonard -2003 -Philosophy of Education 59:293-295.No categories
- Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged.Michael S. Berliner,Andrew Bernstein,Harry Binswanger,Tore Boeckmann,Jeff Britting,Debi Ghate,Onkar Ghate,Allan Gotthelf,Edwin A. Locke,Shoshana Milgram,Leonard Peikoff,Richard Ralston,Gregory Salmieri,Tara Smith,Mary Ann Sures &Darryl Wright (eds.) -2009 - Lexington Books.This is the first scholarly study of Atlas Shrugged, covering in detail the historical, literary, and philosophical aspects of Ayn Rand's magnum opus. Topics explored in depth include the history behind the novel's creation, publication, and reception; its nature as a romantic novel; and its presentation of a radical new philosophy.
- Ethical predicates.Henry S.Leonard -1949 -Journal of Philosophy 46 (19):601-607.
- Two-Valued Truth Tables for Modal Functions.Henry S.Leonard -1951 -Journal of Symbolic Logic 16 (4):288-288.
- The Pragmatism and Scientific Metaphysics of C. S. Peirce. [REVIEW]Henry S.Leonard -1937 -Philosophy of Science 4 (1):109-.The fifth volume of the Collected Papers of C. S. Peirce, entitled Pragmatism and Pragmaticism, contains papers dealing with two distinguishable, but interconnected doctrines: Pragmatism and Critical Common-sensism. The latter, antedating in its earliest expositions the first formulation of the pragmatic doctrine in 1877, 8, is however later conceived by Peirce as a consequence of pragmatism. The two doctrines will be advisedly treated here in isolation, and first pragmatism.
- Ethical Behavioral Intention in an Academic Setting: Models and Predictors.Lori N. K.Leonard,Cynthia K. Riemenschneider &Tracy S. Manly -2017 -Journal of Academic Ethics 15 (2):141-166.This study examines the theory of planned behavior and the multidimensional ethics scale. Variables from both are included to determine which ones significantly correlate with student ethical behavioral intention in an academic setting. Using a survey, responses are collected from undergraduate business students from two southwestern universities in the United States using a scenario-based approach, looking at individual situations and group situations. SmartPLS was used to assess the results for four scenarios. From the theory of planned behavior, attitude was a (...) significant predictor of behavioral intention across all four scenarios while subjective norm was significant in one scenario. From the multidimensional ethics scale, moral equity and relativism were significant in one group scenario while moral equity and utilitarianism were each significant in an individual scenario. The findings indicate support for the use of the TPB and the MES when exploring ethics in an academic setting and for the need to study both individual and group situations. A discussion of the findings and implications is given. (shrink)
- Mood-congruent memory revisited.Leonard Faul &Kevin S. LaBar -2023 -Psychological Review 130 (6):1421-1456.
- Principles of Right Reason.Henry S.Leonard -1958 -Journal of Symbolic Logic 23 (4):435-436.
- Authorship and purpose.Henry S.Leonard -1959 -Philosophy of Science 26 (4):277-294.This paper approaches a theory relating authorship, meaning and purpose by semiformalized developments of two "presupposed theories": of purposeful behavior and of sign-reading. The theory of purposeful behavior is made to rest upon two undefined predicates. `Wt(a,p,q)' abbreviates the claim that at time t, person a works at bringing it about that p in order to bring it about that q. `Bt(a,p)' abbreviates the claim that at time t, person a brings it about that p. A number of definitions and (...) laws are based upon these two predicates. One practical utility of the symbolism is a constraint to symbolize differently a purpose, according as what is intended is a purposing or a thing purposed. The theory of sign-reading undertakes to assimilate sign-reading to inference. The theory proposes `Rt(a,p,q)' as a basic undefined predicate, abbreviating the claim that at time t, person a reads that p as a sign that q. The theory of deliberate sign-production, and more particularly of authorship, is approached by permitting the two above sets of symbols to supply arguments one for the other. Specifically, making a deliberate or a candid sign is defined as bringing about a state of affairs in order that an addressee will read the bringing about by the sign-maker of that state of affairs as a sign that such and so. The laws of the two first parts of the paper are then appealed to in order to show that when the sign-making is candid (defined in the paper), the such and so mentioned above must be a feigned or actual purpose of the author. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of what in this total signified purpose of the sign-making might be indentified by reference to the conventional sign-type (sentence) presented. Thus "meaning" of a sentence is thence viewed as an abstraction from the signified meaning (always a purpose) of the uttering. (shrink)
- Essences, Attributes, and Predicates.Henry S.Leonard -1963 -Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 37:25 - 51.No categories
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
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Area Editors:
David Bourget
Gwen Bradford
Berit Brogaard
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David Chalmers
James Chase
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Ezio Di Nucci
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Jonathan Ichikawa
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Øystein Linnebo
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Susana Nuccetelli
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