Results for 'Kristina Westerberg'
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- Workplace development and learning in elder care – the importance of a fertile soil and the trouble of project implementation.KristinaWesterberg -2004 -Outlines. Critical Practice Studies 6 (1):61-72.Workplace learning and competence development in work are frequently used concepts. A wide spread notion is that societal, institutional, and organizational changes require the development of knowledge, methods and strategies for learning at workplaces, in both public and private enterprises. In research on learning and competence development at work, the organizational learning and development as well as individual accomplishments are investigated from various perspectives and in different contexts. The theoretical base for research projects can, accordingly, be focused at a number (...) of organizational and system levels. This paper describes a research project called "Workplace development and learning in elder care" in which learning and knowledge were key issues and where Activity Theory was used as the theoretical base. The project was joint project between two research and development field units. These were UFFE, a municipal social services’ field research unit, and Äldrecentrum Västerbotten, a county council field research unit which aims to serve the interests of the elderly. The project was launched in the fall of 2000 and ended in the summer of 2003. I was employed part-time as a research leader at the municipal research unit and became the research leader for this particular project. A number of students, as well as employees from the county council geriatric care services and the municipal elder care participated in the project. The general aims of the project were to: a) investigate the prerequisites for development and learning; b) test and evaluate interventions at a workgroup level; and c) identify the need for new knowledge. The results were expected to be useful for the field research units as well as for the municipal and county eldercare services in their research and development work. I start with a presentation of the theoretical concepts and apply them in order to form a tentative hypothesis on the status of learning and knowledge in elder care. The next section contains a short description of the different parts of the project and the main results are presented. Finally, the results are discussed and related to the conditions and impact of workplace interventions. (shrink)
- Thinking about oneself.Kristina Musholt -2015 - London, England: MIT Press.In this book,Kristina Musholt offers a novel theory of self-consciousness, understood as the ability to think about oneself. Traditionally, self-consciousness has been central to many philosophical theories. More recently, it has become the focus of empirical investigation in psychology and neuroscience. Musholt draws both on philosophical considerations and on insights from the empirical sciences to offer a new account of self-consciousness—the ability to think about ourselves that is at the core of what makes us human. -/- Examining theories (...) of nonconceptual content developed in recent work in the philosophy of cognition, Musholt proposes a model for the gradual transition from self-related information implicit in the nonconceptual content of perception and other forms of experience to the explicit representation of the self in conceptual thought. A crucial part of this model is an analysis of the relationship between self-consciousness and intersubjectivity. Self-consciousness and awareness of others, Musholt argues, are two sides of the same coin. -/- After surveying the philosophical problem of self-consciousness, the notion of nonconceptual content, and various proposals for the existence of nonconceptual self-consciousness, Musholt argues for a non-self-representationalist theory, according to which the self is not part of the representational content of perception and bodily awareness but part of the mode of presentation. She distinguishes between implicitly self-related information and explicit self-representation, and describes the transitions from the former to the latter as arising from a complex process of self–other differentiation. By this account, both self-consciousness and intersubjectivity develop in parallel. (shrink)
- ‘Vulnerable Monsters’: Constructions of Dementia in the Australian Royal Commission into Aged Care.Kristina Chelberg -2023 -International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique 36 (4):1557-1580.This paper argues that while regulatory frameworks in aged care authorise restraints to protect vulnerable persons living with dementia from harm, they also serve as normalising practices to control challenging monstrous Others. This argument emerges out of an observed unease in aged care discourse where older people living with dementia are described as ‘vulnerable’, while dementia behaviours are described as ‘challenging’. Using narrative analysis on a case study from the Final Report of the Australian Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality (...) and Safety (RCAC), this paper investigates how the RCAC (re)produced constructions of persons with dementia as ‘vulnerable monsters’. Drawing upon monstrous theory about ‘unruly and leaky’ bodies, extracts from the case study reveal how the RCAC repeated and reinforced monstrous constructions of dementia. Dementia behaviours, particularly ‘wandering’, were constructed through a dehumanising crisis frame that produced ‘challenging’ bodies and legitimised ‘last resort’ normalising practices, such as physical and chemical restraints. In failing to resist monstrous constructions of dementia behaviours, the RCAC accepted and authorised a regime of scaled responses leading to restrictive practices for control of challenging bodies in aged care. Although dementia care and restrictive practices received substantial attention in the RCAC, this paper reveals a missed opportunity for deeper review of institutionalised use of restraints that has relevance for ongoing reform of Australian aged care following conclusion of the RCAC. (shrink)
- AI Ethics by Design: Implementing Customizable Guardrails for Responsible AI Development.Kristina Sekrst,Jeremy McHugh &Jonathan Rodriguez Cefalu -manuscriptThis paper explores the development of an ethical guardrail framework for AI systems, emphasizing the importance of customizable guardrails that align with diverse user values and underlying ethics. We address the challenges of AI ethics by proposing a structure that integrates rules, policies, and AI assistants to ensure responsible AI behavior, while comparing the proposed framework to the existing state-of-the-art guardrails. By focusing on practical mechanisms for implementing ethical standards, we aim to enhance transparency, user autonomy, and continuous improvement in (...) AI systems. Our approach accommodates ethical pluralism, offering a flexible and adaptable solution for the evolving landscape of AI governance. The paper concludes with strategies for resolving conflicts between ethical directives, underscoring the present and future need for robust, nuanced and context-aware AI systems. (shrink)
- Values in Science: The Case of Scientific Collaboration.Kristina Rolin -2015 -Philosophy of Science 82 (2):157-177.Much of the literature on values in science is limited in its perspective because it focuses on the role of values in individual scientists’ decision making, thereby ignoring the context of scientific collaboration. I examine the epistemic structure of scientific collaboration and argue that it gives rise to two arguments showing that moral and social values can legitimately play a role in scientists’ decision to accept something as scientific knowledge. In the case of scientific collaboration some moral and social values (...) are properly understood to be extrinsic epistemic values, that is, values that promote the attainment of scientific knowledge. (shrink)
- Biological Citizenship in the Reliability Democracy.Kristina Lekić Barunčić -2020 -Filozofija I Društvo 31 (1):24-36.In this paper, I shall present the theoretical view on the reliability democracy as presented in Prijić Samaržija’s book Democracy and Truth, and examine its validity through the case of the division of epistemic labour in the process of deliberation on autism treatment policies. It may appear that because of their strong demands, namely, the demand for rejection of medical authority and for exclusive expertise on autism, autistic individuals gathered around the neurodiversity movement present a threat to the reliability democracy.No categories
- Dissociating Profiles of Social Cognitive Disturbances Between Mixed Personality and Anxiety Disorder.Kristína Czekóová,Daniel Joel Shaw,Zuzana Pokorná &Milan Brázdil -2020 -Frontiers in Psychology 11.
- Metaphor Production by Patients with Schizophrenia – A Case Analysis.Kristina Š Despot,M. Sekulić Sović,M. Vilibić &N. Mimica -2021 -Metaphor and Symbol 36 (3):119-140.It is well evidenced that patients with schizophrenia demonstrate impairments of figurative language comprehension. Their metaphor production has not attracted nearly as much scholarly attention. W...No categories
- Interventions for increasing return to sport rates after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: A systematic review.Kristina Drole &Armin H. Paravlic -2022 -Frontiers in Psychology 13.BackgroundAn injury followed by surgery poses many challenges to an athlete, one of which is rehabilitation, with the goal of returning to sport. While total restoration of physical abilities is a primary goal for most athletes, psychosocial factors also play an important role in the success of an athlete's return to sport. The purpose of this review was to examine the effectiveness of exercise and psychosocial interventions on RTS rates, which might be one of the most important outcomes for elite (...) athletes.MethodsTo carry out this review, PubMed, SAGE Journals, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to July 2022. The inclusion criteria consisted exercise or psychosocial intervention for athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, with reporting RTS rates as an outcome.ResultsFrom 1032 identified articles, four reports met inclusion criteria, all of which examined the recovery after ACLR. The mean MINORS score for the included studies was 16.3 ± 6.1, of which non-comparative studies scored 11.0 ± 1.4, while comparative studies scored 21.5 ± 0.7. There were consistent findings for benefits of exercise and psychosocial interventions on RTS rates. Return to preinjury rates in the reviewed studies vary between 63 and 95% with lower % observed in female athletes and with shorter follow-up. Interventional studies reporting RTS rates with a larger sample size and longer follow-up are needed.ConclusionPhysical and psychological function, as well as social support can be influenced by appropriate interventions, indicating future work on rehabilitation programs for return to preinjury might consider taking the holistic approach addressing those. (shrink)
- Slave morality and master swords : Ludus and paidia in zelda.Kristina Drzaic &Peter Rauch -2008 - In Luke Cuddy,The Legend of Zelda and Philosophy: I Link Therefore I Am. Open Court.Export citation
Bookmark - Einleitung: Kant und die Gegenwartsphilosophie.Kristina Engelhard &Dietmar H. Heidemann -2003 - In Dietmar Hermann Heidemann & Kristina Engelhard,Warum Kant heute? Bedeutung und Relevanz seiner Philosophie in der Gegenwart. New York: De Gruyter. pp. 1-13.
- PlatonsPeriagōgē: Richtungswechsel als Zentraler Aspekt der Bildung.Kristina Grubor -2023 -Distinctio 2 (1):103-123.Platons Konzept der periagōgē, wie es im Höhlengleichnis dargestellt wird, dient als grundlegender Bestandteil seiner Bildungsphilosophie und veranschaulicht den Prozess des “Richtungswechsels” oder der “Umleitung” des geistigen Auges von der Unwissenheit auf die Form des Guten. Platons Verständnis von Kultur oder Bildung, paideia, betont die Änderung von passiver Beobachtung zu aktivem Engagement in der Suche nach dem ultimativem Wissen und der ethischen Exzellenz. Diese bildungsbezogene Richtungsänderung, von passiv zu aktiv, entfaltet sich während unsere gesamte Seele sich zu der Form des (...) Guten zuwendet. Die Aufrechterhaltung der richtigen Ausrichtung der Seele erfordert die Pflege der niederen Teile der Seele durch die Nachahmung guter Gewohnheiten, guten Verhaltens und angemessener Gefühle, während gleichzeitig die höheren, vernünftigen Kräfte durch mathematische Wissenschaften gestärkt werden, die in der Dialektik gipfeln. Eine solche edukative Umdrehung der Seele zielt auf die Form des Guten als ihrer teleologischen, praktischen und paradigmatischen Achse ab, in Bezug zu der wir uns drehen, während wir unseren täglichen Bestrebungen nachgehen. Diejenigen, die die Form des Guten erfassen konnten, durchlaufen nicht nur zwangsläufig eine persönliche Veränderung, sondern tragen auch die Verantwortung, andere zu einer solchen Transformation zu führen, als ihre Lehrer und Mentoren, ganz so wie es Sokrates tat. Folglich fördert die periagōgē in die richtige Richtung und das Streben nach den richtigen Idealen liegt nicht nur in der persönlichen Verbesserung, sondern erstreckt sich auch auf die Gesellschaft, wo solche erleuchteten Individuen anderen helfen, auf dem richtigen Weg zu bleiben. (shrink)No categories
- The Structural Vulnerability of Doctoral Students: A Political and Ethical Issue for Doctoral Programs in Women's/Gender/Sexuality/Feminist Studies.Kristina Gupta -2018 -Feminist Studies 44 (2):409.No categories
- Der Selbstbegriff in Philosophie, Neurowissenschaften und Psychiatrie - Zum Spannungsverhältnis von Naturalismus und Normativität.Kristina Musholt -2015 - In Klaus Brücher,Selbstbestimmung. Zur Analyse eines modernen Projekts. Parodos. pp. 41-56.
- On Recognition.Kristina Sabikova -2009 -Filozofia 64 (4):356-361.The aim of the paper is to present the model of recognition as a substantial part of contemporary conceptions of justice. Its basis is the clarification of the theoretical background of the problem of recognition in the communitarian critique of liberalism. This critique embodies the dilemma of the relationship between equal approach and the recognition of differences. Attention is paid to the models of recognition in the theories of N. Fraser and A. Honneth and to how they can contribute to (...) understanding the contemporary globalizing society. (shrink)Export citation Bookmark
- Iš lietuviško mados diskurso istorijos: kodėl tarpukario Lietuvoje neatsirado tikras mados žurnalas.Kristina Stankevičiūtė -forthcoming -Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies and Art.No categories
- New frontiers in Russian religious philosophy: The philosophical anthropology of Sergey S. Horujy.Kristina Stoeckl -2019 -Russian Studies in Philosophy 57 (1):3-16.Volume 57, Issue 1, February 2019, Page 3-16.No categories
- Questioning explicit properties of implicit individuals in knowledge representation.Carmen E.Westerberg &Chad J. Marsolek -1999 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (5):788-789.Dienes & Perner argue that the explicit representation of an individual to which a property is attributed requires explicit representation of the attributed property. The reasons for this conclusion are similar to the reasons why another of their conclusions may be considered suspect: A property may be explicit without an explicit representation of an individual or the predication of the property to an individual. We question the latter conclusion and draw connections to neurophysiological and cognitive evidence.
- (1 other version)The bias paradox in feminist standpoint epistemology.Kristina Rolin -2006 -Episteme 3 (1-2):125-136.Sandra Harding's feminist standpoint epistemology makes two claims. The thesis of epistemic privilege claims that unprivileged social positions are likely to generate perspectives that are “less partial and less distorted” than perspectives generated by other social positions. The situated knowledge thesis claims that all scientific knowledge is socially situated. The bias paradox is the tension between these two claims. Whereas the thesis of epistemic privilege relies on the assumption that a standard of impartiality enables one to judge some perspectives as (...) better than others, the situated knowledge thesis seems to undermine this assumption by suggesting that all knowledge is partial. I argue that a contextualist theory of epistemic justification provides a solution to the bias paradox. Moreover, contextualism enables me to give empirical content to the thesis of epistemic privilege, thereby making it into a testable hypothesis. (shrink)
- Experiential Attitude Reports.Kristina Liefke -2023 -Philosophy Compass 18 (6):e12913.One can remember events and one can remember facts: to remember an event (e.g. the barista's pouring my coffee this morning), one needs to have personally witnessed this event. To remember a fact (e.g. that the barista was trained in Italy), it suffices to have learned this fact from some other source. The distinction between event-directed (i.e. experiential) and fact-directed (or propositional) attitudes is an established distinction in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science that is also exemplified by other attitudes (incl. (...) seeing, imagining, and dreaming). Until recently, semantics and the philosophy of language have assumed that experiential attitudes can be more or less straightforwardly reduced to propositional attitudes. However, new work has identified some key properties of experiential attitudes that cast doubt on this reducibility. The present paper discusses the most notable of these properties, focusing on experiential attitude reports. It links these properties to recent developments in formal and philosophical semantics in an effort to foster the development of a rigorous, empirically adequate account of experiential attitudes. (shrink)
- Social and cognitive diversity in science: introduction.Kristina Rolin,Inkeri Koskinen,Jaakko Kuorikoski &Samuli Reijula -2023 -Synthese 202 (2):1-10.In this introduction to the Topical Collection on Social and Cognitive Diversity in Science, we map the questions that have guided social epistemological approaches to diversity in science. Both social and cognitive diversity of different types is claimed to be epistemically beneficial. The challenge is to understand how an increase in a group’s diversity can bring about epistemic benefits and whether there are limits beyond which diversity can no longer improve a group’s epistemic performance. The contributions to the Topical Collection (...) discuss various proposals to maintain an appropriate amount of cognitive diversity in science, for instance, by recruiting and retaining practitioners from underrepresented social groups, providing incentives for explorative and risky research, encouraging interdisciplinary collaborations and stakeholder participation in research, requiring industry scientists to share their evidence, and developing strategies to encounter politically motivated attempts to manufacture doubt. To be successful, efforts to promote diversity in science should anticipate risks related to institutional interventions, navigate trade-offs between different types of epistemically good outcomes, and identify hidden costs that such policies may cause for various actors. Such efforts need to be assessed not only from an epistemic perspective but also from the point of view of fairness and the political legitimacy of scientific institutions. (shrink)
- Ethical and legal challenges of informed consent applying artificial intelligence in medical diagnostic consultations.Kristina Astromskė,Eimantas Peičius &Paulius Astromskis -2021 -AI and Society 36 (2):509-520.This paper inquiries into the complex issue of informed consent applying artificial intelligence in medical diagnostic consultations. The aim is to expose the main ethical and legal concerns of the New Health phenomenon, powered by intelligent machines. To achieve this objective, the first part of the paper analyzes ethical aspects of the alleged right to explanation, privacy, and informed consent, applying artificial intelligence in medical diagnostic consultations. This analysis is followed by a legal analysis of the limits and requirements for (...) the explainability of artificial intelligence. Followed by this analysis, recommendations for action are given in the concluding remarks of the paper. (shrink)
- Psichozė kaip išslystantis agentiškumas: fenomenologinės psichopatologijos perspektyva.Kristina Baranovaitė -2024 -Problemos 105:130-142.Šiuo metu vykstančio fenomenologinės psichopatologijos atsinaujinimo kontekste straipsnyje pristatoma viena esminių fenomenologinės psichopatologijos prielaidų – poreikis prasmingai inkorporuoti su patologija susidūrusio subjekto potyrius į jo gyvenimo naratyvą. Aptariama, kaip psichozei progresuojant subjektas palaipsniui praranda agentiškumą savo dėmesio bei prasmių kūrimo atžvilgiu. Pasitelkiant W. Gombrowicziaus romaną Kosmosas rekonstruojamas aktyviosios psichozės stadijos epizodas – subjekto dėmesį ir prasmę struktūruojantys centrai įsisteigia tarytum nepriklausomai nuo jo, jų pagrindu besikuriantiems kliedesiams plečiantis tampa vis sunkiau išlaikyti ryšį su supančiu pasauliu. Naratyvo kūrimas tokioje situacijoje pasirodo (...) kaip savigydos pastanga – mėginimas pakitusio patyrimo epizodus prasmingai inkorporuoti atgal į savo agentiškumo sritį. Dėl šios priežasties pabrėžiama, kad psichoterapijoje svarbu ne mėginti pakeisti subjekto naratyvą racionalizuotu terapeuto kuriamu naratyvu, o įtraukti subjektą į kooperatyvų dialogą apie asmeninę jo potyrių prasmę. (shrink)No categories
- Standpoint Theory as a Methodology for the Study of Power Relations.Kristina Rolin -2009 -Hypatia 24 (4):218 - 226.
- Just simulating? Linguistic support for continuism about remembering and imagining.Kristina Liefke -forthcoming -Review of Philosophy and Psychology:1-37.Much recent work in philosophy of memory discusses the question whether episodic remembering is continuous with imagining. This paper contributes to the debate between continuists and discontinuists by considering a previously neglected source of evidence for continuism: the linguistic properties of overt memory and imagination reports (e.g. sentences of the form 'x remembers/imagines p'). I argue that the distribution and truth-conditional contribution of episodic uses of the English verb 'remember' is surprisingly similar to that of the verb 'imagine' – even (...) when compared to the distribution of other experiential attitude verbs like 'see', 'hallucinate', or 'dream'. This holds despite the presence of some remarkable truth-conditional differences between 'remember' and 'imagine'. I show how these differences can be explained by a continuist account of remembering on which remembering is past-directed, referential, and accurate experiential imagining. (shrink)
- Book review: A flawed challenge worth pondering.Kristina Musholt -2013 -Science 339 (6125):1277.Review of Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False by Thomas Nagel Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012. 140 pp. ISBN 9780199919758.
- Foundations of cooperation in young children.Kristina R. Olson &Elizabeth S. Spelke -2008 -Cognition 108 (1):222-231.
- Kollektivität als konzertierte Praxis.Kristina Brümmer -2024 -Zeitschrift Für Kultur- Und Kollektivwissenschaft 10 (2):117-152.No categories
- Which Patient Groups Should Be Asked to Participate in First-in-Human Trials of Stem-Cell-Based Therapies?Kristina Hug &Göran Hermerén -2012 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 23 (3):256-271.The aims of this article are to consider (1) whether there are medical and societal differences among diseases regarding which patient groups should be asked to participate in first-in-human (FIH) trials of stem-cell-based therapies; (2) any differences in the light of values generally endorsed by different types of ethical theories, since the question in the title of this article is value laden, and its answer depends on which values one wants to promote and protect, and how they are ranked in (...) importance; (3) whether the answer to that question is disease-specific, or whether it depends on factors common to several diseases. To illustrate these problems, we use Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD), between which there are important medical and societal differences. Moreover, research on stem-cellbased therapies for these diseases is being translated from research to practice. This approach to the problem can be applied to decision making about similar problems raised by other diseases that exhibit the same types of differences. (shrink)
- Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung Vol. 28.Kristina Liefke,Geraldine Baumann,Daniel Gutzmann,Jonas Koopman,Agata Renans &Tatjana Scheffler (eds.) -2024 - Bochum: Ruhr-University Bochum.It is our pleasure to present the Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 28– the first-ever SuB to be held by the growing group of semanticists at Ruhr University Bochum (RUB), Germany. SuB28 took place at RUB’s Convention Center from September 5-9, 2023. The conference was jointly organized by the RUB Institute for Linguistics, the Linguistic Data Science Lab, the Institute for German Language and Literature, and the Departments of Philosophy I and II. The conference featured a three-day main session (Sept. (...) 6-8) and a one-day special session on ‘The Semantics and Pragmatics of Co-Speech Communication’ (Sept. 5, organized by Tatjana Scheffler). The main session comprised 45 contributed talks and two poster sessions (plus lightning talks, with 14 posters each) as well as three invited talks (by Dorothy Ahn, Hazel Pearson, and Graham Priest). The special session hosted seven contributed talks plus one invited talk (by Cor-nelia Ebert). As is common for SuB, the Proceedings include contributions from the invited, contributed, and poster sessions alongside contributions to the workshop. (shrink)
- Neuroscience and the risks of maltreatment.Kristina Musholt &Eileen Munro -2014 -Children and Youth Services Review 47:18-26.
- Etik och verklighetstolkning: en jämförande analys av Knud E. Løgstrups, Reinhold Niebuhrs och Keith Wards etiska åskådningar = Ethics and world-view: a comparative analysis of the ethics of Knud E. Løgstrup, Reinhold Niebuhr and Keith Ward.Kristina Nilsson -1980 - Uppsala: [Uppsala universitet].Export citation Bookmark
- More new essays on epistemic agency: Patrick Reider : Social epistemology and epistemic agency: Decentralizing epistemic agency. London and New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016, xvi+182pp, ₤80 HB.Kristina Rolin -2017 -Metascience 26 (3):463-466.No categories
- (1 other version)Modernity and its critique in 20th century Russian orthodox thought.Kristina Stöckl -2006 -Studies in East European Thought 58 (4):243 - 269.Orthodox Christianity has often been understood as not pertaining to Modernity due to its different historical and theological trajectory. This essay disputes such a view with regard to 20th century Orthodox thought, which it examines from the point of view of a sociology of Modernity in order to identify where Orthodox thinkers of the Russian Diaspora and in Russia today position themselves in relation to modern society and philosophy. Two essentially modern positions within Orthodoxy are singled out: an institutional and (...) an ontological response to the modernist paradigm. (shrink)
- Self-consciousness and nonconceptual content.Kristina Musholt -2013 -Philosophical Studies 163 (3):649-672.Self-consciousness can be defined as the ability to think 'I'-thoughts. Recently, it has been suggested that self-consciousness in this sense can (and should) be accounted for in terms of nonconceptual forms of self-representation. Here, I will argue that while theories of nonconceptual self-consciousness do provide us with important insights regarding the essential genetic and epistemic features of self-conscious thought, they can only deliver part of the full story that is required to understand the phenomenon of self-consciousness. I will provide two (...) arguments to this effect, drawing on insights from the philosophy of language and on structural differences between conceptual and nonconceptual forms of representation. Both arguments rest on the intuition that while self-consciousness requires explicit self-representation, nonconceptual content can at best provide implicit self-related information. I will conclude that in order to explain the emergence of self-conscious thought out of more basic forms of representations one has to explain the transition between implicit self-related information and explicit self-representation. (shrink)
- Intensionality and propositionalism.Kristina Liefke -forthcoming -Annual Review of Linguistics:4.1-4.21.Propositionalism is the view that all intensional constructions (including nominal and clausal attitude reports) can be interpreted as relations to truth-evaluable propositional content. While propositionalism has long been silently assumed in semantics and the philosophy of language, it has only recently entered center stage in linguistic research. This article surveys the properties of intensional constructions, which require the introduction of fine-grained semantic values (intensions). It contrasts two ways of obtaining such values: through the introduction of either Russellian propositions or Frege-Church-style (...) senses. The article identifies propositionalism with a specific variant of the Russellian strategy, reviews key arguments for propositionalism, and compares familiar varieties of propositionalism on the basis of instructive examples. It closes by discussing various challenges for propositionalism and suggesting a generalization of propositionalism that meets some of these challenges. Because of the association of propositions with semantic information, the article also addresses the more general question of whether all information content (including mental and pictorial content) is propositional. (shrink)No categories
- Categories and the ontology of powers: a vindication of the identity theory of properties.Kristina Engelhard -2010 - In Anna Marmodoro,The Metaphysics of Powers: Their Grounding and Their Manifestations. New York: Routledge.
- Unjustified untrue "beliefs": AI hallucinations and justification logics.Kristina Šekrst -forthcoming - In Kordula Świętorzecka, Filip Grgić & Anna Brozek,Logic, Knowledge, and Tradition. Essays in Honor of Srecko Kovac.In artificial intelligence (AI), responses generated by machine-learning models (most often large language models) may be unfactual information presented as a fact. For example, a chatbot might state that the Mona Lisa was painted in 1815. Such phenomenon is called AI hallucinations, seeking inspiration from human psychology, with a great difference of AI ones being connected to unjustified beliefs (that is, AI “beliefs”) rather than perceptual failures). -/- AI hallucinations may have their source in the data itself, that is, the (...) source content, or in the training procedure, i.e. the way the knowledge was encoded in the model’s parameters, so that errors in encoding and decoding textual and non-textual representations can cause hallucinations. In this paper, we will observe how such errors come to life and how they might be mitigated. For this purpose, we will analyze the usability of justification logics, to behave as a proof checker for validating the correctness of large language models’ (LLM) responses. Justification logic was developed by S. Artemov, and later on mostly by Artemov and M. Fitting, deriving its main idea from the logic of proofs (LP): knowledge and belief modalities are seen as justification terms, i.e. t:X stands for t is a (proper) justification for X. Justification logic originated from attempts to create semantics for intuitionistic logic where proofs were the most proper justifications, but in further development, justification logic could be applied to different kinds of justifications). With the recent attempts to mitigate incorrect LLM responses, we will analyze various guardrails that are currently used for LLM responses, and see how the logic of justification may provide its benefits as an AI safety layer against false data. (shrink)
- Extreme Prematurity: Creating “Iatrogenic Lives”.Kristina Orfali -2017 -American Journal of Bioethics 17 (8):34-35.
- Group Justification in Science.Kristina Rolin -2010 -Episteme 7 (3):215-231.An analysis of group justification enables us to understand what it means to say that a research group is justified in making a claim on the basis of evidence. I defend Frederick Schmitt's (1994) joint account of group justification by arguing against a simple summative account of group justification. Also, I respond to two objections to the joint account, one claiming that social epistemologists should always prefer the epistemic value of making true judgments to the epistemic value of maintaining consistency, (...) and another one claiming that the notion of joint commitment implicit in the joint account is epistemically unacceptable. (shrink)
- Earning epistemic trustworthiness: an impact assessment model.Kristina H. Rolin -2024 -Synthese 203 (2):1-21.Epistemic trustworthiness depends not only on one’s epistemic but also on moral qualities. Such qualities need to be upheld by scientific communities and institutions as well as by individual scientific experts. While non-experts can often take scientific experts’ epistemic trustworthiness for granted, in some cases they cannot rationally treat it as the default, and they need to be convinced of the experts’ commitment to the well-being of others. This study contributes to philosophical discussions on public trust in science by introducing (...) an impact assessment model. The model helps philosophers understand how scientific experts can build and maintain epistemic trustworthiness in relation to those social groups who have reasons to distrust scientists. (shrink)No categories
- Diachronicity Matters! How Semantics Supports Discontinuism About Remembering and Imagining.Kristina Liefke &Markus Werning -2024 -Topoi 43 (4):1137-1159.Much work in philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience has argued for continuism about remembering and imagining (see, e.g., Addis J R Soc N Z 48(2–3):64–88, 2018). This view claims that episodic remembering is just a form of imagining, such that memory does not have a privileged status over other forms of episodic simulation (esp. imagination). Large parts of contemporary philosophy of memory support continuism. This even holds for work in semantics and the philosophy of language, which has pointed out substantial similarities (...) in the distribution of the verbs remember and imagine. Our paper argues against the continuist claim, by focusing on a previously neglected source of evidence for discontinuism: the semantics of episodic memory and imagination reports. We argue that, in contrast to imagination reports, episodic memory reports are essentially diachronic, in the sense that their truth requires a foregoing reference-fixing experience. In this respect, they differ from reports of experiential imagination, which is paradigmatically synchronic. To defend our claim about this difference in diachronicity, we study the truth-conditions of episodic memory and imagination reports. We develop a semantics for episodic uses of remember and imagine that captures this difference. (shrink)
- Paper on constructive simulations and pictorial representation.Kristina Liefke -manuscriptThis paper explores the striking conceptual parallel between contemporary accounts of episodic memory (see e.g. Addis, De Brigard, Michaelian) and picture semantics (Greenberg, Abusch, Maier). It argues that picture semantics captures many familiar distinctions from philosophy of memory, while providing some additional – highly useful – tools and concepts (e.g. a mechanism for representation-to-content conversion and a general notion of situation that is independent of a given perspective). The paper uses these tools to (re-)structure and advance debate in contemporary philosophy (...) of memory. Specifically, it (i) shows how these tools can be employed to defend the propositional nature of episodic memory contents, (ii) gives a sophisticated account of non-actual and non-particular episodic memory objects, and (iii) provides a new argument for pluralism about accuracy concepts and standards. Along the way, it defends a liberal version of the pictorial view of mnemic imagery, reveals faithfulness about accuracy as a (very) weak variant of radical authenticism, and explains different intuitions about the possibility of observer-perspective memories from dreams. The paper closes by suggesting, inversely, the import of these applications for picture semantics. (shrink)No categories
- Introduction: The Semantics of Imagination.Kristina Liefke &Justin D’Ambrosio -2024 -Topoi 43 (4):1087-1093.
- Refashioning Second-Hand Clothes Consumption Through Pleasure, Pain, Seduction and Conversion: A Virtue Ethics Perspective.Kristina Auxtova,Stephanie Schreven &Lucy J. Wishart -2025 -Journal of Business Ethics 196 (4):863-881.The fashion industry needs to become more circular, given the unsustainable levels of waste it produces. Our research empirically explores and theoretically develops how adopting a virtue ethics approach can encourage and support second-hand clothing consumption as a form of reuse and a way of practicing sustainability. Based on ethnographic interviews with consumers who shop in UK charity shops, our grounded theory study focuses on how consumers experience second-hand clothing consumption as constitutive of sources of (in)action that encourage or inhibit (...) virtuous, sustainable behaviour. We find that pleasure and/or shame or guilt (pain) are key to enabling virtuous moral decision-making towards reuse and sustainability. We furthermore argue that seduction and conversion, hand in hand with pleasure, act as levers supporting such moral decision-making, mitigating aversions and wayward desires that obstruct good moral intentions to consume second-hand clothing. By engaging empirically with moral decision-making, our research theoretically advances scholarship on virtue ethics and second-hand clothing consumption, whilst contributing to an ethically informed vision of the circular economy. We conclude with implications for charity retail practices in support of circularity and sustainability informed by a virtue ethics perspective, as well as suggestions for future research. (shrink)
- The personal and the subpersonal in the theory of mind debate.Kristina Musholt -2018 -Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 17 (2):305-324.It is a widely accepted assumption within the philosophy of mind and psychology that our ability for complex social interaction is based on the mastery of a common folk psychology, that is to say that social cognition consists in reasoning about the mental states of others in order to predict and explain their behavior. This, in turn, requires the possession of mental-state concepts, such as the concepts belief and desire. In recent years, this standard conception of social cognition has been (...) called into question by proponents of so-called ‘direct-perception’ approaches to social cognition and by those who argue that the ‘received view’ implies a degree of computational complexity that is implausible. In response, it has been argued that these attacks on the classical view of social cognition have no bite at the subpersonal level of explanation, and that it is the latter which is at issue in the debate in question. In this paper, I critically examine this response by considering in more detail the distinction between personal and subpersonal level explanations. There are two main ways in which the distinction has been developed. I will argue that on either of these, the response proposed by defenders of the received view is unconvincing. This shows that the dispute between the standard conception and alternative approaches to mindreading is a dispute concerning personal-level explanations - what is at stake in the debate between proponents of the classical view of social cognition and their critics is how we, as persons, navigate our social world. I will conclude by proposing a pluralistic approach to social cognition, which is better able to do justice to the multi-faceted nature of our social interactions as well as being able to account for recent empirical findings regarding the social cognitive abilities of young infants. (shrink)
- Why gender is a relevant factor in the social epistemology of scientific inquiry.Kristina Rolin -2004 -Philosophy of Science 71 (5):880-891.In recent years, feminist philosophy of science has been subjected to criticism. The debate has focused on the implications of the underdetermination thesis for accounts of the role of social values in scientific reasoning. My aim here is to offer a different approach. I suggest that feminist philosophers of science contribute to our understanding of science by (1) producing gender‐sensitive analyses of the social dimensions of scientific inquiry and (2) examining the relevance of these analyses for normative issues in philosophy (...) of science. (shrink)
- Towards an Integrated Theory of Self-Consciousness.Kristina Musholt -2012 -Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (1):63-89.This paper distinguishes between implicit self-related information and explicit self-representation and argues that the latter is required for self-consciousness. It is further argued that self-consciousness requires an awareness of other minds and that this awareness develops over the course of an increasingly complex perspectival differentiation, during which information about self and other that is implicit in early forms of social interaction becomes redescribed into an explicit format.
- Character: A Persistently Developmental Account.Kristina Gehrman -2021 -Journal of Value Inquiry 55 (2):305-318.
- Traditional Naturalism.Kristina Gehrman -2018 - In John Hacker-Wright,Philippa Foot on Goodness and Virtue. Springer Verlag. pp. 127-150.In Natural Goodness, Philippa Foot repeatedly connects facts about human needs with facts about human goodness, or virtue. As a result both proponents and critics of her view tend to treat this connection as the core naturalist thesis upon which her theory principally rests, with proponents asserting and critics denying that human needs can indeed ground a substantive account of the virtues and of right action. In addition to her talk of what humans need, however, Foot also attributes a robustly (...) objective, Aristotelian conception of practical rationality to human beings. This paper argues that the objectivity of morality is grounded, not in facts about human needs, but rather in facts about the nature of human practical rationality. (shrink)No categories
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Area Editors:
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Gwen Bradford
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Susana Nuccetelli
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Jack Alan Reynolds
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